腹部脏器假性动脉瘤诊治体会

目的 总结腹部脏器假性动脉瘤的诊断和治疗经验。方法 回顾性分析1990～2001年16例腹部脏器假性动脉瘤,其中肝动脉瘤6例、脾动脉瘤6例、胃十二指肠动脉瘤4例。全部病例均获得随访,平均2年。结果 16例假性动脉瘤病人中15例表现为破裂出血。手术3例,成功2例,死亡1例。经动脉导管栓塞13例,全部成功且无并发症及复发。结论 数字减影血管造影术对腹部脏器假性动脉瘤急诊有确诊价值,经动脉导管栓塞术是绝大多数病人首选而有效的治疗方法。     

腹部脏器假性动脉瘤14例诊治分析

目的总结腹部脏器假性动脉瘤的诊治经验。方法回顾性分析 1 990～ 2 0 0 0年 1 4例腹部脏器假性动脉瘤的临床资料 ,其中肝动脉瘤 6例 脾动脉瘤 5例 胃十二指肠动脉瘤 3例。结果 1 4例假性动脉瘤患者中 1 3例发生破裂出血。手术 5例 ,成功 2例 ,死亡 1例。经动脉导管栓塞 1 1例 ,全部成功且无并发症 ,1 3例获得随访 ,平均 2年 ,无复发。结论数字减影血管造影术对腹部脏器假性动脉瘤急症有确诊价值 ,经动脉导管栓塞术对绝大多数患者来说是首选的治疗方法     

肾动脉假性动脉瘤的栓塞治疗

目的探讨经皮肾动脉造影及栓塞治疗肾动脉假性动脉瘤的临床价值。方法 2012年1月~2014年2月15例泌尿系结石术后尿道出血,经皮肾动脉造影诊断为肾动脉假性动脉瘤,导管超选择进入载瘤动脉近端,使用弹簧圈和明胶海绵栓塞载瘤动脉。结果 15例经肾动脉造影均能清晰显示假性动脉瘤,其中位于叶间动脉11例,弓状动脉3例和小叶间动脉1例,经导管弹簧圈栓塞后尿道出血停止。1例介入栓塞术后2 d再次出现尿道出血,再次栓塞后出血停止。栓塞术后2例出现一过性肾绞痛;7例体温37.8~39.3℃,持续3~8 d。15例随访3~24个月(平均15个月),无肾功能不全和尿道出血发生。结论经皮肾动脉造影和经导管栓塞治疗肾动脉假性动脉瘤安全、有效。     

经导管动脉栓塞术治疗动脉性上消化道出血

目的评价经导管动脉栓塞术治疗动脉性上消化道出血的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析58例上消化道出血患者的临床资料。对58例动脉性上消化道出血患者行动脉造影,发现出血征象时超选择插管造影,并根据不同出血原因和出血部位采用不同栓塞材料进行栓塞。随访1~3个月,并观察疗效。结果 58例患者中,50例动脉造影表现为对比剂外溢、假性动脉瘤、血管畸形等,栓塞治疗止血有效率为94.00%（47/50）,栓塞后再出血率为4.26%（2/47）,未见严重并发症。结论经导管动脉栓塞术治疗动脉性上消化道出血安全、有效,具有较高临床应用价值。     

外科难治性动脉瘤的腔内治疗

目的 探讨腔内治疗外科难治性动脉瘤的有效性和优越性.方法 2004年5月至2006年7月,腔内治疗10例外科显露困难、预期并发症率高的动脉瘤.其中,左侧椎动脉假性动脉瘤、肠系膜上动脉瘤单纯切除术后近端残端假性动脉瘤、左侧股动脉假性动脉瘤第2次复发、左侧髂内动脉瘤破裂、左侧股浅动脉自发性破裂、肝总动脉瘤和多发性脾动脉瘤各1例,胸降主动脉假性动脉瘤3例.采用支架型人工血管(以下简称支架)腔内修复7例,导管栓塞2例,腔内修复联合导管栓塞1例.结果 所有病例均取得技术成功.8例随访3～24个月,围手术期和随访期间无并发症,彩超或螺旋CT血管造影证实受累动脉通畅和/或瘤腔完全血栓形成.左侧股浅动脉自发性破裂支架释放后出血立即停止,无下肢缺血,失随访.肠系膜上动脉残端假性动脉瘤患者术后第6天死于肝功能衰竭和上消化道出血. 结论腔内治疗可以为外科显露困难、预期并发症率高的动脉瘤提供一种有效的治疗选择.     

经导管动脉栓塞术治疗重症急性胰腺炎并发假性动脉瘤破裂出血

目的探讨经导管动脉栓塞术(TAE)在重症急性胰腺炎(SAP)并发假性动脉瘤破裂出血中的应用价值。方法对13例SAP并发假性动脉瘤破裂出血患者行TAE,分析假性动脉瘤DSA表现及栓塞情况。结果 13例SAP患者共并发15个假性动脉瘤,包括感染性假性动脉瘤13个、腐蚀性假性动脉瘤2个。6个(6/15,40.00%)假性动脉瘤的责任动脉为脾动脉,5个(5/15,33.33%)为肠系膜上动脉,2个(2/15,13.33%)为胃十二指肠动脉,1个(1/15,6.67%)为肠系膜下动脉,1个(1/15,6.67%)为胃网膜右动脉(1/15,6.67%)。TAE治疗技术成功率为93.33%(14/15)。1例(1个假性动脉瘤)TAE术后出现脾脓肿,经穿刺引流及抗感染好转。感染性假性动脉瘤患者死亡率为45.45%(5/11),腐蚀性假性动脉瘤无死亡患者。TAE术后复发出血率为15.38%(2/13)。结论 TAE是治疗SAP并发假性动脉瘤破裂出血的有效方法。     

经导管选择性动脉栓塞治疗创伤性假性动脉瘤

目的探讨经导管选择性动脉栓塞治疗损伤性假性动脉瘤的疗效。方法 16例损伤性出血患者,其中肾脏出血5例,肝脏出血3例,剖宫产后出血4例,切口妊娠流产1例,宫颈癌放疗后出血1例,骨外伤术后出血2例。采用经股动脉穿刺选择性插管进行靶动脉造影及栓塞治疗。采用明胶海绵和（或）弹簧钢圈栓塞瘤腔及供血动脉。结果全部患者动脉造影均见假性动脉瘤,其中2例伴有动静脉瘘。栓塞成功率100%,栓塞后即刻造影示假性动脉瘤消失,止血成功率93.75%。术后均未发生严重并发症,随防6个月均无复发。结论经导管选择性动脉栓塞治疗损伤性假性动脉瘤性出血安全有效、创伤小、并发症少,是可靠的治疗方法 。     

顽固性鼻出血的血管内栓塞治疗

目的探讨经导管动脉栓塞治疗顽固性鼻出血的临床价值。方法对21例经前后鼻腔填塞和（或）鼻内镜下止血后无效的鼻出血患者,经血管造影明确责任动脉后行血管内栓塞,所有病例随访30天。结果21例鼻出血患者中,20例成功实施栓塞治疗,技术成功率为95．24％（20121）,1例假性动脉瘤造影时动脉瘤破裂患者死亡;16例栓塞后活动性出血停止,4例仍有少量出血,结合内科治疗后出血渐止,栓塞有效率100％（20／20）。所有病例随访30天内均无再发出血;16例栓塞后无并发症出现,3例术后出现头痛、发热、颌面部胀痛等,1例出现右眼视野缺损。结论对于顽固性鼻出血,经导管动脉栓塞是一种安全有效的治疗方法。     

颅内动脉瘤弹簧圈栓塞治疗术中动脉瘤再破裂的防治

目的颅内动脉瘤在弹簧圈栓塞过程中发生破裂是最可怕的术中并发症之一，本文探讨处理、预防这一并发症的初步经验。方法2002年4月-2006年12月，共有153例患有颅内动脉瘤的患者在我院接受了可脱卸弹簧圈栓塞治疗，其中141例患者曾有过动脉瘤破裂引起蛛网膜下腔出血史。5例有动脉瘤破裂出血史的患者术中再次发生动脉瘤破裂。术中动脉瘤再破裂时，常规使用鱼精蛋白中和肝素，并设法用弹簧圈尽快填塞动脉瘤腔。微导丝引起动脉瘤破裂时，尽量保持微导丝不动，微导管尽快送到瘤腔中进行填塞治疗。若微导管引起破裂而微导管头端位于瘤壁外蛛网膜下腔时，微导管且勿退入瘤腔内，应将弹簧圈经微导管送入蛛网膜下腔一部分后，再将微导管头撤入瘤腔内，继续弹簧圈填塞。若弹簧圈引起破裂，要将弹簧圈完全或部分送出去，将破裂口堵住后，调整微导管头端位置继续弹簧圈填塞。结果在接受动脉瘤栓塞治疗的153例患者中，141例曾有过动脉瘤破裂引起蛛网膜下腔出血，治疗中5例发生了术中再破裂，占动脉瘤破裂引起蛛网膜下腔出血的3．5％，总发生率为3．3％。1例破裂由导丝引起，1例由微导管引起，1例由弹簧圈过度填塞引起，弹簧圈穿孔1例，其余1例由微导管和弹簧圈共同引起。2例死亡，死亡率占术中破裂的40％，占总例数的1．3％；1例患者出院时遗留有右下肢瘫痪，其余2例患者无残留神经系统并发症。结论动脉瘤栓塞术中动脉瘤的再破裂是一少见、威胁生命但又不可避免的事件。应该立即采取妥善措施以挽救患者生命、改善预后、降低可怕并发症的发生。如处理恰当，多数术中动脉瘤破裂的患者能够存活，无后遗症。     

重症胰腺炎并发胰十二指肠下动脉瘤破裂大出血

目的　提高对重症胰腺炎合并假性动脉瘤的诊治水平。方法　报告 1例重症胰腺炎并发胰十二指肠动脉瘤出血的诊治过程并文献复习。结果　该患者经受 3次腹部手术未能止血 ,用经导管动脉栓塞出血停止。结论　经导管动脉栓塞是重症胰腺炎并发假性动脉瘤出血的首选方法     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

The analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in patients with chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans

Background : Ketamine in sub-dissociative doses has been shown to have analgesic and phantom-Limb pain, where conventional treatment has often failed. Chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans often responds poorly to analgesics, and the pain-generating mechanisms are not well understood.
Methods : Eight patients with rest pain in the lower extremity due to arteriosclerosis obliterans were given sub-dissociative doses of 0.15, 0.30, or 0.45 mg/kg racemic ketamine and morphine 10 mg as a 5-min infusion on four separate days in a cross-over, double-blind, randomised protocol. Plasma levels of (S)- and (R)-ketamine and their nor-metabolites were analysed with an enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Pain levels were evaluated with a visual analogue scale (VAS).
Results : Individual pain levels were highly variable during and after all the infusions but the pooled pain levels showed a dose-dependent analgesic effect of ketamine with a transient but complete pain relief in all patients at the highest dose (0.45 mg/ kg). Side-effects, mainly disturbed cognition and perception, were pronounced and dose-dependent. Morphine 10 mg had an analgesic peak at 20 min and 5/8 patients had complete pain relief. The remaining 3 patients also had high baseline pain scores, indicating a higher analgesic potency for the 0.30 and 0.45 mg/ kg ketamine doses than for morphine 10 mg.
Conclusion : We have demonstrated a potent dose-dependent analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in clinical ischemic pain. Due to a narrow therapeutic window, this analgesic effect is probably best utilised in combination with other analgesics.     

Intravenous endotoxin does not increase tissue extravasation of albumin in rats

Background : It is unclear whether activation of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) increases or decreases the extravasation of plasma.
Methods : Chloralose anaesthetised male Wistar rats received E. coli lipopolysacharide (LPS), 3 mg kg^-1 i.v., or the corresponding volume of saline, 3 or 5 h before the end of the experiment. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded. Tissue clearance of radio-labelled albumin, during the last 2 h of each experiment, was determined by a double-isotope method. In separate animals, the serum concentration of nitrite and nitrate was determined, 5 h after LPS or the solvent.
Main Results : LPS initially decreased MAP and lastingly increased HR. In the 3-h LPS animals (n=8), tissue plasma clearance was lower in the heart and calf muscle and increased only in diaphragm, compared to corresponding control animals (n=8). In the 5-h LPS rats, clearance was lowered (n=8) in the entire gastrointestinal tract and in testes, compared to controls (n=8). The serum nitrite/nitrate concentration was higher in animals given LPS (n=6) than in controls (n=6).
Conclusion : After LPS, tissue clearance of albumin was not increased in any major tissue, in spite of increased serum levels of NO end products. Apparently, after activation of iNOS, the augmented release of NO is not necessarily associated with increased albumin extravasation.     

Adrenaline markedly improves thoracic epidural analgesia produced by a low-dose infusion of bupivacaine, fentanyl and adrenaline after major surgery: A randomised, double-blind, cross-over study with and without adrenaline

Background: Basic pharmacological research indicates that there are synergistic antinociceptive effects at the spinal cord level between adrenaline, fentanyl and bupivacaine. Our clinical experience with such a mixture in a thoracic epidural infusion after major surgery confirms this. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the effects on postoperative pain intensity, pain relief and side effects when removing adrenaline from this triple epidural mixture. Methods: A prospective, randomised, double-blind, cross-over study was carried out in 24 patients after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Patients with only mild pain when coughing during a titrated thoracic epidural infusion of about 10 ml · h^?1 of bupivacaine 1 mg · ml^?1, fentanyl 2 μg · ml^?1, and adrenaline 2 μg · ml^?1 were included. On the 1^st and 2^nd postoperative days each patient was given a double-blind epidural infusion, at the same rate, with or without adrenaline. The effect was observed for 4 h or until pain when coughing became unacceptable in spite of a rescue analgesic procedure. Rescue analgesia consisted of up to two epidural bolus injections per hour and i.v. morphine if necessary. All patients received rectal paracetamol 1 g, every 8 h. Fentanyl serum concentrations were measured with a radioimmunoassay technique at the start and end of each study period. Main outcome measures were extent of sensory blockade and pain intensity at rest and when coughing, evaluated by a visual analogue scale, a verbal categorical rating scale, the Prince Henry Hospital pain score, and an overall quality of pain relief score. Results: The number of hypaesthetic dermatomal segments decreased (P <0.001) and pain intensity at rest and when coughing increased (P <0.001) when adrenaline was omitted from the triple epidural mixture. This change started within the first hour after removing adrenaline. After 3 h pain intensity when coughing had increased to unacceptable levels in spite of rescue analgesia (epidural bolus injections and i.v. morphine). Within 15–20 min after restarting the triple epidural mixture with adrenaline, pain intensity was again reduced to mild pain when coughing. Serum concentration of fentanyl doubled from 0.22 to 0.45 ng · ml^?1 (P <0.01), and there was more sedation during the period without adrenaline. Conclusions: Adrenaline increases sensory block and improves the pain-relieving effect of a mixture of bupivacaine and fentanyl infused epidurally at a thoracic level after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Serum fentanyl concentrations doubled and sedation increased when adrenaline was removed from the epidural infusion, indicating more rapid vascular absorption and systemic effects of fentanyl.     

Utilisation des médicaments prokinétiques en réanimation : indications et limites ?

Enteral feeding is often limited by gastric and intestinal motility disturbances in critically ill patients, particularly in patients with shock. So, promotility agents are frequently used to improve tolerance to enteral nutrition. This review summaries the pathophysiology, presents the available pharmacological strategies, the clinical data, the counter-indications and the principal limits. The clinical data are poor. No study demonstrates a positive effect on clinical outcomes. Metoclopramide and erythromycin seems to be the more effective. Considering the risk of antibiotic resistance, the first line use of erythromycin should be avoided in favor of metoclopramide.     

Anesthésie générale chez l’enfant : quid des pratiques en 2010 ?

Introduction

The practice of pediatric anesthesia requires a regular update of scientific knowledge and technical skills. To provide the most adequate Continuing Medical Education programs, it is necessary to assess the practices of pediatric anesthesiologists. Thus, the objective of this survey was to draw a picture of the current clinical practices of general anesthesia in children, in France.

Material and methods

One thousand one hundred and fifty questionnaires were given to anesthesiologists involved in pediatric cases. These questionnaires collected information on various aspects of clinical practice relative to induction, maintenance, recovery from general anaesthesia and also classical debated points such as children with Upper Respiratory Infection (URI), emergence agitation, epileptoid signs or anaesthetic management of adenoidectomy. Differences in practices between CHG (general hospital), CHU (teaching hospital), LIBERAL (private) and PSPH (semi-private) hospitals were investigated.

Results

There were 1025 questionnaires completed. Fifty-five percent of responders worked in public hospitals (CHG and CHU); 77% had a practice that was 25% or less of pediatric cases. In children from 3 to 10 years: 72% of respondents used always premedication and two thirds performed inhalation induction in more than 50% of cases. For induction, 53% used sevoflurane (SEVO) at 7 or 8%. Respondents from LIBERAL used higher SEVO concentrations. Tracheal intubation was performed with SEVO alone (37%), SEVO and propofol (55%) and SEVO with myorelaxant (8%), 93% of respondents used a bolus of opioid. For maintenance, the majority of respondents used SEVO associated with sufentanil; desflurane and remifentanil were more frequently used in CHU. Two thirds of respondents used N₂O. Depth of anesthesia was commonly assessed by hemodynamic changes (52%), end tidal concentration of halogenated (38%) or automated devices based on EEG (7%). In children with URI, 98% of respondents used SEVO for anesthesia. To control the airway 42% used a tracheal tube, 30% a laryngeal mask and 20% a facial mask. Emergence agitation was an important concern for two thirds of respondents, while epileptoid signs were considered as important by only 20%. Eighty-nine percent of respondents practiced anesthesia for adenoidectomy. Anesthesia was induced by inhalation of SEVO 7–8% (41%), 6% (39%) or 4% (12%), 66% put an intravenous line (less frequently in LIBERAL). 67% of the responders managed adenoidectomy without any device to control the airway (more frequently in LIBERAL), 32% administrated a bolus of opioid (less frequently in LIBERAL).

Discussion

This survey demonstrated that the practices regarding general anesthesia in children are relatively homogenous. Most of the differences appeared between LIBERAL and the others structures; the anaesthetic management for adenoidectomy illustrates these findings.     

Intérêt d’une rééducation précoce pour les patients neurologiques

Rehabilitation improves the functional prognosis of patients after a neurologic lesion, and tendency is to begin rehabilitation as soon as possible. This review focuses on the interest and the feasibility of very early rehabilitation, initiated from critical care units. It is necessary to precisely assess patients’ impairments and disabilities in order to define rehabilitation objectives. Valid and simple tools must support this evaluation. Rehabilitation will be directed to preventing decubitus complications and active rehabilitation. The sooner rehabilitation is started; the better functional prognosis seems to be.     

Risiko Schlaganfall — Öffentlichkeitsarbeit und Aufklärung dringend erforderlich

Zusammenfassung Das wesentliche — und zugleich noch wenig ausgeschöpfte — Potenzial der Schlaganfallmedizin liegt in der langfristigen Prophylaxe. Durch Beeinflussung von Lifestylefaktoren wie Ernährungsgewohnheiten, Zigarettenkonsum und körperlichem Training durch entsprechende Aufklärung ließe sich ein erheblicher Teil an zerebralen Ereignissen vermeiden. Ein weiterer in Deutschland noch zu wenig beachteter Faktor ist die konsequente Blutdruckeinstellung. Breitgestreute Aufklärung könnte außerdem potenziellen Patienten helfen, bereits auftretende Warnsymptome wie die transiente ischämische Attacke richtig einzuschätzen, um eine rechtzeitige Behandlung zu ermöglichen.