远端通过导管推越技术机械取栓治疗大脑中动脉M1段急性闭塞

目的 观察将治疗时间窗延长至16 h并以远端通过导管推越(ADVANCE)技术机械取栓治疗大脑中动脉M1段急性闭塞的效果。方法 回顾性分析60例因大脑中动脉M1段或颈内动脉合并大脑中动脉M1段闭塞(发病至介入治疗动脉穿刺时间≤16 h)而接受数字减影血管造影(DSA)引导下机械取栓治疗的急性缺血性脑卒中患者,其中28例以ADVANCE技术首次取栓(观察组)、32例以血栓抽吸术取栓(对照组),对比组间疗效及并发症。结果 观察组术后血管再通成功率[89.29%(25/28)]与对照组[93.75%(30/32)]差异无统计学意义(P=0.876)。观察组首过效应(FPE)率高于对照组,首次血管再通取栓次数及穿刺至血管开通时间均少于对照组(P均＜0.05)。术后1周美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)评分及术后90天预后良好率组间差异均无统计学意义(P均＞0.05)。观察组术中血管痉挛发生率低于对照组(P＜0.05),2组颅内出血、远端栓塞、新发梗死及死亡率差异均无统计学意义(P均＞0.05)。结论 将治疗时间窗延长至16 h,以ADVANCE技术机械取栓治疗大脑中动脉M1段急性闭塞安全、有效。     

血管内介入治疗肝移植术后门静脉狭窄或闭塞:5例报告

目的 观察血管内介入治疗肝移植术后门静脉狭窄或闭塞的效果。方法 对肝移植后3例门静脉狭窄及2例闭塞患者行血管内介入治疗,观察治疗效果。结果 对3例门静脉狭窄、1例门静脉闭塞行球囊扩张及支架植入术,术后造影示狭窄消失,血流通畅;对1例门静脉闭塞行球囊扩张并置管溶栓术,术后3天造影示门静脉通畅,血栓减少。1例术中发生肋间动脉出血,未见门静脉治疗相关并发症。术后4例症状逐渐消失、肝功能逐步恢复,随访期间门静脉通畅,1例支架内见少许附壁血栓;1例术后胆总管狭窄,植入胆道支架后,因重症肺炎、急性呼吸窘迫综合征、脓毒性休克死亡。结论 血管内介入治疗肝移植术后门静脉狭窄或闭塞效果良好;对移植后急性血栓形成可行球囊扩张术联合置管溶栓。     

药物涂层球囊PTA治疗下肢动脉硬化闭塞症

目的 观察药物涂层球囊经皮腔内血管成形术（PTA）治疗下肢动脉硬化闭塞症（LEAOD）的临床效果。方法 将43例LEAOD患者（43条患肢）随机分为观察组（21例）和对照组（22例）。对观察组给予药物涂层球囊PTA治疗,对照组行普通球囊PTA。记录2组患者术前及术后7天Fontaine分期,分别于术前及术后1、3、6个月统计靶动脉段股浅动脉血管内径、再狭窄率及踝肱指数（ABI）,术后6个月时靶动脉段股浅动脉血管狭窄情况。结果 术后7天2组Fontaine分期均较术前降低（P均<0.05）。观察组术后1、3、6个月时靶动脉段股浅动脉内径均大于对照组（P均<0.05）,再狭窄率均低于对照组（P均<0.05）;术后3、6个月观察组ABI均大于对照组（P均<0.05）。术后6个月时,观察组14例靶动脉段股浅动脉血管狭窄率<30%、4例30%~50%、3例>50%（无100%者）,对照组2例狭窄率<30%、10例狭窄率30%~50%、10例>50%（2例100%）,组间比较差异有统计学意义（P<0.01）。结论 药物涂层球囊PTA治疗LEAOD安全、有效,能够降低再狭窄率,且近期疗效优于普通球囊。     

儿童脑梗死临床及MRI表现

目的 观察儿童脑梗死的临床及MRI表现。方法 回顾性分析14例7个月~14岁脑梗死患儿临床及MRI资料,均接受头部常规MRI及弥散加权成像(DWI),11例同时接受MR血管造影(MRA),5例同时接受动脉自旋标记(ASL)灌注成像,观察其相关特点。结果 14例中,5例为先天性心脏病及脑动脉瘤术后,2例脑部外伤,2例颅内病毒感染,1例血管肌纤维发育不良,1例非特异性血管炎,3例病因不明;其中6例病变累及基底核区,4例累及单或双侧脑叶,小脑半球受累2例,脑桥及丘脑受累各1例。常规MRI中,14例病灶T1WI均呈稍低信号、T2WI呈稍高信号,1例基底核区及侧脑室旁梗死区见出血转化,2例液体衰减反转恢复(FLAIR)序列图像示病变周围脑沟内血管扩张;DWI中1例病灶呈低信号外,13例病灶呈高或稍高信号。11例接受MRA,其中6例未见异常、5例脑动脉(椎动脉、基底动脉、大脑后动脉、大脑中动脉、颈内动脉)闭塞或重度狭窄。5例急性及亚急性期患儿接受ASL检查,其中4例病变呈高灌注,1例病变中央呈低灌注、边缘呈高灌注。结论 先天性心脏病术后、脑部外伤及颅内感染是儿童脑梗死常见病因;基底核区及脑叶为儿童脑梗死好发部位,再灌注易见于急性及亚急性期梗死灶。     

微波消融治疗原发性肝细胞癌后针道种植转移5例

目的 观察微波消融(MWA)治疗原发性肝细胞癌(pHCC)后针道种植转移(NTTS)影像学表现。方法 纳入1 018例接受MWA治疗的pHCC患者,记录NTTS影像学表现,分析其影响因素。结果 1 018例中,5例(5/1 018,0.49%)分别于MWA治疗后8~75个月发生NTTS,种植部位包括膈肌、胸腹壁、腹腔及大网膜;MRI于5例均见穿刺针道附近混杂信号,动脉期及静脉期呈持续性强化;超声造影(CEUS)显示种植灶于增强早期呈稍高增强、增强晚期呈低增强。MWA治疗过程中是否使用套管穿刺、多针穿刺,以及经肝左叶或肝右叶穿刺对NTTS均无显著影响(P均＞0.05)。对种植灶予外科切除,术后病理结果均为HCC;随访中1例出现心膈角淋巴结转移,其余4例均无瘤生存。结论 MWA治疗pHCC引发NTTS概率较低, 其影像学表现为穿刺针道附近混杂MR信号于动脉期及静脉期增强扫描呈持续性强化,CEUS早期呈稍高增强、晚期呈低增强。     

支架辅助弹簧圈栓塞治疗大脑中动脉分叉部宽颈动脉瘤

目的 观察支架辅助弹簧圈栓塞治疗大脑中动脉分叉部宽颈动脉瘤的安全性和有效性。方法 分析60例接受支架辅助弹簧圈栓塞治疗的大脑中动脉分叉部宽颈动脉瘤患者共65个动脉瘤,观察术后即刻及随访动脉瘤栓塞程度,评估术后并发症、疗效及安全性。结果 术中2例（2/60,3.33%）动脉瘤破裂出血,4例（4/60,6.67%）支架内血栓形成;术后即刻栓塞程度为Raymond Ⅰ级50个（50/65,76.92%）、Ⅱ级12个（12/65,18.46%）、Ⅲ级3个（3/65,4.62%）。术后1个月内3例（3/60,5.00%）动脉瘤再出血,2例致死;1例（1/60,1.67%）死于肺栓塞;4例（4/60,6.67%）并发脑梗死。1例术后6个月瘤颈复发,1例术后25个月出现无症状性血管闭塞;末次复查数字减影血管造影显示43个（43/51,84.31%） RaymondⅠ级、8个（8/51,15.69%）Ⅱ级。末次随访,49例（49/57,85.96%）改良Rankin量表评分为0~2分,8例（8/57,14.04%）为3~4分。结论 支架辅助弹簧圈栓塞技术治疗大脑中动脉宽颈动脉瘤安全、有效。     

嗜酸性肝脓肿的影像表现:与病理对照

目的 探讨嗜酸性肝脓肿的影像和病理表现.方法 回顾性分析8例经病理证实的嗜酸性肝脓肿的资料,分析其影像表现.结果 8例行CT增强扫描,表现为3种强化方式:动脉期病变边缘轻度强化,静脉期及延迟期呈分隔状强化3例;动脉期病变边缘轻度强化,静脉期及延迟期呈蜂窝状强化4例;动脉期病变表现为连续的环状强化,静脉期及延迟期呈低密度1例.MR检查2例,平扫病灶均呈T1WI等、T2WI高信号,DWI表现为高信号;MR增强扫描动脉期病变呈蜂窝状强化,静脉期及平衡期持续强化.结论 了解嗜酸性肝脓肿的影像表现对于提高该病的诊断准确率具有重要意义.     

小球囊预扩张联合导管溶栓治疗髂股动脉硬化闭塞症伴急性血栓形成

目的 观察以小球囊预扩张联合导管溶栓治疗髂股动脉硬化闭塞症伴急性血栓形成的价值。方法 纳入33例接受小球囊预扩张联合经导管溶栓治疗及血管成形术的单侧髂股动脉硬化闭塞症伴急性血栓形成患者,其中14例病变仅累及髂动脉、8例仅累及股动脉、11例同时累及髂股动脉;记录治疗情况及随访资料,包括临床症状、下肢动脉彩超及CT血管造影。结果 33例均治疗成功,经导管溶栓时间为3(2,4)天, 25例血栓完全溶解、8例血栓部分溶解;溶栓后22例接受单纯球囊扩张、11例接受球囊扩张+支架植入术;治疗后复查数字减影血管造影示33例靶血管及膝下流出道血流均通畅。共随访(19.5±8.2)个月,期间7例出现下肢动脉再闭塞,经二次球囊扩张及植入支架后恢复通畅;无截肢及死亡病例。结论 小球囊预扩张联合经导管溶栓治疗髂股动脉硬化闭塞症伴急性血栓形成具有较高价值。     

血管内介入治疗大脑后动脉夹层动脉瘤

目的观察血管内介入治疗大脑后动脉夹层动脉瘤的效果。方法回顾性分析12例接受血管内介入治疗的大脑后动脉夹层动脉瘤患者,评价治疗效果。结果12例大脑后动脉夹层动脉瘤中,P1段2例,P1-P2段2例,P2段6例,P3段2例,均成功实施栓塞治疗;对其中2例单纯以弹簧圈栓塞动脉瘤,8例以弹簧圈闭塞载瘤动脉,2例植入支架。术后即刻行复查造影显示Raymond分级1级10例,2级2例。术后4例诉头痛,经对症治疗后2周内好转;未见动脉瘤破裂出血及脑梗死。随访期间影像学检查均未见动脉瘤复发,无新发神经功能障碍及颅内再次出血;末次随访时改良Rankin量表0分10例,1分1例,2分1例。结论血管内介入治疗大脑后动脉夹层动脉瘤效果较好,且安全性较高。     

对比直接抽吸一次性取栓与支架取栓治疗急性大脑中动脉闭塞的辐射剂量

目的 对比观察直接抽吸一次性取栓（ADAPT）与常规支架取栓治疗急性大脑中动脉闭塞的辐射剂量。方法 回顾性分析54例大脑中动脉闭塞患者,按照不同介入治疗方法分为ADAPT组（n=29）和支架组（常规支架取栓,n=25）;比较2组术中透视时间、空气比释动能（AK）、剂量面积乘积（DAP）、摄影序列数和摄影帧数以及上述指标之间的相关性。结果 ADAPT组透视时间、AK、DAP、摄影序列数和摄影帧数均低于支架组（P均<0.05）。ADAPT组25例（25/29,86.21%）、支架组13例（13/25,52.00%）AK值<1.0 Gy,ADAPT组中AK值<1.0 Gy者占比高于支架组（P<0.01）;ADAPT组22例（22/29,75.86%）、支架组11例（11/25,44.00%）DAP值<100 Gy·cm²,ADAPT组中DAP<100 Gy·cm²者占比高于支架组（P=0.01）。透视时间与DAP（r=0.60,P<0.01）、AK（r=0.69,P<0.01）均呈正相关,DAP与AK呈正相关（r=0.81,P<0.01）。结论 ADAPT治疗急性大脑中动脉闭塞的辐射剂量低于常规支架取栓。     

肝移植术后并发症的介入治疗

目的评价肝移植术后多种并发症的介入治疗。方法回顾性的分析肝移植术后出现各种并发症并进行介入治疗的82例患者,胆管病变62例;肝动脉病变8例;下腔静脉病变13例;肝静脉狭窄7例;门静脉病变9例。胆管并发症采用经T管置入引流管、经皮肝穿刺胆管行胆汁引流或球囊扩张术。球囊扩张成形术或(和)金属支架植入术处理血管狭窄的患者;局部溶栓治疗用于术后血管内血栓形成的病例。结果在胆管并发症患者中,41例经T管置入引流管,34例行经皮穿刺胆汁引流(PTBD),球囊扩张胆道成形术9例。3例肝动脉狭窄的患者接受了球囊扩张成形术或支架植入术,1例肝动脉形成血栓者行插管溶栓,效果良好。9例下腔静脉狭窄患者行支架植入术,1例接受了球囊扩张成形术。5例肝静脉狭窄患者接受了球囊扩张成形术或支架治疗。门静脉狭窄患者中6例接受支架治疗,1例门脉血栓形成行局部溶栓,治疗不满意。结论介入治疗是处理肝移植术后胆管和血管并发症不可或缺的临床治疗方法。     

Encephalo-omental synangiosis in the management of moyamoya disease.

Moyamoya disease is a chronic occlusive cerebrovascular disorder characterized by stenosis of the intracranial internal carotid artery often accompanied by stenosis of the anterior and/or middle cerebral arteries. This results in cerebral ischemia, which manifests clinically as transient, repetitive episodes of hemiplegia, dysarthria, and involuntary movements. This case report documents a patient in whom an initial extracranial-intracranial bypass (superficial temporal-middle cerebral artery) failed to alleviate the ischemic symptoms. In a subsequent procedure, a pedicle graft of omentum was created and through a subcutaneous tunnel was placed on the right cerebral cortex. Over a 2 1/2-year period, this has resulted in a dramatic resolution of the patient's symptomatology. The report delineates the condition and reviews other therapeutic options.     

Primary mechanical thrombectomy for anterior circulation stroke in children: Report of two cases and literature review

Introduction and importancePediatric acute ischemic stroke is a rare but devastating condition with substantial rates of morbidity and mortality. Endovascular treatment is standard acute revascularization therapy for stroke in adults, but it is not well-studied in pediatrics. We report the successful treatment of two pediatric cases of anterior circulation stroke with primary mechanical thrombectomy.Case presentationTwo Asian children, aged 13 and 8 years, presented to Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital in September 2020 and April 2021, respectively, with hemiplegia and significant Pediatric National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (Ped NIHSS) scores. Head CT scans demonstrated hyperdense middle cerebral artery signs, suggesting large-vessel occlusion stroke. Both patients underwent emergent thrombectomy within 5 and 10 h after initial onset, and successful recanalization was achieved within an hour. Both demonstrated good neurological recovery and there was no recurrent stroke during follow-up.Clinical discussionThrombectomy has appeal for childhood acute ischemic stroke (AIS) due to a longer post-stroke time window for intervention. As the short-term outcome, a significantly reduced Ped NIHSS score is achieved. Long-term outcomes are measured by modified Rankin Scale (mRS) scores. A literature review from 2016 to 2021 yielded 21 pediatric case reports of primary mechanical thrombectomy for anterior circulation stroke (including the present cases). We compare our cases with the published literature to discuss the short-term and long-term outcomes.ConclusionMechanical thrombectomy holds promise as a treatment modality in pediatric AIS. These case reports described successful primary mechanical thrombectomy for AIS treatment in children.     

颈动脉支架植入术中低血流动力学紊乱相关危险因素

目的分析颈动脉支架植入(CAS)术中低血流动力学紊乱(HD)的危险因素。方法回顾性分析121例接受CAS患者,根据CAS术中血压和心率变化评估有无HD;以单因素及多因素logistic回归分析筛选CAS中发生HD的危险因素。结果共42例发生HD(HD组),其中27例见于球囊扩张时,14例见于植入支架时,1例见于以封堵器封堵血管时;79例未见HD(非HD组)。单因素分析显示,组间患者年龄、颈动脉狭窄程度和部位(有无累及球部或分叉部)、血管斑块性质及球囊后扩张差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.05);多元logistic回归结果显示,年龄、狭窄部位、血管斑块性质及球囊后扩张均为HD的独立危险因素(P均<0.05)。结论CAS术中发生HD与患者年龄、颈动脉狭窄部位、血管斑块性质及有无球囊后扩张有关。     

Posttraumatic cerebrovascular narrowing. A case report and review of the literature

We, neurosurgeons have sometimes confronted with the case of posttraumatic cerebrovascular narrowing or spasm. However, there have been few reports on the pathophysiology of the posttraumatic narrowing or spasm in comparison with those the spasm following the subarachnoid hemorrhage caused by the rupture of the aneurysm. The authors report here a case of temporal lobe contusion who demonstrated cerebrovascular narrowing angiographically at the 21st days after head injury. This 53-years-old male was examined again by angiography one week after the above-described angiography and the narrowing disappeared. The authors reviewed the literature on the posttraumatic cerebrovascular narrowing or spasm. Thirty seven cases have been reported in detail. Under the conditions of these 38 cases including the present case, the pathophysiology of the posttraumatic cerebrovascular narrowing or spasm was discussed. Two theories had been suggested for a long time: one was vasospasm caused by the traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage and the other by direct mechanical irritation of cerebral artery. Recently, neurogenic factor is thought to take a part of this to a great extent such as hypothalamic dysfunction or dysfunctioning fragile autoregulation mechanism. It is seemed to be that such spasm caused by these mechanism will exist sure. However, in the posttraumatic cerebrovascular vasospasm, there are other accompanying intracranial lesions such as cerebral swelling, cerebral contusion, fracture of the base of the skull and so on. It is not assumed to be so simple environment as the spasm following the rupture of the aneurysm, and also the mechanism of genesis of the posttraumatic cerebrovascular spasm is not to be so simple. Several factors and their duplication will play a role in the mechanism. Further investigation is necessary for the clearness of the problem.     

经桡动脉入路全脑血管造影36例分析

目的评价经桡动脉入路全脑血管造影的可行性和安全性。方法回顾性分析2009年7月—2010年10月于我院神经内科住院治疗并接受经桡动脉全脑血管造影的36例缺血性脑血管病患者的疗效、并发症等。结果 36例患者中,28例经右侧桡动脉穿刺,8例经左侧桡动脉穿刺;34例（34/36,94.44%）顺利完成全脑血管造影,2例（2/36,5.56%）未能完成造影,其中1例因血管解剖变异而终止造影,另1例因患者术中躁动而终止造影,继而出现神经系统并发症。结论经桡动脉入路全脑血管造影安全可行,患者易于接受,但应注意操作技巧,避免发生并发症。     

医源性肾动脉损伤性出血的介入诊疗

目的探讨超选择性动脉造影与栓塞治疗医源性肾动脉损伤性出血的临床价值。方法对11例肾穿刺活检或经皮肾镜取石术后大量肉眼血尿患者实施超选择性肾动脉造影与栓塞术,栓塞材料采用明胶海绵与弹簧圈。结果 11例中,假性动脉瘤2例,动-静脉瘘2例,假性动脉瘤合并动静脉瘘5例,动脉-肾盏瘘2例;损伤血管为肾脏后段、下段动脉及其叶间动脉分支,单支血管损伤10例,多支血管损伤1例。单纯采用明胶海绵栓塞4例,单纯采用弹簧圈栓塞4例,二者联合栓塞3例,其中1例为明胶海绵栓塞24h后复发尿血改用弹簧圈栓塞。栓塞后10min造影示出血征象消失,1~3天后患者血尿逐渐消失,未发生严重并发症。结论动静脉瘘为医源性肾动脉损伤的主要表现,以单发病变多见;超选择性动肾脉造影可迅速明确诊断,超选择性肾动脉栓塞微创、安全、有效,应作为治疗医源性肾动脉损伤性出血的首选方法。     

Inadvertent middle cerebral artery embolism by a detachable balloon: management by embolectomy. Case report

A case of middle cerebral artery embolism by a detachable intra-arterial balloon is presented. The balloon migrated after being detached in an effort to occlude the internal carotid artery proximal to an unclippable giant paraclinoid aneurysm. Volume expansion, induced hypertension, anticoagulation therapy, rapid middle cerebral artery embolectomy, and good collateral circulation are factors that may have contributed to the patient's complete recovery from hemiplegia.