肝移植术后门静脉狭窄的血管内介入治疗

目的 评价肝移植术后门静脉狭窄的介入治疗的效果及安全性.方法 回顾性分析2004年4月至2012年1月收治的肝移植术后门静脉狭窄患者30例,所有患者均具有门静脉高压的临床症状、体征或经超声检查等影像学检查显示门静脉狭窄.经皮肝穿刺门静脉造影明确门静脉狭窄的部位、范围和程度,球囊扩张后行支架植入.同时行胃冠状静脉造影,如严重曲张或者影响门静脉血流则行栓塞治疗.介入治疗后对患者进行随访,记录患者的临床症状、实验室检查结果及超声检查等影像学检查结果.结果 30例患者均成功接受门静脉造影,其中1例未能通过狭窄的门静脉主干;其余29例中,25例行球囊扩张后支架植入术,共植入26个自膨式支架;4例行球囊扩张治疗.介入治疗的技术成功率为96.7％(29/30).7例行曲张的胃冠状静脉弹簧圈栓塞.介入治疗相关的并发症为胸膜腔出血2例.随访期为1～72个月(平均21.5个月),所有接受介入治疗患者的门静脉均通畅,未出现支架内再狭窄.结论 介入治疗肝移植术后门静脉狭窄安全、有效,门静脉通畅率良好.     

小球囊预扩张联合导管溶栓治疗髂股动脉硬化闭塞症伴急性血栓形成

目的 观察以小球囊预扩张联合导管溶栓治疗髂股动脉硬化闭塞症伴急性血栓形成的价值。方法 纳入33例接受小球囊预扩张联合经导管溶栓治疗及血管成形术的单侧髂股动脉硬化闭塞症伴急性血栓形成患者,其中14例病变仅累及髂动脉、8例仅累及股动脉、11例同时累及髂股动脉;记录治疗情况及随访资料,包括临床症状、下肢动脉彩超及CT血管造影。结果 33例均治疗成功,经导管溶栓时间为3(2,4)天, 25例血栓完全溶解、8例血栓部分溶解;溶栓后22例接受单纯球囊扩张、11例接受球囊扩张+支架植入术;治疗后复查数字减影血管造影示33例靶血管及膝下流出道血流均通畅。共随访(19.5±8.2)个月,期间7例出现下肢动脉再闭塞,经二次球囊扩张及植入支架后恢复通畅;无截肢及死亡病例。结论 小球囊预扩张联合经导管溶栓治疗髂股动脉硬化闭塞症伴急性血栓形成具有较高价值。     

介入治疗肝移植术后门静脉狭窄38例疗效分析

目的 探讨介入治疗肝移植术后门静脉狭窄的价值.方法 回顾性分析2005年1月至2013年3月于本院行肝脏移植术后发生门静脉狭窄并接受介入治疗的38例患者资料.所有患者均采用介入手段治疗.介入治疗后再次造影如发现胃冠状静脉仍明显扩张且影响门静脉血流,则以弹簧圈栓塞.总结临床资料、影像随访资料、介入治疗的并发症和预后等情况.结果 38例患者介入治疗的技术成功率为100％.共置入自膨式支架7枚、球囊扩张式支架29枚,覆膜支架1枚.对2例小儿肝移植患者单纯采用球囊扩张成形术治疗.共有2例患者介入治疗后胃冠状静脉明显扩张且影响门静脉血流,予以栓塞治疗.随访3～90个月.介入治疗后发生肝内血肿1例,发生率为2.63％.1例因同时合并肝动脉闭塞、缺血性胆道损伤于术后3个月死于多脏器功能衰竭.因胆道并发症接受三次肝移植1例;因门静脉主干内癌栓形成再次置入覆膜支架1例;发生支架内再狭窄1例.其余34例患者影像随访显示门静脉通畅.结论 肝移植术后门静脉狭窄采用介入治疗安全、有效,远期疗效良好.     

经皮经肝血管成形术治疗肝移植术后门静脉狭窄

目的探讨经皮经肝血管成形术在肝移植术后门静脉狭窄治疗中的应用价值。方法回顾性分析37例肝移植术后发生门静脉狭窄患者的资料,所有患者均采用经皮经肝血管成形术治疗,对患者临床资料、影像随访资料、介入治疗的并发症和预后等情况进行总结。结果介入治疗的手术成功率为100%。共置入自膨式支架7枚、球囊扩张式支架29枚、覆膜支架1枚,对1例小儿肝移植患者单纯采用球囊扩张成形术治疗。与门静脉成形术治疗相关的严重并发症肝内血肿1例,发生率为2.70%,经肝动脉造影证实为肝动脉出血,予以介入栓塞治疗后出血停止。随访3～80个月,1例因同时合并肝动脉闭塞、缺血性胆道损伤于术后3个月死于多器官功能衰竭;1例因胆道并发症接受二次肝移植;1例因门静脉主干内癌栓形成再次置入覆膜支架;1例发生支架内再狭窄;其余33例患者影像随访显示门静脉通畅。结论肝移植术后门静脉狭窄的血管成形术治疗是一种安全、有效的治疗方法。     

肝移植术后并发症的介入治疗

目的评价肝移植术后多种并发症的介入治疗。方法回顾性的分析肝移植术后出现各种并发症并进行介入治疗的82例患者,胆管病变62例;肝动脉病变8例;下腔静脉病变13例;肝静脉狭窄7例;门静脉病变9例。胆管并发症采用经T管置入引流管、经皮肝穿刺胆管行胆汁引流或球囊扩张术。球囊扩张成形术或(和)金属支架植入术处理血管狭窄的患者;局部溶栓治疗用于术后血管内血栓形成的病例。结果在胆管并发症患者中,41例经T管置入引流管,34例行经皮穿刺胆汁引流(PTBD),球囊扩张胆道成形术9例。3例肝动脉狭窄的患者接受了球囊扩张成形术或支架植入术,1例肝动脉形成血栓者行插管溶栓,效果良好。9例下腔静脉狭窄患者行支架植入术,1例接受了球囊扩张成形术。5例肝静脉狭窄患者接受了球囊扩张成形术或支架治疗。门静脉狭窄患者中6例接受支架治疗,1例门脉血栓形成行局部溶栓,治疗不满意。结论介入治疗是处理肝移植术后胆管和血管并发症不可或缺的临床治疗方法。     

儿童肝移植术后门静脉狭窄的血管腔内介入治疗

目的探讨经皮肝血管成形术在儿童肝移植术后门静脉狭窄(PVS)治疗中的应用价值。方法回顾性分析儿童肝移植术后PVS 8例患儿资料,均经门静脉造影证实,并行经皮血管成形术和(或)经皮血管内支架成形术治疗。分析8例患儿血管腔内介入治疗的效果。结果对8例患儿共进行12例次血管内腔内介入治疗,技术成功率66.67%(8/12),首次治疗临床成功率62.50%(5/8)。3例分别于首次球囊扩张后再次行球囊扩张,2例术后PVS无复发,1例患儿再次球囊扩张治疗后,行血管腔内支架成形术,支架植入后未狭窄。8例患儿均未出现治疗相关并发症。结论儿童肝移植术后PVS的血管腔内介入治疗是一种安全、有效的治疗方法。     

胆道闭锁患儿肝移植术后门静脉狭窄的血管腔内治疗

目的探讨血管腔内治疗在胆道闭锁患儿肝移植术后门静脉狭窄(PVS)治疗中的应用价值。方法收集因原发病为胆道闭锁接受肝移植、术后后发生PVS的患儿14例,均经门静脉造影证实,并接受经皮血管成形术和(或)经皮血管内支架成形术治疗。分析14例患儿血管腔内介入治疗的效果。结果 14例患儿共进行23次血管内腔内介入治疗,技术成功率82.61%(19/23)。10例患儿经1~2次球囊扩张治疗后治愈,4例患儿球囊扩张治疗后,行血管腔内支架成形术,支架植入后未发生狭窄。14例患儿均未出现治疗相关并发症。结论胆道闭锁患儿肝移植术后PVS的血管腔内介入治疗安全、有效。     

儿童肝移植术后门静脉狭窄的诊断与治疗

目的分析儿童肝移植术后门静脉狭窄(PVS)的可能危险因素,并探讨不同治疗方式的临床疗效。 方法回顾性分析2013年6月至2017年12月首都医科大学附属北京友谊医院肝移植中心396例儿童肝移植受者临床资料(年龄≤14周岁)。随访至2018年6月,有26例发生PVS(6.6%)。对于超声怀疑PVS的儿童受者,本中心多选用门静脉血管造影确诊。术后采用超声监测门静脉直径及流速,观察血管通畅情况。采用随访观察并口服药物抗凝治疗、球囊扩张、门静脉支架置入或Meso-Rex分流术治疗PVS。监测肝功能变化,评估有无门静脉相关的移植物损伤,并观察有无门静脉高压相关的症状或体征。 结果26例儿童受者术后发生PVS中位时间为9.5个月(1.3～50.0个月),其中3个月以内发生者占26.9%(7/26),3个月以后占73.1%(19/26)。行介入球囊扩张和支架置入或Meso-Rex分流术共47例次,均未因PVS死亡。2例儿童受者动态随访,期间口服抗凝药物;23例行门静脉球囊扩张术,1例因门静脉冗长行1次门静脉球囊扩张＋支架置入术,10例经1次门静脉球囊扩张术后无效后行二次球囊扩张,7例经二次门静脉球囊扩张术后无效行门静脉支架置入术,2例经门静脉支架置入术后再次狭窄,行Meso-Rex手术。1例口服药物抗凝治疗的儿童受者,随访期间超声提示门静脉流速偏快,其余随访至今未见PVS复发。 结论超声是监测儿童肝移植术后门静脉情况、早期发现PVS的有效办法。发生PVS时,轻症儿童受者可动态随访,期间口服抗凝药物;中重度儿童受者首选门静脉球囊扩张、门静脉支架置入术。Meso-Rex分流术是对门脉支架置入术后PVS复发或发生门静脉闭塞的一种可选择的手术方式。     

原位肝移植术后门静脉并发症处理及远期疗效评估

目的 总结并评估原位肝移植术后并发门静脉并发症的处理及其远期疗效.方法 研究对象为2002年6月至2013年4月在上海交通大学附属第六医院收治的12例肝移植术后门静脉并发症患者.对12例患者的临床资料进行分析,分析内容包括并发症的发生时间、病变性质、术前病史、术后诊断经过、处理经过及远期疗效.结果 本组患者门静脉并发症发生时间为肝移植术后3～54个月.其中门静脉吻合口狭窄3例,门静脉系广泛血栓4例,门静脉主干血栓2例,门静脉和肠系膜上静脉附壁血栓3例.3例门静脉吻合口狭窄患者成功放置血管内支架;3例门静脉和肠系膜上静脉附壁血栓患者经溶栓和抗凝治疗无病情进展;余6例患者行套扎术或硬化剂治疗后好转出院.随访3年,12例中无1例死亡.结论 肝移植术后门静脉并发症的治疗方案取决于门静脉病变性质和程度.对于早期门静脉血栓或局部附壁血栓,溶栓治疗可取得满意效果;晚期门静脉血栓溶栓治疗效果不佳.对单纯性门静脉狭窄行介入治疗是安全可行的.肝移植术后门静脉并发症经及时处理后远期效果良好.     

肝移植术后门静脉阻塞的介入治疗

目的 评价用介入技术治疗原位肝移植术后门静脉(PV)阻塞的安全性和疗效.方法 对13例原位肝移植术后PV阻塞[狭窄和(或)血栓形成]病人进行了介入治疗,男9例,女4例;年龄28～60岁(平均43岁).其中PV血栓3例,PV吻合口狭窄9例,PV吻合口狭窄合并血栓1例,合并食管-胃底静脉曲张9例(其中8例有呕血病史).7例用经皮经肝穿刺PV分支途径治疗,6例经TIPS途径,技术包括球囊扩张+置入支架8例、局部溶栓和清除血栓4例次、单纯球囊扩张2例、联合栓塞胃冠状静脉9例次.结果 介入治疗技术均成功,无重要并发症,结束治疗时复查造影显示PV血流通畅,PV主干管径接近正常10例、3例残留狭窄＜30%.随访6～48个月(平均28个月),5例术前肝功能异常病人,术后2周有显著改善;9例以门静脉高压症合并食管-胃底静脉曲张病人,术后复查胃镜显示静脉曲张明显好转,随访期间未发生静脉曲张破裂出血.4例腹部症状较明显的病人,术后腹痛、腹胀和腹泻等症状逐渐减轻;复查Doppler超声波显示PV血流通畅.结论 介入技术是治疗原位肝移植术后PV阻塞的安全、有效方法 .     

脐静脉再通联合一期支架植入法改良Meso-rex手术治疗门静脉海绵样变临床研究

目的 研究再通脐静脉联合一期支架植入的方法，改良Meso-rex手术，治疗门静脉海绵样变的效果。方法 回顾性分析2018年2月北京清华长庚医院1例原位经典全肝移植术后9年余，门静脉主干闭塞，继发门静脉海绵样变、门静脉高压、食管胃底静脉曲张、消化道出血的病人资料。对该病人进行Meso-rex手术治疗。楔形切除部分肝脏实质可显露圆韧带根部，门静脉左支难以解剖。再通脐静脉至门静脉左支后，完成血管吻合、支架植入。术后予以抗凝治疗并监测桥血管内血流情况。结果 术程顺利，病人术后1年桥血管血流通畅，未再发生消化道出血症状。结论 脐静脉再通联合一期支架植入法Meso-rex手术可用于治疗门静脉左支通畅但难以解剖显露的门静脉海绵样变病人。远期效果值得期待和更多病例验证。     

Vascular Stents in the Management of Portal Venous Complications in Living Donor Liver Transplantation

To evaluate the efficacy of stent placement in the treatment of portal vein (PV) stenosis or occlusion in living donor liver transplant (LDLT) recipients, 468 LDLT records were reviewed. Sixteen (10 PV occlusions and 6 stenoses) recipients (age range, 8 months–59 years) were referred for possible interventional angioplasty (dilatation and/or stent) procedures. Stent placement was attempted in all. The approaches used were percutaneous transhepatic (n = 10), percutaneous transsplenic (n = 4), and intraoperative (n = 2). Technical success was achieved in 11 of 16 patients (68.8%). The sizes of the stents used varied from 7 mm to 10 mm in diameter. In the five unsuccessful patients, long‐term complete occlusion of the PV with cavernous transformation precluded catherterization. The mean follow‐up was 12 months (range, 3–24). The PV stent patency rate was 90.9% (10/11). Rethrombosis and occlusion of the stent and PV occurred in a single recipient who had a cryoperserved vascular graft to reconstruct the PV during the LDLT operation. PV occlusion of >1 year with cavernous transformation seemed to be a factor causing technical failure. In conclusion, early treatment of PV stenosis and occlusion by stenting is an effective treatment in LDLT. Percutaneous transhepatic and transsplenic, and intraoperative techniques are effective approaches depending on the situation.     

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??Endovascular treatment for shunt stenosis or occlusion after restricted portosystemic shunt??An analysis of 24 cases WANG Zhi-wei??MA Xiu-xian??WANG Jia-xiang, et al. Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery??the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University??Zhengzhou 450052, China
Corresponding author??WANG Jia-xiang, E-mail??wangzhiwei126@126.com
Abstract Objective To explore the cause of artificial vessel stenosis or occlusion after restricted portosystemic shunt (mesocaval shunt was short for superior mesenteric vein-inferior vena cava shunt; spleen shunt was short for splenic vein-inferior vena cava shunt), and analysis the feasibility and efficacy of percutaneous endovascular therapy. Methods The clinical data of 24 cases of artificial vessel stenosis or occlusion after restricted portosystemic shunt for portal hypertension from March 2009 to March 2012 in Department of Endovascular Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University were analyzed retrospectively (19 cases of mesocaval shunt, 15 cases of spleen shunt). Results In the 24 cases of artificial vessels stenosis or occlusion treated by restricted portosystemic shunt for portal hypertension, 7 cases who got acute thrombosis within a week after the surgery were treated by catheter directed thrombolysis; 9 cases who got shunts stenosis for anastomotic stenosis of artificial vessel-superior mesenteric vein from 1 to 8 years after surgery were cured by balloon dilatation or stent angioplasty. The shunts artificial vascular occlusion occurred in 8 cases from 1 to 4 years after surgery, 6 of whom succeed to be patent by balloon dilatation or stent angioplasty, and 2 cases were failed for the guide wire can’t go through the anastomotic site of artificial vessel-superior mesenteric vein. And 13 cases were associated with embolism of esophagogastric varices for postoperative standard anticoagulation. Conclusion Endovascular therapy by percutaneous puncture through "femoral vein-inferior vena cava-artificial vessel-portal vein” (including catheter directed thrombolysis, balloon dilatation, stent placement ,etc) are little trauma, highly successful and have a remarkable effect in the treatment of shunt stenosis or occlusion after restricted portosystemic shunt in portal hypertension.     

Interventional radiologic procedures in liver transplantation

Postoperative biliary and vascular complications contribute significantly to morbidity and mortality in liver transplantation. Interventional radiologists are an integral part of the multidisciplinary team necessary for optimizing the management of these complications. During a 15-year period, 39 cadaveric and 25 living related liver transplantations were performed at the Chang Gung Memorial hospital, Taiwan. Of 64 liver transplant recipients, 9 (3 adult and 6 pediatric) underwent 13 interventional radiological procedures for the treatment of biliary sludge-casts (n = 2), bile duct occlusion or stenosis (n = 2), hepatic veins thrombosis (n = 1), hepatic veins stenosis (n = 1), portal vein stenosis with splenorenal shunting (n = 1), biloma (n = 1), and infected fluid collection or ascites (n = 4). Antegrade or retrograde interventional approach was used to successfully treat all biliary complications, and all percutaneous drainage procedures were effective in the control of intra-abdominal fluid collections. Portal vein stenosis was treated by balloon dilatation, and the associated splenorenal shunt was closed by metallic coil embolization via transhepatic catheterization of the portal vein. Hepatic vein stenosis was effectively treated by balloon dilatation and expandable metallic stent deployment via transfemoral and jugular venous approaches, respectively. Hepatic vein thrombosis was only partially lysed by transvenous streptokinase administration, and surgical thrombectomy was needed to achieve complete recanalization. The total success rate of the interventional procedures was 92 % with no procedure-related complications. The overall survival rate in this series is 89 %, and all patients who underwent living related liver transplantation maintain to date a 100 % survival rate. We can conclude that interventional radiological procedures are very useful for managing biliary and vascular complications after liver transplantation. These techniques provide a cure in most situations, thus obviating the need for further surgical intervention or re-transplantation. Received: 6 March 2000 Accepted: 5 May 2001     

Portal Vein Stent Placement in Living-donor Liver Transplantation: A Single-center Experience

IntroductionPortal vein thrombosis (PVT) and portal vein stenosis (PVS) are rare complications after liver transplantation that can lead to graft failure and patient death.Material and methodsThe aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of interventional treatment for PVT and PVS occlusion after liver transplantation. Follow-up data of 7 patients who underwent stent replacement for PVT and/or PVS were analyzed. The clinical success, complications, and portal vein patency were analyzed.ResultsClinical success was obtained in 6 of the 7 patients. No portal hypertension-related symptoms reoccurred in the 6 patients during the follow-up.ConclusionsInterventional radiologic treatment produced a high success rate and a favorable long-term outcome.     

腔内治疗髂静脉梗阻合并急性深静脉血栓的临床经验

目的探讨腔内治疗髂静脉梗阻合并急性深静脉血栓(deep vein thrombosis,DVT)的临床效果。方法 2008年10月～2011年9月,19例急性DVT接受手术取栓联合同侧髂静脉腔内支架置入术。DVT位于左髂-股静脉及下腔静脉3例,双侧髂-股静脉2例,其余14例均在左髂静脉。均有患肢明显肿胀,其中12例伴患肢疼痛。DVT发病时间(3.2±1.3)d。取栓前均先置入下腔静脉滤器,取栓后即刻静脉造影发现髂静脉狭窄者先行球囊扩张再置入自膨式支架。结果 18例取栓后造影示髂静脉狭窄,其中髂静脉压迫综合征(iliac vein compression syndrome,IVCS)15例(78.9%),残留狭窄3例;1例未发现髂静脉狭窄。18例有狭窄者共置入22枚自膨式支架,手术均获成功。1例术后伤口血肿。随访16例,随访时间2～26个月(平均10.3月),疼痛症状均消失,2例行走后下肢轻度肿胀,均未出现血栓复发。结论腔内治疗髂静脉梗阻合并急性DVT安全、有效,早期临床结果满意。