掌侧钢板固定治疗不稳定的背侧移位桡骨远端骨折

[目的]初步探讨掌侧钢板（locking compression plate，LCP）固定治疗不稳定、背侧移位桡骨远端骨折的方法及其效果。[方法]回顾性分析掌侧LCP结合克氏针撬拨、植骨等技术治疗不稳定、背侧移位桡骨远端骨折35例，比较研究手术前后掌倾角、尺偏角、桡骨短缩及关节活动范围等，初步评价其临床疗效。[结果]经随访9-24个月（平均17个月），掌倾角、尺偏角、桡骨短缩均获明显改善，腕关节功能按Sarmiento标准评定，优20例、良12例、可2例、差1例。[结论]对不稳定、背侧移位桡骨远端骨折，掌侧LCP是一种安全有效的治疗方法，可有效防止复位丢失、减少结构性植骨、避免肌腱激惹等并发症。     

掌侧锁定接骨板结合背侧支撑钢板固定治疗不稳定的背侧移位桡骨远端骨折

[目的]初步探讨掌侧锁定加压钢板(locking compression plate,LCP)结合背侧支撑钢板固定治疗不稳定、背侧移位桡骨远端骨折的方法及其效果。[方法]回顾性分析掌侧LCP结合背侧1/4管型钢板固定治疗不稳定、背侧移位桡骨远端骨折23例,比较手术前后掌倾角、尺偏角、桡骨短缩及关节活动范围等,初步评价其临床疗效。[结果]经随访13~24个月(平均15个月),掌倾角、尺偏角、桡骨短缩均获明显改善,腕关节功能按Sarmiento标准评定,优18例、良5例。[结论]对不稳定、背侧移位桡骨远端骨折,掌侧LCP结合背侧支撑钢板固定是一种安全有效的治疗方法,可有效防止复位丢失,获得较为满意的腕关节功能。     

掌侧锁定加压钢板治疗背侧不稳定桡骨远端骨折的临床研究

目的初步探讨掌侧锁定加压钢板(LCP)固定治疗背侧不稳定桡骨远端骨折的方法及其效果。方法回顾性分析掌侧LCP结合克氏针撬拨、植骨等技术治疗背侧不稳定桡骨远端骨折35例,比较研究手术前后掌倾角、尺偏角、桡骨短缩及关节活动范围等,初步评价其临床疗效。结果经随访9～24个月(平均17个月),掌倾角、尺偏角、桡骨短缩均获明显改善,腕关节功能按Sarmiento标准评定:优20例,良12例,可2例,差1例。结论对背侧不稳定桡骨远端骨折,掌侧LCP是一种安全有效的治疗方法,可有效防止复位丢失、减少结构性植骨、避免肌腱激惹等。     

切开复位掌侧锁定加压钢板内固定治疗桡骨远端C型骨折效果分析

目的探讨切开复位掌侧锁定加压钢板(LCP)内固定治疗桡骨远端C型骨折的临床效果。方法回顾性分析内乡菊潭医院骨科2019-01—2020-11收治的76例桡骨远端C型骨折患者的临床资料。分为闭合复位外固定支架组(外固定支架组,40例)和切开复位掌侧LCP内固定组(LCP内固定组,36例)。比较2组手术时间、术中失血量、术后骨折愈合时间。统计术后随访6个月期间的并发症发生率。末次随访,评价腕关节功能和测量尺偏角、掌倾角、桡骨高度。结果外固定支架组的手术时间、术中失血量、住院时间、术后骨折愈合时间均优于LCP内固定组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。2组患者术后6个月随访期间的并发症发生率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。末次随访时,LCP内固定组患者的尺偏角、掌倾角、桡骨高度改善效果及腕关节功能优良率均优于外固定支架组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论对桡骨远端C型骨折患者,闭合复位外固定支架和切开复位掌侧LCP内固定术均可获得满意效果,其中闭合复位外固定支架术的创伤小,患者术后恢复快;而切开复位掌侧LCP内固定术有利于恢复患者的腕关节功能。应根据患者的年龄、骨折类型、全身条件等情况,选择合适的治疗方式。     

掌侧钢板结合外支架治疗高能量损伤C3型桡骨远端骨折

目的:初步研究掌侧支撑钢板结合外支架等固定治疗高能量损伤C3型桡骨远端骨折的疗效.方法:自2001年1月至2007年6月,使用掌侧入路支撑钢板、跨腕关节外支架并结合克氏针撬拨、植骨等技术治疗C3型桡骨远端骨折13例,男9例,女4例;年龄26～47岁,平均37岁.闭合性骨折9例,开放性骨折4例(Gustino Ⅰ型3例,Ⅱ型1例).病程2 h～17 d.比较手术前后掌倾角、尺偏角、桡骨短缩及关节活动范围等,初步评价其临床疗效.结果:随访7～29个月,平均18个月,患者掌倾角、尺偏角、桡骨短缩及关节面均获明显改善.桡骨远端影像学评估采用Stewart改良的Sarmiento评分,优9例,良4例;腕关节功能采用Gartland-Werley标准评定,优5例,良6例,可2例.结论:①掌侧钢板可支撑掌侧皮质,防止骨折碎片向掌侧移位和维持掌倾角,还能为背桡侧外支架提供掌侧支点;②外支架可借助掌侧支点维持桡骨长度和掌倾角,并利于对损伤关节软骨的修复产生"模造";③克氏针、植骨等技术的运用可进一步稳定骨折端.     

掌侧LCP结合Kapandji技术治疗背侧不稳定桡骨远端关节内骨折初步报道

目的 探讨掌侧锁定加压钢板(locking compression plate,LCP)结合Kapandji技术治疗背侧不稳定桡骨远端关节内骨折的方法 及疗效.方法 背侧不稳定桡骨远端关节内骨折患者43例,男17例,女26例;年龄42～65岁,平均57岁.按AO/ASIF分型,C1型26例,C2型16例,C3型1例.采用掌侧LCP结合Kapandji技术进行治疗.在Stewart等改良的Sarmiento评分基础上再次进行改良,从掌倾角、尺偏角、桡骨短缩和关节面台阶方面对桡骨远端影像学进行评估;采用Gartland-Werley功能评分对腕关节功能进行评估.结果 所有患者均获得随访,随访时间16～47个月,平均27个月.掌倾角由术前-19.3°±11.2°改善至术后8.1°±3.2°,尺偏角由术前-13.6°±4.1°改善至术后18.0°±8.2°,桡骨短缩由术前(6.2±2.8)mm改善至术后(0.2±0.2)mm,关节面塌陷由术前(5.5±4.3)mm改善至术后(0.1±0.2)mm.在Stewart等改良的Sarmiento评分基础匕再次进行改良的评分,优34例,良9例;Gartland-Werley功能评分,优18例,良22例,可3例.结论 掌侧LCP结合Kapandji技术是治疗背侧不稳定桡骨远端关节内骨折的一种有效方法 ,可有效防止复位丢失、肌腱激惹等并发症,减少结构性植骨及行早期关节活动.     

背侧双钢板与掌侧T型钢板治疗桡骨远端不稳定骨折的疗效比较

目的 比较背侧双钢板与掌侧T型钢板治疗桡骨远端不稳定骨折的疗效. 方法 回顾性分析2008年8月至2010年8月收治的28例桡骨远端不稳定骨折患者资料,男8例,女20例;年龄31～65岁,平均50.7岁;所有骨折均为闭合性骨折.骨折按照AO分型:A3型4例,B3型2例,C1型5例,C2型6例,C3型11例.根据治疗方式不同,分为双钢板组(采用背侧双钢板固定)11例和T型钢板组17例(采用掌侧T型钢板固定).比较两组患者手术时间、骨折愈合时间、掌倾角、尺偏角、术后早期和远期并发症、术后腕关节功能恢复等. 结果 所有患者术后获12 ～ 16个月(平均14.4个月)随访.两组患者在骨折愈合时间掌倾角、尺偏角、术后早期并发症、腕关节功能恢复等方面差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05);但两组患者在手术时间、术后远期并发症差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05). 结论 采用背侧双钢板或掌侧T型钢板治疗桡骨远端不稳定骨折,各有其适应证和优、缺点,背侧双钢板技术手术时间相对延长,但远期并发症较掌侧钢板相对减少.     

T型钢板支撑植骨在桡骨远端塌陷粉碎性骨折中的应用

目的总结桡骨远端塌陷粉碎性骨折采用T型钢板内固定、支撑植骨联合石膏外固定的治疗效果。方法1999年1月-2006年7月，采用切开复位、T型钢板内固定、支撑植骨联合石膏外固定治疗38例桡骨远端塌陷粉碎性骨折患者。男24例，女14例；年龄20～74岁，平均41岁。闭合骨折30例，开放骨折8例。陈旧性骨折11例，新鲜骨折27例。根据AO分型：C2型18例，C3型20例。尺偏角-13～17&#176;。29例Colles骨折掌倾角平均-45．2&#176;；与健侧比较，桡骨纵轴掌侧平均短缩4、5mm；背侧平均短缩8．2mm。9例Smith骨折掌倾角平均27．60，掌侧平均短缩6．5mm，背侧平均短缩5．1mm。结果患者均获随访，随访时间9～20个月，平均13个月。无钢板断裂和医源性神经血管损伤。x线片示骨折于术后5～9周愈合，平均7周。桡骨纵轴长度恢复（与健侧比较），关节面平整；尺偏角16～24&#176;，平均21．2&#176;；掌倾角7～16&#176;，平均10．6&#176;。根据Dienst等功能评估表进行评定，优24例，良14例。结论T型钢板内固定、支撑植骨联合石膏外固定治疗桡骨远端塌陷粉碎性骨折，可有效恢复桡骨远端解剖结构、功能及良好外形。     

骨质疏松性桡骨远端骨折的治疗

目的 探讨骨质疏松性桡骨远端骨折的治疗方法 的选择策略.方法 回顾性分析本院2009年6月至2011年6月,收治的72例骨质疏松性桡骨远端骨折患者,其中30例予以手法复位石膏固定、22例手法复位外固定支架固定、20例切开复位LCP钢板内固定,3组均行掌倾角和尺偏角的测量,并进行改良Mcbride腕关节评分标准评价.结果 治疗后6个月影像学测量结果 显示各组间掌倾角和尺偏角存在统计学差异.按照改良Mcbride腕关节功能评价标准评分:石膏组优良率84.6%,支架组优良率81.8%,内固定组优良率85.0%.结论 稳定性的骨质疏松性桡骨远端骨折首选手法复位石膏外固定治疗,疗效确切;外固定支架治疗创伤小,可较好地维持桡骨的轴向稳定,对严重粉碎的不稳定骨折和软组织条件较差的患者具有优势;LCP钢板可提供可靠的固定,最大限度恢复解剖复位,可用于年龄相对较轻,身体状况较好,对生活质量要求较高的不稳定性骨质疏松性骨折.     

桡骨远端不稳定骨折44例治疗分析

目的评价外固定架与切开复位内固定治疗不稳定性桡骨远端骨折的疗效。方法44例桡骨远端复杂骨折分别采用切开复位桡骨掌侧钢板内固定、外固定支架两种手术方法治疗。其中内固定组26例,外固定支架组18例。术后复查X线片,测量桡骨高度和掌倾角、尺偏角。采集术后1、12个月采用改良Gartland—Werley（GW）评分方法评定两组患者的腕关节功能。结果所有患者均得到随访,时间12—16个月,平均13．1个月。术后测量影像学参数,桡骨高度：内固定组平均（8．24±0．12）mm,外固定支架组平均（8．57±0．22）mm;掌倾角：内固定组平均（8．76±0．16）度,外固定支架组平均（8．12±0．31）度;尺偏角：内固定组平均（18．61±1．08）度,外固定支架组平均（17．89—1．41）度。相比差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。内固定组GW评分与外固定支架组,两者相比差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论两种方法治疗后腕关节功能无明显差异。     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Reduction of Plasma Fibrinogen, Immunoglobulin G, and Immunoglobulin M Concentrations by Immunoadsorption Therapy with Tryptophan and Phenylalanine Adsorbents

Abstract Immunoadsorption (1A) therapy with tryptophan (TR-350) or phenylalanine (PH-350) adsorbents has been used to reduce the concentration of serum antibodies in human lymphocyte antigen (HLA)-immunized patients. Other forms of plasma purification have been reported to reduce the level of fibrinogen, which affects the blood properties. In this study we investigated the effects of IA therapy using both adsorbents on plasma fibrinogen and immunoglobulins G and M in 13 patients (8 patients were treated with TR-350, and 5 patients were treated with PH-350). During each session 1 plasma volume (2.8 ± 0.4 L of plasma) was processed through the immunocolumn and then returned to the patient together with the blood cells. Compared with the pretreatment values, the plasma fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM concentrations were significantly reduced after IA therapy (p < 0.01 for TR-350; p < 0.04 for PH-350). There was a positive correlation between the degree of reduction of plasma proteins and the number of IA treatments given. A nonpara-metric test (Wilcoxon's signed-rank test or the Mann-Whitney test) was used for statistical analysis. We conclude from our study that IA therapy effectively lowers the plasma levels of fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM and thus can be considered a valuable alternative to other blood purification methods.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

The analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in patients with chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans

Background : Ketamine in sub-dissociative doses has been shown to have analgesic and phantom-Limb pain, where conventional treatment has often failed. Chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans often responds poorly to analgesics, and the pain-generating mechanisms are not well understood.
Methods : Eight patients with rest pain in the lower extremity due to arteriosclerosis obliterans were given sub-dissociative doses of 0.15, 0.30, or 0.45 mg/kg racemic ketamine and morphine 10 mg as a 5-min infusion on four separate days in a cross-over, double-blind, randomised protocol. Plasma levels of (S)- and (R)-ketamine and their nor-metabolites were analysed with an enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Pain levels were evaluated with a visual analogue scale (VAS).
Results : Individual pain levels were highly variable during and after all the infusions but the pooled pain levels showed a dose-dependent analgesic effect of ketamine with a transient but complete pain relief in all patients at the highest dose (0.45 mg/ kg). Side-effects, mainly disturbed cognition and perception, were pronounced and dose-dependent. Morphine 10 mg had an analgesic peak at 20 min and 5/8 patients had complete pain relief. The remaining 3 patients also had high baseline pain scores, indicating a higher analgesic potency for the 0.30 and 0.45 mg/ kg ketamine doses than for morphine 10 mg.
Conclusion : We have demonstrated a potent dose-dependent analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in clinical ischemic pain. Due to a narrow therapeutic window, this analgesic effect is probably best utilised in combination with other analgesics.     

Intravenous endotoxin does not increase tissue extravasation of albumin in rats

Background : It is unclear whether activation of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) increases or decreases the extravasation of plasma.
Methods : Chloralose anaesthetised male Wistar rats received E. coli lipopolysacharide (LPS), 3 mg kg^-1 i.v., or the corresponding volume of saline, 3 or 5 h before the end of the experiment. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded. Tissue clearance of radio-labelled albumin, during the last 2 h of each experiment, was determined by a double-isotope method. In separate animals, the serum concentration of nitrite and nitrate was determined, 5 h after LPS or the solvent.
Main Results : LPS initially decreased MAP and lastingly increased HR. In the 3-h LPS animals (n=8), tissue plasma clearance was lower in the heart and calf muscle and increased only in diaphragm, compared to corresponding control animals (n=8). In the 5-h LPS rats, clearance was lowered (n=8) in the entire gastrointestinal tract and in testes, compared to controls (n=8). The serum nitrite/nitrate concentration was higher in animals given LPS (n=6) than in controls (n=6).
Conclusion : After LPS, tissue clearance of albumin was not increased in any major tissue, in spite of increased serum levels of NO end products. Apparently, after activation of iNOS, the augmented release of NO is not necessarily associated with increased albumin extravasation.     

The multiply injured child

Blunt trauma is the principal cause of childhood death in many developed countries. This review outlines the differences between adults and children with respect to resuscitation and treatment of orthopaedic injuries in a child with polytrauma. Recent advances in techniques of fracture stabilization are reported.     

Adrenaline markedly improves thoracic epidural analgesia produced by a low-dose infusion of bupivacaine, fentanyl and adrenaline after major surgery: A randomised, double-blind, cross-over study with and without adrenaline

Background: Basic pharmacological research indicates that there are synergistic antinociceptive effects at the spinal cord level between adrenaline, fentanyl and bupivacaine. Our clinical experience with such a mixture in a thoracic epidural infusion after major surgery confirms this. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the effects on postoperative pain intensity, pain relief and side effects when removing adrenaline from this triple epidural mixture. Methods: A prospective, randomised, double-blind, cross-over study was carried out in 24 patients after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Patients with only mild pain when coughing during a titrated thoracic epidural infusion of about 10 ml · h^?1 of bupivacaine 1 mg · ml^?1, fentanyl 2 μg · ml^?1, and adrenaline 2 μg · ml^?1 were included. On the 1^st and 2^nd postoperative days each patient was given a double-blind epidural infusion, at the same rate, with or without adrenaline. The effect was observed for 4 h or until pain when coughing became unacceptable in spite of a rescue analgesic procedure. Rescue analgesia consisted of up to two epidural bolus injections per hour and i.v. morphine if necessary. All patients received rectal paracetamol 1 g, every 8 h. Fentanyl serum concentrations were measured with a radioimmunoassay technique at the start and end of each study period. Main outcome measures were extent of sensory blockade and pain intensity at rest and when coughing, evaluated by a visual analogue scale, a verbal categorical rating scale, the Prince Henry Hospital pain score, and an overall quality of pain relief score. Results: The number of hypaesthetic dermatomal segments decreased (P <0.001) and pain intensity at rest and when coughing increased (P <0.001) when adrenaline was omitted from the triple epidural mixture. This change started within the first hour after removing adrenaline. After 3 h pain intensity when coughing had increased to unacceptable levels in spite of rescue analgesia (epidural bolus injections and i.v. morphine). Within 15–20 min after restarting the triple epidural mixture with adrenaline, pain intensity was again reduced to mild pain when coughing. Serum concentration of fentanyl doubled from 0.22 to 0.45 ng · ml^?1 (P <0.01), and there was more sedation during the period without adrenaline. Conclusions: Adrenaline increases sensory block and improves the pain-relieving effect of a mixture of bupivacaine and fentanyl infused epidurally at a thoracic level after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Serum fentanyl concentrations doubled and sedation increased when adrenaline was removed from the epidural infusion, indicating more rapid vascular absorption and systemic effects of fentanyl.     

Utilisation des médicaments prokinétiques en réanimation : indications et limites ?

Enteral feeding is often limited by gastric and intestinal motility disturbances in critically ill patients, particularly in patients with shock. So, promotility agents are frequently used to improve tolerance to enteral nutrition. This review summaries the pathophysiology, presents the available pharmacological strategies, the clinical data, the counter-indications and the principal limits. The clinical data are poor. No study demonstrates a positive effect on clinical outcomes. Metoclopramide and erythromycin seems to be the more effective. Considering the risk of antibiotic resistance, the first line use of erythromycin should be avoided in favor of metoclopramide.