人工腰椎间盘置换术的临床应用初步报告

目的 探讨人工腰椎间盘置换术治疗腰椎间盘退行性病变的临床效果。方法 应用改良型SB ChariteⅢ型人工腰椎间盘行椎间盘置换术共6例。结果 随访率100％，随访时间18～30个月(平均24．5个月)。术前JOA下腰痛评分，平均分4．83；术后JOA评分，平均分11．83。疗效满意。结论 人工腰椎间盘置换术是治疗腰椎间盘退行性病变的一种新方法，其近期疗效满意，但应严格掌握手术适应证及进一步随访观察远期疗效。     

Mobi-C人工椎间盘置换治疗颈椎间盘突出症短期疗效观察

目的探讨应用颈椎人工椎间盘置换治疗颈椎间盘突出症的临床疗效。方法 2009-03-2012-03应用Mobi-C人工颈椎间盘置换术治疗25例颈椎间盘突出症患者,记录并统计分析患者在术前、术后的疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS)、神经功能改善情况JOA评分及植入节段的运动范围影像学评估。结果 25例患者获得12～36个月随访,平均22个月。术前与术后(VAS)、JOA评分差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);而术前与术后植入节段的运动范围差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论应用Mobi-C人工颈椎间盘置换术治疗颈椎间盘突出症,可以保留手术节段的活动功能,短期临床效果满意,是一种合理选择。     

腰椎间盘造影对人工椎间盘置换术的意义

目的：探讨椎间盘造影在人工腰椎间盘置换节段选择中的作用及意义。方法：对17例多节段或一般影像检查不能明确的腰椎退行性变患者的34个椎间隙行椎间盘造影检查，根据注入造影剂的量、注入时阻力、是否诱发出患者原有症状等确定责任椎间盘，并对相应节段行人工腰椎间盘置换术。结果：34个椎间隙造影中注入量大于2ml 17个间隙，推注时阻力减低者17个间隙，诱发出患者原有症状19个间隙，无与造影相关的并发症。对19个诱发出患者原有症状的椎间盘进行了置换术。随访16～42个月，平均30.4个月，术前患者JOA评分7～17分，平均9．9分，术后JOA评分20～29分，平均26．6分，差异有显著性（P〈0．01）。结论：椎间盘造影对准确选择人工腰椎间盘置换节段能够提供重要的指导作用。     

人工颈椎间盘置换术在后纵韧带骨化症中的应用

[目的]观察应用Bryan颈椎间盘假体置换术治疗后纵韧带骨化症的近期效果。[方法]2005年10月～2007年6月应用Bryan人工颈椎间盘假体置换术治疗局限型后纵韧带骨化症患者15例,术前和术后6个月时进行JOA评分,并摄颈椎前屈后伸位X线片,观察假体稳定性及颈椎置换节段的活动度。[结果]患者术后症状均明显缓解,随访6～24个月,JOA评分由术前平均8.5分上升至术后平均15.8分。置换节段保留了运动功能,假体稳定无移位。[结论]人工颈椎间盘置换术近期可保持前路减压的良好效果,同时可获得术后即刻稳定性。维持颈椎近正常的活动度。人工颈椎间盘置换术是治疗局限型后纵韧带骨化症的一种有效方法。     

人工腰椎间盘置换术中期疗效分析

目的 对人工腰椎间盘置换术的中期疗效进行评价分析.方法 1999年12月至2006年12月应用Charité SBⅢ假体对65例患者施行人工椎间盘置换术,对其中获得平均5.8年(2～7.5年)随访的48例52个假体进行疗效评价分析.48例患者中,男性22例,女性26例,平均年龄43岁(36～58岁);椎间盘退变9例,椎间盘退变合并椎间盘突出34例,椎间盘突出术后复发5例.VAS疼痛评分术前平均9.3分,Oswestry功能评分术前平均45.8分.所有患者均在全身麻醉下经前路行人工椎间盘置换术.44例患者行单间隙椎间盘置换,其中L3,43例,L4,523例,L5～S118例;双节段4例,其中L3,4和L4,51例,L4,5和L5～S13例.分别在术前和术后1、3、6、12、24个月和末次随访时进行疗效评定.结果 疼痛视觉模拟评分:术后1、3、6、12、24个月分别为4.3、4.3、3.8、3.1、2.6分,末次随访时1.8分;Oswestry功能评分:术后1个月28.6分,术后24个月12.5分,末次随访时8.2分;活动度:末次随访时仅1例患者丧失活动度,其余患者保留活动度,平均5.5°.所有患者术后无假体移位、松动及下沉;1例患者对手术不满意.总满意率为98%.结论 人工椎间盘置换术是治疗腰椎间盘退变的有效方法之一,其远期疗效有待进一步观察.     

Bryan人工颈椎间盘置换治疗颈椎间盘突出症

目的 探讨Bryan人工颈椎间盘假体置换治疗颈椎间盘突出症的临床疗效,总结其手术操作要点并分析有关并发症.方法 21例颈椎间盘突出症患者应用Bryan人工颈椎间盘进行颈椎间盘置换,术后常规予以非甾体类药物预防异位骨化.结果 所有患者术后症状明显缓解.术前和术后第1、12个月行JOA评分;摄术前和术后正侧、屈伸、左右侧屈位X线片,观察假体稳定性及置换颈椎节段的活动度.随访12～28个月,术后治疗效果Odom评级:优16例,良4例,可1例,优良率95.2%;JOA评分:术前平均7.9分(6～12分),术后第1个月平均14.1分(9～16分),第12个月平均15.7分(10～17分).置换节段术前和术后第1、12个月活动范围分别平均是:术前7.7°(5.8°～9.1°),术后1个月5.5°(3.9°～7.8°),术后12个月5.5°(4.0°～7.8°).末次随访未发现异位骨化、假体松动、脱落、下沉和颈椎生理曲度的改变.结论 Bryan人工颈椎间盘假体置换术治疗颈椎间盘突出症能明显缓解患者症状,维持颈椎近期正常活动范围和生理曲度,但远期疗效还需长期观察.     

人工腰椎间盘置换26例6年疗效分析

[目的]对人工腰椎间盘置换术的疗效进行临床和影像学评价。[方法]自1998年9月～2007年12月,应用SBCharit啨Ⅲ型假体对29例患者施行人工腰椎间盘置换术,对其中获得平均6.9年(3～9年)随访的26例30个节段假体进行疗效评价分析。26例患者中,男25例,女1例;平均年龄44.2岁(38～59岁);腰椎间盘退变性病变3例,腰椎间盘退变合并腰椎间盘突出症21例,腰椎间盘突出术后复发2例。VAS疼痛评分术前平均9.1分,Oswes-ty功能评分术前平均46.4分。所有患者均在全身麻醉下经腹壁前路行人工腰椎间盘置换术。22例行单节段置换,其中L4、58例、L4、5,L5S116例;二节段4例,均为L4、5和L5S1。本组分别在术前和术后1、3、6、12个月及末次随访时进行疗效分析。[结果]疼痛VAS评分:术后1、3、6和12个月分别为3.7、3.2、3.0和2.5分,2年时2.3分,末次随访时2.0分;Oswesty功能评分:术后1个月27.7分,术后3年9.7分,末次随访时7.4分,活动度:末次随访时1例活动度减小(4°),其余患者均有活动度,平均5.6°。所有患者术后无假体移位、松动和下沉;1例患者术后尚满意,总满意率96%。[结论]人工腰椎间盘置换术是治疗腰椎间盘退变的有效方法。     

相邻双节段颈椎人工椎间盘置换术疗效的初步观察

目的:探讨相邻双节段颈椎人工椎间盘置换术后颈椎曲度及临床功能的变化.方法:2004年4月-2007年1月收治因颈椎病行相邻双节段颈椎人工椎间盘置换术患者23例,其中使用Bryan人工椎间盘17例,术前颈椎曲度不良12例:使用Prodisc-C人工椎间盘6例,术前颈椎曲I度不良4例.统计并分析患者术前和术后3、12及24个月时颈椎运动范围、颈椎中立位曲度、手术节段Cobb角、手术节段是否发生异位骨化、手术邻近节段是否发生退变、术后Odom评分、JOA脊髓功能评分及颈肩痛VAS评分.结果:术后3、12及24个月时患者的颈椎活动范围、颈椎中立位曲度、手术节段Cobb角与术前比较无显著性差异(P＞0.05).术前颈椎曲度不良的患者使用Bryan人工椎间盘置换后局部后凸加重(P＜0.05);而使用Prodisc-C者得到改善(P＜0.05).所有患者的Odom、JOA和VAS评分较术前改善明显(P＜0.05).2例患者术后出现手术节段的异位骨化,1例出现邻近节段椎间盘退变.结论:相邻双节段颈椎人工间盘置换术基本保留了颈椎的曲度和运动功能,Prodisc-C颈椎人工椎间盘对曲度不良患者有一定的矫正作用.     

人工椎间盘置换术治疗腰椎间盘突出症

目的 探讨人工腰椎间盘置换术治疗腰椎间盘突出症的临床效果。方法 自1999年12月～2001年12月对22例腰椎间盘突出症患者采用Link SB ChariteⅢ型人工椎间盘行椎间盘置换术,共置换假体30个,随访4～28个月（平均16个月）,分别于手术前后对患者的情况进行JOA评分。结果所有病例无术中并发症发生,术中出血100～800ml（平均320 ml）。术后第2d（早期病例为术后第7d）,患者可佩戴腰围下地,术后6周除去腰围恢复正常活动。术后X线片显示人工椎间盘位置正确,椎间隙高度恢复正常。患者腰腿痛症状消失,直腿抬高试验阴性。3例患者术后出现健侧肢体麻木。JOA评分较术前提高,差异有非常显著性意义（P<0.001）。无椎间盘假体脱落、失效,远期感染等术后并发症发生。结论 人工椎间盘置换术是治疗腰椎间盘突出症的有效方法,但应严格掌握手术适应证。     

椎间盘置换术治疗腰椎间盘突出症

目的：探讨人工椎间盘置换术治疗腰椎间盘突出症的临床效果。方法：对6例腰椎间盘突出症息者用Link SB ChariteⅢ型人工腰椎间盘行椎间盘置换术，共置换假体6例。手术节段为L4、5 4例，L5S1 2例。结果：随访3～9个月，平均6个月，术中和术后未出现并发症，术后X线片显示人工椎间盘位置正确，椎间隙高度恢复正常，5例患者腰腿痛症状完全消失，直腿抬高试验阴性，1例劳累后仍感腰痛，6例均恢复工作和日常生活能力。临床评价：优5例，良1例。结论：人工椎间盘置换术是治疗椎间盘突出症的有效方法，近期效果满意，但应严格掌握手术适应证。     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

The analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in patients with chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans

Background : Ketamine in sub-dissociative doses has been shown to have analgesic and phantom-Limb pain, where conventional treatment has often failed. Chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans often responds poorly to analgesics, and the pain-generating mechanisms are not well understood.
Methods : Eight patients with rest pain in the lower extremity due to arteriosclerosis obliterans were given sub-dissociative doses of 0.15, 0.30, or 0.45 mg/kg racemic ketamine and morphine 10 mg as a 5-min infusion on four separate days in a cross-over, double-blind, randomised protocol. Plasma levels of (S)- and (R)-ketamine and their nor-metabolites were analysed with an enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Pain levels were evaluated with a visual analogue scale (VAS).
Results : Individual pain levels were highly variable during and after all the infusions but the pooled pain levels showed a dose-dependent analgesic effect of ketamine with a transient but complete pain relief in all patients at the highest dose (0.45 mg/ kg). Side-effects, mainly disturbed cognition and perception, were pronounced and dose-dependent. Morphine 10 mg had an analgesic peak at 20 min and 5/8 patients had complete pain relief. The remaining 3 patients also had high baseline pain scores, indicating a higher analgesic potency for the 0.30 and 0.45 mg/ kg ketamine doses than for morphine 10 mg.
Conclusion : We have demonstrated a potent dose-dependent analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in clinical ischemic pain. Due to a narrow therapeutic window, this analgesic effect is probably best utilised in combination with other analgesics.     

Intravenous endotoxin does not increase tissue extravasation of albumin in rats

Background : It is unclear whether activation of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) increases or decreases the extravasation of plasma.
Methods : Chloralose anaesthetised male Wistar rats received E. coli lipopolysacharide (LPS), 3 mg kg^-1 i.v., or the corresponding volume of saline, 3 or 5 h before the end of the experiment. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded. Tissue clearance of radio-labelled albumin, during the last 2 h of each experiment, was determined by a double-isotope method. In separate animals, the serum concentration of nitrite and nitrate was determined, 5 h after LPS or the solvent.
Main Results : LPS initially decreased MAP and lastingly increased HR. In the 3-h LPS animals (n=8), tissue plasma clearance was lower in the heart and calf muscle and increased only in diaphragm, compared to corresponding control animals (n=8). In the 5-h LPS rats, clearance was lowered (n=8) in the entire gastrointestinal tract and in testes, compared to controls (n=8). The serum nitrite/nitrate concentration was higher in animals given LPS (n=6) than in controls (n=6).
Conclusion : After LPS, tissue clearance of albumin was not increased in any major tissue, in spite of increased serum levels of NO end products. Apparently, after activation of iNOS, the augmented release of NO is not necessarily associated with increased albumin extravasation.     

Adrenaline markedly improves thoracic epidural analgesia produced by a low-dose infusion of bupivacaine, fentanyl and adrenaline after major surgery: A randomised, double-blind, cross-over study with and without adrenaline

Background: Basic pharmacological research indicates that there are synergistic antinociceptive effects at the spinal cord level between adrenaline, fentanyl and bupivacaine. Our clinical experience with such a mixture in a thoracic epidural infusion after major surgery confirms this. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the effects on postoperative pain intensity, pain relief and side effects when removing adrenaline from this triple epidural mixture. Methods: A prospective, randomised, double-blind, cross-over study was carried out in 24 patients after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Patients with only mild pain when coughing during a titrated thoracic epidural infusion of about 10 ml · h^?1 of bupivacaine 1 mg · ml^?1, fentanyl 2 μg · ml^?1, and adrenaline 2 μg · ml^?1 were included. On the 1^st and 2^nd postoperative days each patient was given a double-blind epidural infusion, at the same rate, with or without adrenaline. The effect was observed for 4 h or until pain when coughing became unacceptable in spite of a rescue analgesic procedure. Rescue analgesia consisted of up to two epidural bolus injections per hour and i.v. morphine if necessary. All patients received rectal paracetamol 1 g, every 8 h. Fentanyl serum concentrations were measured with a radioimmunoassay technique at the start and end of each study period. Main outcome measures were extent of sensory blockade and pain intensity at rest and when coughing, evaluated by a visual analogue scale, a verbal categorical rating scale, the Prince Henry Hospital pain score, and an overall quality of pain relief score. Results: The number of hypaesthetic dermatomal segments decreased (P <0.001) and pain intensity at rest and when coughing increased (P <0.001) when adrenaline was omitted from the triple epidural mixture. This change started within the first hour after removing adrenaline. After 3 h pain intensity when coughing had increased to unacceptable levels in spite of rescue analgesia (epidural bolus injections and i.v. morphine). Within 15–20 min after restarting the triple epidural mixture with adrenaline, pain intensity was again reduced to mild pain when coughing. Serum concentration of fentanyl doubled from 0.22 to 0.45 ng · ml^?1 (P <0.01), and there was more sedation during the period without adrenaline. Conclusions: Adrenaline increases sensory block and improves the pain-relieving effect of a mixture of bupivacaine and fentanyl infused epidurally at a thoracic level after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Serum fentanyl concentrations doubled and sedation increased when adrenaline was removed from the epidural infusion, indicating more rapid vascular absorption and systemic effects of fentanyl.     

Utilisation des médicaments prokinétiques en réanimation : indications et limites ?

Enteral feeding is often limited by gastric and intestinal motility disturbances in critically ill patients, particularly in patients with shock. So, promotility agents are frequently used to improve tolerance to enteral nutrition. This review summaries the pathophysiology, presents the available pharmacological strategies, the clinical data, the counter-indications and the principal limits. The clinical data are poor. No study demonstrates a positive effect on clinical outcomes. Metoclopramide and erythromycin seems to be the more effective. Considering the risk of antibiotic resistance, the first line use of erythromycin should be avoided in favor of metoclopramide.     

Anesthésie générale chez l’enfant : quid des pratiques en 2010 ?

Introduction

The practice of pediatric anesthesia requires a regular update of scientific knowledge and technical skills. To provide the most adequate Continuing Medical Education programs, it is necessary to assess the practices of pediatric anesthesiologists. Thus, the objective of this survey was to draw a picture of the current clinical practices of general anesthesia in children, in France.

Material and methods

One thousand one hundred and fifty questionnaires were given to anesthesiologists involved in pediatric cases. These questionnaires collected information on various aspects of clinical practice relative to induction, maintenance, recovery from general anaesthesia and also classical debated points such as children with Upper Respiratory Infection (URI), emergence agitation, epileptoid signs or anaesthetic management of adenoidectomy. Differences in practices between CHG (general hospital), CHU (teaching hospital), LIBERAL (private) and PSPH (semi-private) hospitals were investigated.

Results

There were 1025 questionnaires completed. Fifty-five percent of responders worked in public hospitals (CHG and CHU); 77% had a practice that was 25% or less of pediatric cases. In children from 3 to 10 years: 72% of respondents used always premedication and two thirds performed inhalation induction in more than 50% of cases. For induction, 53% used sevoflurane (SEVO) at 7 or 8%. Respondents from LIBERAL used higher SEVO concentrations. Tracheal intubation was performed with SEVO alone (37%), SEVO and propofol (55%) and SEVO with myorelaxant (8%), 93% of respondents used a bolus of opioid. For maintenance, the majority of respondents used SEVO associated with sufentanil; desflurane and remifentanil were more frequently used in CHU. Two thirds of respondents used N₂O. Depth of anesthesia was commonly assessed by hemodynamic changes (52%), end tidal concentration of halogenated (38%) or automated devices based on EEG (7%). In children with URI, 98% of respondents used SEVO for anesthesia. To control the airway 42% used a tracheal tube, 30% a laryngeal mask and 20% a facial mask. Emergence agitation was an important concern for two thirds of respondents, while epileptoid signs were considered as important by only 20%. Eighty-nine percent of respondents practiced anesthesia for adenoidectomy. Anesthesia was induced by inhalation of SEVO 7–8% (41%), 6% (39%) or 4% (12%), 66% put an intravenous line (less frequently in LIBERAL). 67% of the responders managed adenoidectomy without any device to control the airway (more frequently in LIBERAL), 32% administrated a bolus of opioid (less frequently in LIBERAL).

Discussion

This survey demonstrated that the practices regarding general anesthesia in children are relatively homogenous. Most of the differences appeared between LIBERAL and the others structures; the anaesthetic management for adenoidectomy illustrates these findings.     

Intérêt d’une rééducation précoce pour les patients neurologiques

Rehabilitation improves the functional prognosis of patients after a neurologic lesion, and tendency is to begin rehabilitation as soon as possible. This review focuses on the interest and the feasibility of very early rehabilitation, initiated from critical care units. It is necessary to precisely assess patients’ impairments and disabilities in order to define rehabilitation objectives. Valid and simple tools must support this evaluation. Rehabilitation will be directed to preventing decubitus complications and active rehabilitation. The sooner rehabilitation is started; the better functional prognosis seems to be.     

Risiko Schlaganfall — Öffentlichkeitsarbeit und Aufklärung dringend erforderlich

Zusammenfassung Das wesentliche — und zugleich noch wenig ausgeschöpfte — Potenzial der Schlaganfallmedizin liegt in der langfristigen Prophylaxe. Durch Beeinflussung von Lifestylefaktoren wie Ernährungsgewohnheiten, Zigarettenkonsum und körperlichem Training durch entsprechende Aufklärung ließe sich ein erheblicher Teil an zerebralen Ereignissen vermeiden. Ein weiterer in Deutschland noch zu wenig beachteter Faktor ist die konsequente Blutdruckeinstellung. Breitgestreute Aufklärung könnte außerdem potenziellen Patienten helfen, bereits auftretende Warnsymptome wie die transiente ischämische Attacke richtig einzuschätzen, um eine rechtzeitige Behandlung zu ermöglichen.