切开复位内固定治疗不稳定骨盆骨折

目的：总结不稳定骨盆骨折手术方法和疗效。方法：入路：前环采用横切口或髂腹股沟切门，后环用骶髂前入路或后入路。固定方法：对于髂骨骨折、耻骨联合分离或耻骨上支骨折，采用钢板固定于髂骨内板、耻骨联合上方或前方和耻骨支上方；对于髂骨后部骨折、骶髂关节分离或骶骨骨折采用前路钢板、后路骶骨棒和骶髂关节螺钉固定。结果：87例病人，随访3个月～5年，97％的病人满意。结论：切开复位内固定是不稳定骨盆骨折的可靠治疗方法，术前应特别重视纠正骨盆骨折内出血。     

复杂骨盆骨折的微创治疗

目的探讨经皮微创技术治疗 C1 型骨盆骨折的可行性。方法对 13 例 Tile C1 型骨盆骨折患者采取前环骨盆外固定架结合在 C 型臂 X 线机引导下经皮微创技术置入拉力螺钉复位固定骶髂关节治疗。结果经皮置入空心拉力螺钉成功, 术后复查 X 线片复位满意。结论外固定架结合 C 型臂 X 线机引导下经皮置入空心拉力螺钉是治疗骨盆 C1 型骨折的较好方法之一。     

复杂骨盆骨折的微创治疗

目的探讨经皮微创技术治疗C1型骨盆骨折的可行性。方法对13例Tile C1型骨盆骨折患者采取前环骨盆外固定架结合C型臂X线机引导下经皮微创技术置入拉力螺钉复位固定骶髂关节治疗。结果经皮置入空心拉力螺钉成功，术后复查X线复位满意。结论外固定架结合C型臂X线机引导下经皮置入空心拉力螺钉是治疗骨盆C1型骨折的较好方法之一。     

地震伤C1型骨盆骨折的微创治疗

[目的]探讨地震伤C1型骨盆骨折经皮微创技术治疗的可行性.[方法]13例Tile分类C1型骨盆骨折患者采取前环骨盆外固定架结合在C型臂X线机引导下经皮微创技术置入拉力螺钉复位固定骶髂关节.[结果]C型臂X线机引导下经皮置入空心拉力螺钉成功,外固定架固定骨盆前环复位良好,术后复查X线片复位满意.[结论]外固定架结合C型臂X线机引导下经皮置入空心拉力螺钉是治疗骨盆C1型骨折的最好方法之一.     

微创固定治疗不稳定骨盆骨折42例临床分析

目的 探讨微创固定技术治疗不稳定骨盆骨折的临床疗效.方法 应用微创固定技术治疗不稳定骨盆骨折42例,根据骨折分型分别采用外固定架、经皮骶髂关节空心螺钉、经皮耻骨支、耻骨联合及髂骨翼空心螺钉、经皮重建钢板内固定治疗,术后X线片观察复位情况并进行疗效评定.结果随访6～36个月,未发生切口感染、血管神经损伤、内固定松动及断裂...     

经改良髂腹股沟入路治疗Tile C型骨盆骨折

目的探讨经改良髂腹股沟入路手术内固定治疗TileC型骨盆骨折的疗效。方法对16例TileC型骨盆骨折,经改良的髂腹股沟入路行切开复位重建钢板内固定治疗。结果16例随访5～25个月,2例出现L4神经根损伤症状,5个月后恢复。疗效按Matta标准,优良率88%。结论经改良髂腹股沟入路治疗TileC型骨盆骨折,可在直视下完成骶髂关节损伤和耻骨骨折的复位固定,同时减少了手术创伤,缩短了手术时间。     

外固定架联合骶髂螺钉治疗Tile C型骨盆骨折疗效分析

目的 探讨外固定架联合骶髂螺钉治疗Tile C型骨盆骨折的疗效及优越性.方法 对19例Tile C型骨盆骨折复位后用骶髂螺钉固定后环,髋臼上方单根钉外固定架复位固定前环.采用Tornetta标准对骨折复位进行评估,Maieed标准进行功能评分.结果 术后采用Tornetta标准对骨折复位进行评估:优11例,良6例,可2...     

导航下经皮微创螺钉内固定治疗骨盆骨折

目的:探讨计算机辅助导航技术在骨盆骨折治疗中的应用及相关术前术中注意事项。方法:2010年5月至12月,采用导航下经皮微创螺钉内固定方法治疗骨盆骨折16例,男12例,女4例;年龄20～54岁,平均37岁;车祸伤5例,重物压伤5例,高坠伤6例。单纯前环骨折1例,前后环均骨折15例,其中骶髂关节脱位6例,骶骨骨折9例(均未累及骶管)。根据Tile分型:C型15例,B型1例。观察内容包括螺钉置入时间,螺钉置入准确率,术中失血量,神经、血管、脏器损伤情况,术后骨折复位情况等。导航下经皮微创螺钉固定方法包括骶髂螺钉固定、耻骨支空心钉固定、耻骨联合分离空心钉固定。16例患者中单纯骶髂螺钉固定4例;骶髂螺钉固定、耻骨支空心钉固定、耻骨联合分离空心钉固定2例;骶髂螺钉固定及耻骨支空心钉固定8例;单纯行耻骨支空心钉固定2例。结果:置入螺钉36枚,平均每枚螺钉置入时间约20min,术中出血10～20ml。术后骨盆X线片及三维CT显示,所有骨折良好复位,螺钉无错误置入。伤口均Ⅰ期愈合,无伤口感染及固定失败;术后均未出现神经、血管及其他脏器损伤。结论:导航下经皮微创螺钉内固定治疗骨盆骨折具有创伤小、术中失血少、手术并发症发生率低、固定可靠、无须输血等优点,能很好地重建骨盆环的稳定性,但是对术者的技术要求较高,应注意充分的术前准备。     

旋转和垂直不稳定型骨盆骨折患者的诊断和治疗

目的探讨旋转和垂直不稳定型骨盆骨折的临床特点及其急诊处理、诊断和治疗方法选择。方法回顾性分析18例存在旋转和垂直不稳定的骨盆骨折患者，10例保守治疗，8例手术治疗。8例手术患者骨盆前环骨折均行切开复位内固定，2例耻骨上支骨折采用重建钢板固定，2例采用拉力螺钉固定，4例耻骨联合分离患者均采用双钢板固定；6例骨盆后环骨折患者采用切开复位双钢板固定，2例在CT引导下经皮置入骶髂关节松质骨拉力螺钉固定。结果18例患者全部恢复行走功能，所有保守治疗患者骨盆骨折均畸形愈合，遗留骶髂关节部位酸痛6例，遗留双小腿、双足麻木3例，行走跛行2例。8例手术治疗患者骨盆外形均恢复好，仅1例患者诉沿髂嵴切口有不适，2例CT引导下经皮置入骶髂关节螺钉患者骨盆外形接近完全恢复，功能恢复快而满意。结论旋转和垂直不稳定型骨盆骨折患者保守治疗效果差，宜首选内固定手术治疗，宜同时固定骨盆前、后环或先行前环切开复位内固定，2～3d后再次在CT引导下经皮置入骶髂关节螺钉内固定。CT引导下经皮置入骶髂关节螺钉手术操作简单、时间短、出血少、固定牢靠，是固定骶髂关节骨折脱位的首选方法。     

地震伤骨盆骨折后环不稳的微创治疗

目的 探讨地震伤骨盆骨折后环不稳微创治疗的技术要点及疗效.方法对9例地震伤骨盆骨折后环不稳,采用前环钢板内固定后环在C型臂X线机引导下经皮微创置入骶髂空心拉力螺钉内固定.结果 骨盆骨折后环不稳患者在C型臂X线机引导下经皮微创置入骶髂空心拉力螺钉内固定,疗效满意.结论 掌握经皮骶髂关节置钉技术要点,采用骶髂拉力螺钉微创固...     

骶髂关节解剖型棒-板内固定系统的生物力学评价

目的：探讨采用新型骶髂关节解剖型棒-板内固定系统（SABP）治疗骨盆骶髂关节骨折脱位的生物力学性能。方法：采集新鲜的冷冻尸体骨盆标本20具,造成骨盆骨折模型,采用实验应力分析方法,对SABP内固定和骶骨螺钉结合Galveston技术内固定、骶骨棒固定、重建钢板固定、骶髂关节螺钉等5种固定作对照比较,分别测定它们的刚度和强度,用以评价骨盆的稳定性。结果：采用新型骶髂关节解剖型棒-板内固定系统治疗骨盆骶髂关节骨折脱位,较骶骨螺钉结合Galveston技术内固定、骶髂关节螺钉、重建钢板固定、骶骨棒固定其骨盆的刚度分别高10%、11%、16%、21%,强度分别高12%、14%、21%、31%;应变分别小13%、14%、22%、25%,位移分别小10%、12%、16%、20%,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,并且超过正常人骨盆标本,但差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论：采用新型SABP内固定装置治疗骨盆骨折,其强度、刚度最佳,优于其他内固定方法,是一种理想的新型内固定器械。     

髂骨翼与髋臼上置钉技术在Tile B1型骨盆骨折外固定的有限元研究

目的 对髂骨翼(IW)与髋臼上方(SA)2种置钉技术在Tile-B1型骨盆骨折固定的生物力学机理进行有限元分析,为临床治疗提供参考.方法 构建包含韧带结构的骨盆三维有限元模型,模仿Tile B1型骨盆骨折工况.在Abaqus有限元软件中进行模拟加载,比较SA外固定支架、IW外固定支架及耻骨联合钢板固定等工况的生物力学特点.结果 位移分析提示耻骨联合部位坚强的固定有利于控制水平方向的位移.Mises应力云图显示IW外固定支架主要通过直接将健侧应力传导至患侧髂骨翼;而SA外固定支架一方面将健侧应力直接传导至患侧髋臼上方,另一方面也增加了骶髂关节的应力传导.由于髋臼上骨质厚实,置入较粗固定钉的安全性较好.结论 SA外固定支架技术可有效恢复骨盆前方稳定性,且有利于后方骶髂关节稳定性的重建,生物力学性能总体优于传统IW外固定支架技术,是Tile B1型骨盆骨折的良好固定方式.

Abstract：

Objective To compare iliac wing (IW) and supra-acetabular (SA) external fixations for treatment of Tile Bl pelvic fracture through a finite element biomechanical analysis. Methods A three-dimensional finite element model of the pelvis including the ligament structure was constructed. Conditions of Tile B1 pelvic fracture were simulated in the model. In the Abaqus finite element software, simulated loads were applied to compare biomechanical parameters of SA, IW, and pubic symphysis (PS) fixations.Results Displacement analysis indicated that strong PS fixation benefited control of the horizontal displacement. Mises stress contour showed that the IW bracket directly transmitted the stress from the unaffected side to the affected side to restore the stability of the sacroiliac joint. The SA bracket not only directly transmitted the stress from the unaffected side to the superior part of the affected side, but also increased the stress transmission throughout the sacroiliac joint. On the thick SA bone, strong nails could be used for better fixation. Conclusions SA external fixation can effectively restore the anterior stability of the pelvis, and benefits reconstruction of the posterior stability of the sacroiliac joint. Since overall biomechanical properties of SA external fixation are superior to those of the traditional IW bracket, SA fixation is better than IW one for Tile Bl pelvic fractures.     

Surgical technique of percutaneous iliosacral screw fixation in S3 level in unstable pelvic fracture with closed degloving injury and morrell lavallee lesion: Two case reports

IntroductionPercutaneous screw fixation is considered the best option in unstable pelvic fracture with severe soft tissue injury. However, fixation technique at the level of S3 has not been well established. This paper showed the feasible surgical technique of S3 screw insertion in unstable pelvic fracture with severe soft tissue injury.MethodsWe reported 2 cases of unstable pelvic injury of an 11 years old boy with Marvin-Tile (MT) C1 pelvic fracture with sacroiliac (SI) joint disruption, skin avulsion and Morel-Lavallée lesion. Second case was 30 years old male with open pelvic fracture MTB2 and vertical sacral fracture Denis zone I with Morel-Lavallée lesion, intraperitoneal bladder rupture, infected laparotomy wound dehiscence. We performed percutaneous screws insertion on both pubic rami and IS screw on S1 and S3 to both cases. Functional outcome was evaluated using Majeed and Hannover pelvic score.ResultsAll patients survived and had good reduction with no residual displacement on SI joint. The former case at 21-month follow up presented with excellent outcome (100/100) by Majeed score and very good outcome (4/4) by Hannover score; while the latter case, at 18-month, present with good outcome (85/100) Majeed score and fair outcome (2/4) Hannover score.ConclusionsPercutaneous screw fixation at the level of S3 is feasible and can be inserted in S3 level by sacroiliac type and sacral type with minimal soft tissue intervention and good functional outcome.     

Vertically unstable pelvic fractures fixed with percutaneous iliosacral screws: does posterior injury pattern predict fixation failure?

OBJECTIVE: To measure the failure rate of percutaneous iliosacral screw fixation of vertically unstable pelvic fractures and particularly to test the hypothesis that fixations in which the posterior injury is a vertical fracture of the sacrum are more likely to fail than fixations with dislocations or fracture-dislocations of the sacroiliac joint. DESIGN: Retrospective review. SETTING: Level 1 trauma center. METHODS: All patients with pelvic fractures admitted between January 1, 1993, and December 31, 1998, were identified from the trauma registry. Hospital records were used to identify patients treated with iliosacral screws. Radiologic studies were examined to identify patients who had unequivocally vertically unstable pelvic fractures. Immediate postoperative and follow-up anteroposterior, inlet, and outlet radiographs from a minimum of 12 months postinjury were examined. Position, length, and numbers of iliosacral screws and any evidence of screw failure (eg, bending or breakage) were recorded. Residual postoperative displacement and late displacement of the posterior pelvis were measured. The main outcome measure was failure, defined as at least 1cm of combined vertical displacement of the posterior pelvis compared with immediate postoperative position. The main analysis was for association between fracture pattern and failure. Patient demographic data, iliosacral screw position, and anterior pelvic fixation method also were studied. RESULTS: The study group comprised 62 patients with unequivocally vertically unstable pelvic fractures in whom the posterior injury was treated with closed reduction and percutaneous iliosacral screw fixation. Of patients, 32 had dislocations or fracture-dislocations of the sacroiliac joint, and 30 had vertical fractures of the sacrum. Fixation failed in four patients, all with vertical sacral fractures and all within the first 3 weeks after surgery. These four patients required revision fixation. In two further cases with vertical sacral fractures, there was evidence that the fracture had only barely been held by the fixation, but these fractures healed, and follow-up radiographs did not meet the displacement criteria for failure. A vertical sacral fracture pattern was associated significantly with failure (Fisher exact test, P = 0.04); the excess risk of failure compared with sacroiliac joint injury was 13% (95% confidence interval 1% to 25%). There was no significant association between failure and anterior fixation method, iliosacral screw arrangement or length, or any demographic or injury variable. CONCLUSIONS: Percutaneous iliosacral screw fixation is a useful technique in the management of vertically unstable pelvic fractures, but a vertical sacral fracture should make the surgeon more wary of fixation failure and loss of reduction.     

Fixation of posterior pelvic ring disruptions through a posterior approach

Objective  Stable internal screw fixation of posterior pelvic ring disruptions through a posterior approach. Indications  Complete, unstable sacroiliac dislocations with incompetence of anterior and posterior sacroiliac ligaments. Sacroiliac fracture dislocations. Displaced vertical sacral fractures. Contraindications  Damage to posterior soft tissues. Acceptable closed reduction of sacrum or sacroiliac joint. Ipsilateral acetabular fractures treated through an anterior approach. Inadequate intraoperative fluoroscopic visualization of posterior pelvis. Surgical Technique  Vertical paramedian incision overlying the sacroiliac joint. Release of origin of gluteus maximus. Inspection and reduction of sacroiliac joint. Stabilization with iliosacral screws under image intensification. Secure repair of gluteal fascia. Results  107 patients with unstable pelvic ring fractures were treated with open reduction and internal fixation of which 83 had an open reduction of posterior ring injuries. Accuracy of reduction: more than 95% of patients had residual displacement of less than 10 mm. Two patients had a deep wound infection postoperatively. Two-thirds of the patients were able to resume their previous occupation. Pain was either absent or occurred only with strenuous activities. 63% had a normal gait.     

选择性骶骨切除对骨盆生物力学稳定性的影响

目的用生物力学测试的方法分析新鲜人骨盆模型不同骶骨平面切除对骨盆稳定性的影响。方法选用8具男性新鲜尸体L5-骨盆标本,平稳加载至1 000 N,对各个测试点保留完整骶骨及不同平面骶骨切除骨盆模型的剪切应力、最大主应力、位移及刚度变化依次测试,并比较各组间的差异。进行骨盆环的测量,记录骨折部位和骨折类型。结果随着骶骨切除平面的增高,各个测试点的剪切应力、最大主应力及骶骨下沉位移均有不同程度增大,骨盆的轴向刚度逐渐减小。当切除平面到达S_1时变化明显,尤以经过1/4 S_1组、1/2S_1组变化显著,与S_0组比较差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论骶骨的切除范围与骨盆的生物力学稳定性密切相关,残留骶髂关节各种应力随着骶骨切除平面升高而急剧增高,骨盆的稳定性明显下降。当骶骨切除到S_1椎体时,极易发生骨折,需要通过腰骶髂局部重建的方式增强骶髂关节的稳定性。     

Lumbar plexus injury in an anterior fracture dislocation of sacroiliac joint: a case report and review of literature

Displaced unstable pelvic fractures are commonly associated with disruption of the osteoarticular junction of the sacroiliac joint. Posterior sacroiliac dislocation are commonly reported but there are only few reports the anterior type of sacroiliac dislocation where the iliac bone fractures and displaces anterior to sacrum, often in combination with fractures of pubic rami and symphyseal injuries. We present a case of an anterior type of sacroiliac fracture dislocation which was associated with a lumbar plexus injury involving both motor and sensory components. Preoperative neurological assessment was done by MRI scan. The tented nerve roots were explored and decompressed surgically, and sacroiliac fixation was done after reduction in the fracture and joint.     

Anterior internal fixator versus a femoral distractor and external fixation for sacroiliac joint compression and single stance gait testing: a mechanical study in synthetic bone

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the biomechanical stability and compressive forces across the sacroiliac (SI) joint of an anterior internal fixator compared to the femoral distractor and external fixator for vertically unstable pelvic fractures.

Methods

Five composite pelvises with a simulated APC type III injury fixed with a femoral distractor, external fixator, or anterior internal fixator were tested. A pressure-sensitive film (Tekscan) was placed in the disrupted SI joint recording the magnitude of force. Then, in a single-leg stance model (Instron machine), a load was applied through the sacrum. We recorded displacement at the pubic symphysis and SI joint using high-speed video. Peak load and displacement were measured, and axial stiffness was calculated. Values were compared using a Student’s t-test (p < 0.05).

Results

The SI joint was compressed significantly (p < 0.001) more using the anterior internal fixator (18.9 N) and femoral distractor (18.6 N) than the two-pin external fixator (2.5 N). There was no significant difference between the anterior internal fixator and the femoral distractor in displacement at the SI joint. The pubic symphysis displaced less with the femoral distractor than the anterior internal fixator (5.5 mm vs. 4.1 mm; p < 0.05).

Conclusions

The anterior pedicle screw internal fixator allows for indirect compression across the sacroiliac joint that is superior to two-pin external fixation and comparable to the femoral distractor. The anterior internal fixator may be an option for temporary anterior pelvic fixation in situations where external fixation or the femoral distractor have otherwise been used.     

骶髂关节脱位及周围骨结构骨折的前后入路手术治疗特点

目的：探讨前后入路手术骶髂关节脱位及周围骨结构骨折的治疗特点。方法：自2006年1月至2012年9月,收治39例骶髂关节脱位及周围骨结构骨折患者,均进行手术治疗。其中男28例,女11例;年龄12-64岁,平均41．3岁。前入路手术处理17例,后入路手术治疗13例,前后联合入路9例。前入路取仰卧位,切开复位,用2块4孔重建钢板,横跨骶髂关节做固定。后入路取俯卧位,选择闭合或切开复位,在C形臂X线机透视下攻入1～2枚直径7．3nlFtl的60～75mm空心松质骨拉力螺丝钉。术后观察两组的并发症情况,参照Matta评分系统评价骨折复位情况,Majeed评分系统评价术后功能情况。结果：所有患者获随访,时间6～36个月。术后2~4周患者可在床上坐起,6周后可扶拐下地活动。术后随访期间未发现内固定松动及螺钉钢板断裂。x线片示除陈旧性骶髂骨骨折1例复位欠佳,其余骶髂关节脱位及周围骨折术后对位良好。根据Matta标准评定：优30例,良8例,可1例;根据Majeed功能评分标准,优14例,良20例,中4例,差1例。结论：经前后入路手术治疗骶髂关节脱位及周围骨结构骨折均有良好的治疗疗效,但需要根据脱位骨折的解剖部位及类型、移位的方向程度以及术前的复位程度,对术中复位的难易程度评估、固定强度等因素综合考虑来确定入路方式。     

Biomechanical study of four kinds of percutaneous screw fixation in two types of unilateral sacroiliac joint dislocation: A finite element analysis

ObjectiveTo compare the biomechanical stability of four different kinds of percutaneous screw fixation in two types of unilateral sacroiliac joint dislocation.MethodsFinite element models of unstable Tile type B and type C pelvic ring injuries were created in this study. Modelling was based on fixation with a single S1 screw (S1-1), single S2 screw (S2-1), two S1 screws (S1-2) and a combination of a single S1 and a single S2 screw (S1–S2). The biomechanical test of two types of pelvic instability (rotational or vertical) with four types of percutaneous fixation were compared. Displacement, flexion and lateral bend (in bilateral stance) were recorded and analyzed.ResultsMaximal inferior translation (displacement) was found in the S2-1 group in type B and C dislocations which were 1.58 mm and 1.90 mm, respectively. Maximal flexion was found in the S2-1 group in type B and C dislocations which were 1.55° and 1.95°, respectively. The results show that the flexion from most significant angulation to least is S2-1, S1-1, S1-2, and S1–S2 in type B and C dislocations. All the fixations have minimal lateral bend.ConclusionOur findings suggest single screw S1 fixation should be adequate fixation for a type B dislocation. For type C dislocations, one might consider a two screw construct (S1–S2) to give added biomechanical stability if clinically indicated.