术前胆道引流对恶性阻塞性黄疸患者免疫功能的影响

目的观察术前胆道引流恶性阻塞性黄疸患者免疫、炎症状况的影响。方法选择2006年3月至10月我科住院的恶性阻塞性黄疸手术患者22例,按照术前胆道引流与否分为减黄组(PBD)和未减黄组(NPBD),另取10例胆囊结石或肝血管瘤手术患者作为正常对照组,观察引流前、引流后、术后1d、7d指标,包括肝功能指标ALT、AST、TB、DB、ALP、GGT以及免疫、炎症反应指标IL-6、IL-8、TNF-α、CD4+、CD8+、CRP。结果术前胆道引流使13例患者的ALT、AST、GGT、TB下降。恶性阻黄组的IL-8水平较正常对照组的高[(1.330±0.334)μg/Lvs(0.331±0.095)μg/L,P0.05];恶性阻黄组的TNF-α水平较正常对照组的高([1.450±0.270)μg/Lvs(0.644±0.112)μg/L,P0.05]。引流后TNF-α水平较引流前显著降低,为(1.060±0.212)μg/L;术后7d时PBD组TNF-α水平为(0.793±0.251)μg/L,较术前差异性有统计学意义;非引流组术后7d时TNF-α水平为(1.180±0.205)μg/L,较术前下降明显,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。恶性阻黄患者胆道引流前后CD4+、CD8+、CD4+/CD8+、CRP水平无差别,是否行胆道引流差别亦无统计学意义。结论术前胆道引流可降低恶性阻塞性黄疸的血清TNF-α水平;血清TNF-α水平可作为反应恶性阻塞性黄疸免疫、炎症反应状态较为敏感的因子。     

恶性梗阻性黄疸经皮肝穿刺胆管内外引流术前后T淋巴细胞亚群、肿瘤坏死因子变化及其意义

目的探讨经皮肝穿刺胭管内外引流术对恶性梗阻性黄疸（MOJ）患者免疫功能的影响。方法将我院2000年11月至2007年3月收治的108例恶性肿瘤致梗阻性黄疸患者按胆汁引流途径分成2组：外引流组52例，内引流组56例。分别于术前1d、术后1周检测肝功能、血清肿瘤坏死因子（TNF-α）及细胞金疫功能指标，观察各指标术前术后的变化，与健康对照组进行比较。结果外、内引流总胆红素（TBIL）分别由术前（344．55±106．57）、（322．20±111．51）／μmolL降为术后1周的（291．57±104．47）、（284．73±105．96）／／L，两组总胆红素均较术前明显下降（P〈0．05），两组间差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。TNF-α在外、内引流组分别由术前的（109．59±20．96）、（110．99±17．25）ng／L降为术后的（105．33±20．60）、（84．93±14．44）ng／L，内引流组较术前显著改善（P〈0．01）；内引流组患者术后外周血T淋巴细胞亚群（TLS）CD4^＋、CD3^＋、CD4^＋／CD8^＋值较术前明显增高，术后CD8^＋则明显低于术前（P〈0．05）；而外引流组TNF-α及外周血CD4^＋、CD3^＋、CD8^＋、CD4^＋／CD8^＋与术前比较，差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05），两组问存在明显差异。结论经皮肝穿刺胆道引流术是治疗恶性肿瘤致梗阻性黄疸有效的方法；恶性肿瘤致梗阻性黄疸时全身免疫功能低下，胆道内引流后细胞免疫功能显著改善。     

经皮右侧入路行双侧胆道引流术治疗恶性高位梗阻性黄疸

目的探讨经右腋中线分别穿刺左右肝管治疗恶性高位梗阻性黄疸的介入治疗方法及疗效。方法我院79例恶性高位梗阻性黄疸患者采用经右侧腋中线入路左右肝管双侧引流,术前、术后1周及术后2周分别测定血清胆红素水平及肝功能指标,分析血清胆红素下降、肝功能改善情况及术后并发症。结果本组手术成功率为100%,术后未出现与手术操作有关的严重并发症。术前血清胆红素含量为(385.05±115.97)μmol/L,术后1周为(241.23±99.69)μmol/L,术后2周为(154.82±75.88)μmol/L,差异有统计学意义(F=122.168,P0.001);术后肝功能指标均下降明显,与术前相比差异有统计学意义(P0.001)。结论经右侧腋中线穿刺行左右肝管双侧引流治疗恶性高位梗阻性黄疸是安全可行、近期疗效满意的治疗方法。     

经PTCD途径胆道金属支架置入术治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸137例临床疗效分析

目的 探讨经皮经肝胆道引流(PTCD)后置入胆道金属支架姑息性治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸的临床应用价值.方法 对137例失去根治性手术机会或不愿行手术治疗的恶性梗阻性黄疸患者,在超声引下行PTCD,术后1周在DSA下经PTCD窦道置入胆道金属支架,经此途径将体外引流转换为内引流.结果 137例患者术前血清总胆红素水平为(274.7±151.5)μmol/L,术后1周血清总胆红素下降到(150.1±100.6)μmol/L (P＜0.01),肝功能明显改善(P＜0.01),术后平均生存时间为(9.29 ±0.77)个月.结论 经PTCD途径胆道金属支架置入术是一种治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸的有效方法,可明显延长患者生存时间、改善生活质量,具有安全、简便、创伤小、可重复等优点.     

PTCD长期引流治疗肝移植术后缺血型胆道病变的初步探讨

目的 探讨经皮肝穿刺胆道造影引流术(percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography and drainage,PTCD)长期引流治疗肝移植术后缺血型胆道病变的可行性,评价其疗效和安全性.方法 11例肝移植术后并发缺血型胆道病变的病人,男10例,女1例,平均年龄42.3岁,术前均经PTC或内窥镜逆行胆胰管造影术(endoscopic retrograde cholangopancreatography,ERCP)检查确诊.病人首先经内科治疗及内镜下引流、支架置入治疗无效,然后采用经皮肝穿刺胆道置管并长期带管引流,合并有胆泥者经双导丝抽吸技术予以清除.结果 11例缺血型胆道病变病人.肝内型7例,肝外型1例,肝内+肝外型3例.均成功置入PTCD内外引流管,技术成功率100%.术后1周内总胆红素(TBIL)、直接胆红素(DBIL)分别由(206.70±54.18)μmol/L、(170.65±53.97)μmol/L降至(90.63±13.00)μmol/L、(63.83±13.61)μmol/L.随访3～71个月,平均20个月.黄疸指数较正常值稍高,并呈波动性改变,TBIL在23.70～241.0 μmol/L之间,平均(55.3±15.6)μmol/L,DBIL在8.1～162.0μmol/L之间,平均(32.53±10.21)μmol/L.9例病人移植肝功能良好,其中5例带管引流6～12个月(平均8.2个月)后拔除,4例仍带管已引流3～6个月.另2例病人黄疸症状缓解,但因移植肝合成功能障碍分别于PTCD术后3个月、8个月行再次肝移植.结论 PTCD置管长期引流是一种安全、有效的治疗肝移植术后缺血型胆道并发症的方法.     

胆汁转流性外引流术对恶性梗阻性黄疸血内毒素水平的影响

目的 :探讨外引流术体外转流胆汁对恶性梗阻性黄疸病人血内毒素水平的影响。方法 :对 14例肿瘤手术不能切除的恶性梗阻性黄疸病人行胆汁转流性外引流术 ,与同期施行的 15例内引流术、2 0例外引流术病人进行手术前后外周血内毒素水平比较。结果 :术前 3组内毒素水平差别无显著性意义 (P>0 .0 5 )。单纯外引流组手术后内毒素水平略高于术前 (P >0 .0 5 ) ;内引流组术后第 2天内毒素水平反而高于术前 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,第 7天、第 14天显著降低 (P <0 .0 5 ,P <0 .0 1) ;体外转流组术后内毒素水平逐渐降低 ,与内引流术组变化基本相同。结论 :胆汁转流性外引流术可降低恶性梗阻性黄疸病人外周血内毒素水平。     

腹腔镜下经皮胆总管穿刺置管引流五例报告

目的探讨腹腔镜下经皮胆总管穿刺置管引流治疗恶性肿瘤梗阻性黄疽临床应用价值。方法 5例不能手术切除恶性梗阻性黄疸病人,其中3例胰头癌,2例壶腹部癌,均采用腹腔镜下经皮胆总管穿刺置管引流术治疗。术后7~10d复查病人血生化指标。结果穿刺成功率为100%;术后7~10d总胆红素平均下降95.8μmol/L;未出现出血、胆汁性腹膜炎、胆漏等并发症。结论此方法创伤小,并发症少,操作简单,引流可靠有效,是晚期恶性肿瘤梗阻性黄疸较好的引流方法。     

恶性梗阻性黄疸患者血清内毒素和肿瘤坏死因子的检测

目的 探讨恶性梗阻性黄疸病人不同引流术式对血清内毒素（ET）及肿瘤坏死因子（TNF）水平的影响。方法 测量36例恶性梗阻性黄疸病人内外引流术的手术前术后血清ET和NTF水平。结果 胆肠吻合内引流术10d后ET和TNF较术前明显降低（P＜0．01），而外引流组则术前术后无显著变化（P＞0．05）。术前两组差异无显著性（P＞0．05），手术10d后内引流组显著低于外引流组（P＜0．01）。结论 尽管内外引流均可使黄疸减退，但内引流术能更有效地降低因清ET和TNF水平，因此，在肿瘤无法切除时应尽量采取内引流术。     

胆道内照射支架应用于肝门部胆管癌致恶性梗阻性黄疸的初步临床研究

目的评估携带~(125)I粒子的胆道内照射支架治疗肝门部胆管癌致恶性梗阻性黄疸的有效性及安全性。方法选取43例因肝门部胆管癌致恶性梗阻性黄疸患者,采用经皮经肝分别穿刺左右侧胆道分支,于肝门部狭窄处植入~(125)I粒子胆道内照射支架,术后留置引流管3~5天,经造影确认支架通畅后予以拔管,封闭穿刺道。记录患者术前与术后的肝功能变化,并观察术后患者生存时间。结果 BismuthⅠ型5例,植入支架5个;Ⅱ型18例,植入支架36个;Ⅲ型4例,植入支架8个;Ⅳ型16例,植入支架25个,患者术前血清总胆红素和直接胆红素分别为(145.54±65.35)μmol/L和(124.73±35.04)μmol/L,术后分别为(65.91±29.43)μmol/L和(35.50±15.12)μmol/L;与术前相比,术后总胆红素、直接胆红素、丙氨酸氨基转移酶、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶、碱性磷酸酶、C-反应蛋白、γ-谷氨酸转肽酶均显著降低(P均0.05),乳酸脱氢酶手术前后差异无统计学意义(P=1.050)。患者中位生存期为13个月(3.0~22.5个月),未出现相关胆道穿孔、胰腺炎、严重胆道感染以及胆道出血等并发症。结论 ~(125)I粒子胆道内照射支架不仅可引流胆汁,减轻黄疸症状,还可近距离内照射胆道肿瘤,起到治疗作用,可延长患者生存时间,有效治疗肝门部胆管癌致恶性梗阻性黄疸。     

精氨酸对恶性梗阻性黄疸患者肿瘤坏死因子-α和可溶性白细胞介素2受体的影响

目的 探讨精氨酸(Arginine,Arg)对恶性梗阻性黄疸患者围手术期肿瘤坏死因了α(TNF-α)和可溶性白细胞介素2受体(sIL-2R)的影响.方法 选择经手术治疗的恶性梗阻性黄疸患者60例,随机分成常规治治疗组(R组)和加用精氨酸组(A组),每组30例.另取单纯性胆囊炎患者30例做对照组(C组).R组术后给予常规营养支持,B组于术前1 d至术后7 d每日加用精氨酸20 g/d.分别于术前1 d、术后3 d、7 d、14 d取静脉血检测肝功能指标总胆红素(TB)、直接胆红素(DB)、丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)和TNF-α及sIL-2R.结果 A组病人术后7d及14d的肝功能TB、DB、ALT、ALP水平均较R组好转(P＜0.01或P＜0.05);A组病人TNF-α和sIL-2R水平较R组明显下降,7 d时二组比较P＜0.05,14 d时二组比较P＜0.01.结论 精氨酸能够减轻梗阻性黄疸对病人肝功能的损害,降低TNF-α和sIL-2R的水平,改善梗阻性黄疸病人机体的免疫状态.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

The analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in patients with chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans

Background : Ketamine in sub-dissociative doses has been shown to have analgesic and phantom-Limb pain, where conventional treatment has often failed. Chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans often responds poorly to analgesics, and the pain-generating mechanisms are not well understood.
Methods : Eight patients with rest pain in the lower extremity due to arteriosclerosis obliterans were given sub-dissociative doses of 0.15, 0.30, or 0.45 mg/kg racemic ketamine and morphine 10 mg as a 5-min infusion on four separate days in a cross-over, double-blind, randomised protocol. Plasma levels of (S)- and (R)-ketamine and their nor-metabolites were analysed with an enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Pain levels were evaluated with a visual analogue scale (VAS).
Results : Individual pain levels were highly variable during and after all the infusions but the pooled pain levels showed a dose-dependent analgesic effect of ketamine with a transient but complete pain relief in all patients at the highest dose (0.45 mg/ kg). Side-effects, mainly disturbed cognition and perception, were pronounced and dose-dependent. Morphine 10 mg had an analgesic peak at 20 min and 5/8 patients had complete pain relief. The remaining 3 patients also had high baseline pain scores, indicating a higher analgesic potency for the 0.30 and 0.45 mg/ kg ketamine doses than for morphine 10 mg.
Conclusion : We have demonstrated a potent dose-dependent analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in clinical ischemic pain. Due to a narrow therapeutic window, this analgesic effect is probably best utilised in combination with other analgesics.     

Intravenous endotoxin does not increase tissue extravasation of albumin in rats

Background : It is unclear whether activation of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) increases or decreases the extravasation of plasma.
Methods : Chloralose anaesthetised male Wistar rats received E. coli lipopolysacharide (LPS), 3 mg kg^-1 i.v., or the corresponding volume of saline, 3 or 5 h before the end of the experiment. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded. Tissue clearance of radio-labelled albumin, during the last 2 h of each experiment, was determined by a double-isotope method. In separate animals, the serum concentration of nitrite and nitrate was determined, 5 h after LPS or the solvent.
Main Results : LPS initially decreased MAP and lastingly increased HR. In the 3-h LPS animals (n=8), tissue plasma clearance was lower in the heart and calf muscle and increased only in diaphragm, compared to corresponding control animals (n=8). In the 5-h LPS rats, clearance was lowered (n=8) in the entire gastrointestinal tract and in testes, compared to controls (n=8). The serum nitrite/nitrate concentration was higher in animals given LPS (n=6) than in controls (n=6).
Conclusion : After LPS, tissue clearance of albumin was not increased in any major tissue, in spite of increased serum levels of NO end products. Apparently, after activation of iNOS, the augmented release of NO is not necessarily associated with increased albumin extravasation.     

Adrenaline markedly improves thoracic epidural analgesia produced by a low-dose infusion of bupivacaine, fentanyl and adrenaline after major surgery: A randomised, double-blind, cross-over study with and without adrenaline

Background: Basic pharmacological research indicates that there are synergistic antinociceptive effects at the spinal cord level between adrenaline, fentanyl and bupivacaine. Our clinical experience with such a mixture in a thoracic epidural infusion after major surgery confirms this. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the effects on postoperative pain intensity, pain relief and side effects when removing adrenaline from this triple epidural mixture. Methods: A prospective, randomised, double-blind, cross-over study was carried out in 24 patients after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Patients with only mild pain when coughing during a titrated thoracic epidural infusion of about 10 ml · h^?1 of bupivacaine 1 mg · ml^?1, fentanyl 2 μg · ml^?1, and adrenaline 2 μg · ml^?1 were included. On the 1^st and 2^nd postoperative days each patient was given a double-blind epidural infusion, at the same rate, with or without adrenaline. The effect was observed for 4 h or until pain when coughing became unacceptable in spite of a rescue analgesic procedure. Rescue analgesia consisted of up to two epidural bolus injections per hour and i.v. morphine if necessary. All patients received rectal paracetamol 1 g, every 8 h. Fentanyl serum concentrations were measured with a radioimmunoassay technique at the start and end of each study period. Main outcome measures were extent of sensory blockade and pain intensity at rest and when coughing, evaluated by a visual analogue scale, a verbal categorical rating scale, the Prince Henry Hospital pain score, and an overall quality of pain relief score. Results: The number of hypaesthetic dermatomal segments decreased (P <0.001) and pain intensity at rest and when coughing increased (P <0.001) when adrenaline was omitted from the triple epidural mixture. This change started within the first hour after removing adrenaline. After 3 h pain intensity when coughing had increased to unacceptable levels in spite of rescue analgesia (epidural bolus injections and i.v. morphine). Within 15–20 min after restarting the triple epidural mixture with adrenaline, pain intensity was again reduced to mild pain when coughing. Serum concentration of fentanyl doubled from 0.22 to 0.45 ng · ml^?1 (P <0.01), and there was more sedation during the period without adrenaline. Conclusions: Adrenaline increases sensory block and improves the pain-relieving effect of a mixture of bupivacaine and fentanyl infused epidurally at a thoracic level after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Serum fentanyl concentrations doubled and sedation increased when adrenaline was removed from the epidural infusion, indicating more rapid vascular absorption and systemic effects of fentanyl.     

Reduction of Plasma Fibrinogen, Immunoglobulin G, and Immunoglobulin M Concentrations by Immunoadsorption Therapy with Tryptophan and Phenylalanine Adsorbents

Abstract Immunoadsorption (1A) therapy with tryptophan (TR-350) or phenylalanine (PH-350) adsorbents has been used to reduce the concentration of serum antibodies in human lymphocyte antigen (HLA)-immunized patients. Other forms of plasma purification have been reported to reduce the level of fibrinogen, which affects the blood properties. In this study we investigated the effects of IA therapy using both adsorbents on plasma fibrinogen and immunoglobulins G and M in 13 patients (8 patients were treated with TR-350, and 5 patients were treated with PH-350). During each session 1 plasma volume (2.8 ± 0.4 L of plasma) was processed through the immunocolumn and then returned to the patient together with the blood cells. Compared with the pretreatment values, the plasma fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM concentrations were significantly reduced after IA therapy (p < 0.01 for TR-350; p < 0.04 for PH-350). There was a positive correlation between the degree of reduction of plasma proteins and the number of IA treatments given. A nonpara-metric test (Wilcoxon's signed-rank test or the Mann-Whitney test) was used for statistical analysis. We conclude from our study that IA therapy effectively lowers the plasma levels of fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM and thus can be considered a valuable alternative to other blood purification methods.     

Utilisation des médicaments prokinétiques en réanimation : indications et limites ?

Enteral feeding is often limited by gastric and intestinal motility disturbances in critically ill patients, particularly in patients with shock. So, promotility agents are frequently used to improve tolerance to enteral nutrition. This review summaries the pathophysiology, presents the available pharmacological strategies, the clinical data, the counter-indications and the principal limits. The clinical data are poor. No study demonstrates a positive effect on clinical outcomes. Metoclopramide and erythromycin seems to be the more effective. Considering the risk of antibiotic resistance, the first line use of erythromycin should be avoided in favor of metoclopramide.     

Anesthésie générale chez l’enfant : quid des pratiques en 2010 ?

Introduction

The practice of pediatric anesthesia requires a regular update of scientific knowledge and technical skills. To provide the most adequate Continuing Medical Education programs, it is necessary to assess the practices of pediatric anesthesiologists. Thus, the objective of this survey was to draw a picture of the current clinical practices of general anesthesia in children, in France.

Material and methods

One thousand one hundred and fifty questionnaires were given to anesthesiologists involved in pediatric cases. These questionnaires collected information on various aspects of clinical practice relative to induction, maintenance, recovery from general anaesthesia and also classical debated points such as children with Upper Respiratory Infection (URI), emergence agitation, epileptoid signs or anaesthetic management of adenoidectomy. Differences in practices between CHG (general hospital), CHU (teaching hospital), LIBERAL (private) and PSPH (semi-private) hospitals were investigated.

Results

There were 1025 questionnaires completed. Fifty-five percent of responders worked in public hospitals (CHG and CHU); 77% had a practice that was 25% or less of pediatric cases. In children from 3 to 10 years: 72% of respondents used always premedication and two thirds performed inhalation induction in more than 50% of cases. For induction, 53% used sevoflurane (SEVO) at 7 or 8%. Respondents from LIBERAL used higher SEVO concentrations. Tracheal intubation was performed with SEVO alone (37%), SEVO and propofol (55%) and SEVO with myorelaxant (8%), 93% of respondents used a bolus of opioid. For maintenance, the majority of respondents used SEVO associated with sufentanil; desflurane and remifentanil were more frequently used in CHU. Two thirds of respondents used N₂O. Depth of anesthesia was commonly assessed by hemodynamic changes (52%), end tidal concentration of halogenated (38%) or automated devices based on EEG (7%). In children with URI, 98% of respondents used SEVO for anesthesia. To control the airway 42% used a tracheal tube, 30% a laryngeal mask and 20% a facial mask. Emergence agitation was an important concern for two thirds of respondents, while epileptoid signs were considered as important by only 20%. Eighty-nine percent of respondents practiced anesthesia for adenoidectomy. Anesthesia was induced by inhalation of SEVO 7–8% (41%), 6% (39%) or 4% (12%), 66% put an intravenous line (less frequently in LIBERAL). 67% of the responders managed adenoidectomy without any device to control the airway (more frequently in LIBERAL), 32% administrated a bolus of opioid (less frequently in LIBERAL).

Discussion

This survey demonstrated that the practices regarding general anesthesia in children are relatively homogenous. Most of the differences appeared between LIBERAL and the others structures; the anaesthetic management for adenoidectomy illustrates these findings.     

Intérêt d’une rééducation précoce pour les patients neurologiques

Rehabilitation improves the functional prognosis of patients after a neurologic lesion, and tendency is to begin rehabilitation as soon as possible. This review focuses on the interest and the feasibility of very early rehabilitation, initiated from critical care units. It is necessary to precisely assess patients’ impairments and disabilities in order to define rehabilitation objectives. Valid and simple tools must support this evaluation. Rehabilitation will be directed to preventing decubitus complications and active rehabilitation. The sooner rehabilitation is started; the better functional prognosis seems to be.