胸弯为主的青少年特发性脊柱侧凸后路矫形术后肩部失平衡的危险因素分析

【摘要】 目的：观察以胸弯为主的青少年特发性脊柱侧凸（AIS）患者后路矫形术后肩部失平衡的发生情况,探讨其危险因素。方法：回顾性分析96例以胸弯为主的AIS患者的临床资料,Lenke分型为Lenke 1、2、3、4型,均为右胸弯且Cobb角＜80°。男15例,女81例;年龄10～18岁,平均14.5岁。均采用后路椎弓根螺钉系统固定矫形,随访22～68个月,平均42.2个月。根据术后肩部平衡情况,将患者分为肩部平衡组和肩部失平衡组,分析比较两组患者的临床资料和影像学特点。结果：肩部失平衡患者17例,发生率为17.7%。单变量分析和Logistic回归分析的结果发现与术后肩部失平衡相关的3个独立因素为：术前锁骨角（OR=1.873,P=0.018）、术前主胸弯Cobb角（OR=2.222,P=0.028）和术后主胸弯Cobb角（OR=0.483,P=0.039）。其中锁骨角和术前主胸弯Cobb角为危险因素,术前锁骨角的正值越大,主胸弯角度越大,术后肩部失平衡的危险性越大;术后主胸弯Cobb角为保护因素,术后主胸弯残余角度较大时,能相对避免肩部失平衡的发生。结论：术前锁骨角为正性倾斜、主胸弯角度较大和术后主胸弯残余角度过小可能是AIS患者主胸弯矫正后肩部失平衡的独立危险因素。     

Lenke 5C型青少年特发性脊柱侧凸病人弯型特征及矫形疗效的性别差异

目的 探讨不同性别间Lenke 5C型青少年特发性脊柱侧凸（AIS）病人弯型特征及矫形疗效的差异。方法 回顾性分析2014年1月至2019年12月接受后路选择性胸腰椎融合术且有2年以上完整随访资料的Lenke 5C型AIS病人70例,男性组20例,女性组50例。对两组病人术前、术后即刻及末次随访时的胸腰弯/腰弯Cobb角、胸弯Cobb角等冠状面参数,胸椎后凸角（TK）、腰椎前凸角（LL）、近端交界性后凸角（PJA）等矢状面参数及脊柱侧凸研究学会-22简明量表调查问卷（SRS-22）评分进行比较分析。结果 男性组不典型弯型的比例高于女性组（20% vs. 12%）,但组间差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。女性组和男性组的胸腰弯/腰弯Cobb角、胸弯Cobb角均较术前显著改善,且两组病人术后即刻和末次随访时的胸弯Cobb角比较,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。两组术后胸腰弯/腰弯矫正率分别为70.6%±12.9%和72.6%±17.9%,末次随访时两组的矫正丢失率分别为5.3%±15.8%和7.6%±15.7%。女性组术前的TK明显低于男性组（19.2°±7.0° vs. 24.5°±14.5°）,术前和术后即刻的矢状面平衡（SVA）均大于男性组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。末次随访时,男性组的近端交界性后凸（PJK）发生率高于女性组（30% vs. 16%）,但差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。男性组在SRS-22量表疼痛维度上的得分显著高于女性组［（4.8±0.2）分 vs. （3.9±0.5）分］,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论 男性Lenke 5C型AIS病人中表现为左胸弯右腰弯的不典型弯型的比例稍高于女性,女性病人的术前和术后即刻的SVA大于男性,但均可获得良好的长期矫形疗效。     

Lenke 1、2型青少年特发性脊柱侧凸矫形术后内肩自发性平衡6个月观察

目的 观察Lenke 1、2型青少年特发性脊柱侧凸（adolescent idiopathic scoliosis，AIS）病人行脊柱后路椎弓根钉矫形内固定植骨融合术后短期内肩自发性平衡的恢复情况。方法 回顾性分析2018年1月至2020年1月在本中心行后路椎弓根钉矫形内固定植骨融合术治疗AIS的21例病人手术前后的影像学资料，根据术前、术后即刻、术后6个月标准站立位脊柱全长X线片，测量主胸弯Cobb角、上胸弯Cobb角、腰弯角度、影像学肩高、锁骨角，并采用T₁倾斜角和颈椎轴线角评价内肩自发性平衡情况。结果 术后即刻和术后6个月的主胸弯Cobb角、上胸弯Cobb角、腰弯角度均较术前明显改善，差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。术前T₁平衡2例（9.52%，2/21），术后即刻6例（28.57%，6/21），术后6个月13例（61.90%，13/21），术后6个月时达到T₁平衡的比例较术前显著提高，差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）；术前颈部平衡3例（14.29%，3/21），术后即刻13例（61.90%，13/21），术后6个月17例（80.95%，17/21），术后即刻、术后6个月时的颈部平衡比例均较术前显著升高，差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论 Lenke 1、2型AIS病人矫形术后内肩平衡（尤其是T₁平衡性）会有一定程度的自发性改善。     

Lenke 1型青少年特发性脊柱侧凸患者术后双肩失平衡的影像学评估

[目的]对行全椎弓根螺钉治疗的Lenke 1型青少年特发性脊柱侧凸患者术后双肩失平衡的影像学危险因素进行分析。[方法]选择长海医院行全椎弓根螺钉治疗的Lenke 1型青少年特发性脊柱侧凸患者80例,随访至少2年。测量T1倾斜(T1 tilt)、锁骨角(clavicle angle,CA)、影像学肩高(radiographic shoulder height,RSH)等影像学参数。根据RSH分级的绝对值术后是否大于术前,将其分为术后平衡组与失平衡组,并对两组患者的影像学参数进行对比分析。[结果]术后双肩失平衡的发生率为22.5%。双肩失平衡组正性T1倾斜、正性锁骨角的比例远高于平衡组(P<0.001)。术前双肩水平的患者术后更易出现双肩失平衡(25.8%vs 83.3%,P<0.001)。25.8%的双肩平衡患者上胸弯Cobb角≥30°,而双肩失平衡患者该比例高达55.6%(P=0.018);50.0%的双肩平衡患者主胸弯与上胸弯的Cobb角差值≥25°,而双肩失平衡患者该比例仅为22.2%(P=0.036)。平衡组30.6%患者随访时主胸弯与上胸弯矫正率的差值≥1.8,失平衡组中该比例达61.1%(P=0.019)。[结论]T1倾斜、锁骨角、术前双肩平衡状态、上胸弯Cobb角、主胸弯与上胸弯的Cobb角差值及主胸弯与上胸弯矫正率的比值是较好的预测Lenke 1型青少年特发性脊柱侧凸患者术后双肩失平衡的影像学参数。     

Lenke 1型青少年特发性脊柱侧凸患者不同上端融合椎对术后双肩平衡的影响

【摘要】 目的：探讨不同上端融合椎对术前双肩水平的Lenke 1型青少年特发性脊柱侧凸（adolescent idiopath?鄄ic scoliosis,AIS）患者术后双肩平衡的影响。方法：选取2006年6月~2009年6月在我院行后路主胸弯融合术并有2年以上完整影像学随访资料的32例Lenke 1型AIS患者。所有患者术前均表现为双肩水平,其中男6例,女26例,手术时年龄13~19岁,平均14.9岁,上胸弯Cobb角平均为23.7°±8.0°（10°~36°）,主胸弯Cobb角平均47.5°±6.9°（40°~62°）。按照上端融合椎不同将AIS患者分为两组：A组,上端融合椎为T3,19例;B组,上端融合椎为T4,13例。A组患者的手术时年龄、Risser征、上胸弯及主胸弯柔韧度与B组比较均无统计学差异（P>0.05）。采用方差分析比较两组患者术前、术后1年和末次随访时的上胸弯及主胸弯Cobb角、顶椎及躯干偏移距离、影像学肩关节高度差（radiographic shoulder height, RSH）、喙突高度差（CPH）和锁骨角（CA）。结果：A组随访时间2~4.5年,平均3.6±1.3年;B组随访时间2~4.8年,平均3.1±2.1年,两组比较无统计学差异（P>0.05）。术前、术后1年和末次随访时,A组患者的上胸弯Cobb角、主胸弯Cobb角、顶椎及躯干偏移距离、RSH、CPH及CA与B组比较均无统计学差异（P>0.05）。A、B两组患者术后1年和末次随访时的上胸弯Cobb角、主胸弯Cobb角、顶椎及躯干偏移距离、RSH、CPH、CA分别与术前比较均有显著性改善（P<0.05）;末次随访时,两组患者的上胸弯Cobb角及RSH、CPH、CA较术后1年均显著减小（P<0.05）,均获得较满意的双肩平衡。结论：对于术前双肩水平的Lenke 1型AIS患者,上端融合椎为T3或T4对重建术后双肩平衡的疗效无明显差别;对此类患者上端融合至T4即可获得良好的矫形效果和满意的双肩平衡。     

青少年特发性脊柱侧凸主胸弯融合后未融合上胸弯的变化及其与肩部平衡的关系

【摘要】 目的：探讨青少年特发性脊柱侧凸（AIS）患者主胸弯融合后未融合上胸弯的变化及其与肩部平衡的关系。方法：回顾性分析2008年1月~2010年12月在我院接受手术治疗的AIS患者,选取年龄10～18岁,Lenke分型为Lenke 1、2、3、4型,右胸弯且Cobb角＜80°,采用后路椎弓根螺钉系统固定矫形,固定融合上端椎在T4或T4以下,随访时间2年以上的患者,排除翻修手术和截骨手术患者。术前根据Lenke分型判断上胸弯是否为结构性,分成结构性上胸弯组和非结构性上胸弯组,统计比较两组术前、术后3个月和末次随访时外观肩部平衡以及影像学各项参数的变化。结果：共有62例患者纳入本研究,平均年龄14.4岁,随访时间24~62个月,平均36.4个月,其中结构性上胸弯组17例,非结构性上胸弯组45例。两组患者术后上胸弯均能自发性矫正,末次随访时,上胸弯Cobb角平均由27.9°减小至19.4°,T1倾斜角由-0.21°增加至4.7°,第一肋倾斜角（FRT）由0.4°增加至3.7°,锁骨角（CA）由-1.5°增加至0.8°,双肩高度差（CSH）由-13.0mm增加至5.2mm,改变均有统计学意义（P=0.000）。Pearson相关性分析显示,T1倾斜角的改变（术后T1倾斜角-术前T1倾斜角）与CSH变化（术后CSH-术前CSH）有较强相关性（r=0.624,P=0.000）,术后主胸弯的矫正率和FRT与CSH变化为中等程度相关（r=0.437,0.345,P=0.007,0.006）,术前主胸弯Cobb角与CSH变化为弱相关（r=0.262,P=0.040）。上胸弯Cobb角及柔韧性、主胸弯柔韧性、T1倾斜角等参数与CSH变化无统计学相关性。结论：AIS患者结构性与非结构性上胸弯在主胸弯矫正以后均有自发性矫正现象,但T1倾斜角、第一肋倾斜角和双肩高度差均会增加。右胸弯患者左肩被抬高的程度与T1倾斜角增加的程度、主胸弯的矫正率及术后第一肋倾斜角相关。     

Lenke 1型青少年特发性脊柱侧弯矫形术中不同近端固定椎的疗效分析

目的探讨近端固定在上端椎上一椎体与上端椎治疗术前右肩高的Lenke 1型青少年特发性脊柱侧弯(adolescent idiopathic scoliosis,AIS)的近期临床疗效。方法回顾分析2010年1月—2015年12月行后路矫形手术治疗的37例Lenke 1型AIS患者临床资料,按照近端固定椎不同分为两组:A组(17例),近端固定至上端椎上一椎体;B组(20例),近端固定至上端椎。两组患者性别、年龄、Risser征、双肩影像学高度差(radiographic shoulder height,RSH)、上胸弯柔韧度、主胸弯柔韧度、胸腰弯/腰弯柔韧度等一般资料比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。术前、术后1个月及术后1、2年摄X线片测量主胸弯、上胸弯、胸腰弯/腰弯Cobb角,顶椎偏移距离(apical vertebral translation,AVT)、锁骨角(clavicle angle,CA)、RSH、躯干矢状位偏移、躯干冠状位偏移、胸椎后凸(thoracic kyphosis,TK)、腰椎前凸(lumbar lordosis,LL);并评价术后主胸弯矫正指标,包括术后1个月主胸弯矫正度和矫正率、AVT矫正,术后2年主胸弯矫正丢失度和丢失率。结果 A组手术时间和术中出血量均显著大于B组(P0.05)。两组患者均获随访,A组随访时间2～4年,平均2.8年;B组2～3.5年,平均2.6年。围手术期及随访期间均无神经损伤等严重并发症发生,无融合失败、内固定物松动断裂、邻近节段退变和近端交界性后凸等并发症发生。两组患者术后1个月主胸弯矫正度、主胸弯矫正率及AVT矫正,以及术后2年主胸弯矫正丢失度和主胸弯矫正丢失率比较差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。两组组内比较:除LL在手术前后各时间点间比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)外,其余各指标术后各时间点均较术前显著改善(P0.05)。RSH、CA、上胸弯Cobb角、胸腰弯/腰弯Cobb角术后各时间点间比较差异均有统计学意义(P0.05),且在术后随访过程中存在自发性矫正现象;而主胸弯Cobb角、 AVT、TK、躯干矢状位和冠状位偏移在术后各时间点间比较差异均无统计学意义(P0.05),在术后随访过程中无明显丢失。两组组间比较:手术前后各时间点两组各影像学指标比较差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论对于术前右肩高的Lenke 1型AIS患者,近端固定椎选择上端椎即可获得满意的近期矫形效果,还可减少术中出血量和手术时间。     

Lenke 5C型青少年特发性脊柱侧凸病人行后路脊柱融合术后持续性冠状面失衡的危险因素分析

目的 探讨Lenke 5C型青少年特发性脊柱侧凸（adolescent idiopathic scoliosis,AIS）病人行后路脊柱融合术后持续性冠状面失衡（persistent coronal imbalance,PCI）的危险因素。方法 回顾性分析2015年1月至2020年1月在西安交通大学附属红会医院行后路脊柱融合术且随访2年以上的112例Lenke 5C型AIS病人的临床资料。根据病人术后2年的冠状面平衡状态分为PCI组和非PCI组。PCI定义为术后冠状面失衡持续时间≥2年。测量并比较两组病人术前、术后即刻和术后2年的各项冠状面参数和矢状面参数;采用脊柱侧凸研究学会-22评分量表（Scoliosis Research Society-22,SRS-22）评估病人临床疗效。并进一步对上述相关因素进行多元二分类Logistic回归分析确定PCI的独立危险因素。结果 112例病人中,50例（44.6%）术后发生即刻冠状面失衡,其中12例（10.7%）冠状面失衡持续至术后2年。多元二分类Logistic回归分析显示,年龄较大［比值比（odds ratio,OR）=1.841,95%可信区间（confidence interval,CI）：1.147~2.132,P=0.001］、术前胸弯柔韧性较差（OR=1.308,95% CI：1.041~2.015,P=0.016）、术前胸腰弯/腰弯顶椎偏移较大（OR=2.291,95% CI：1.120~4.719,P=0.001）、术前下端固定椎（lowest instrumented vertebra,LIV）倾斜角较大（OR=2.141,95% CI：1.491~3.651,P=0.011）、术后即刻冠状面失衡（OR=5.512,95% CI：4.531~6.891,P=0.001）是发生PCI的独立危险因素。PCI组术后2年SRS-22量表满意度和总分均显著低于非PCI组（P＜0.05）。结论 年龄较大、术前胸弯柔韧性较差、术前胸腰弯/腰弯顶椎偏移较大、术前LIV倾斜角较大和术后即刻冠状面失衡是预测PCI的重要参数。PCI对Lenke 5C型AIS病人后路脊柱融合术后临床效果产生不良影响。     

Lenke 1型特发性脊柱侧凸患者术后顶椎区残留旋转的危险因素分析

[目的]探讨影响Lenke 1型青少年特发性脊柱侧凸(adolescent idiopathic scoliosis,AIS)患者术后顶椎区残留旋转的危险因素。[方法]选取2010年1月~2014年10月在本院行后路融合术的26例Lenke 1型AIS患者,其中男5例,女21例。按照术后顶椎区残留旋转的严重程度将AIS患者分为两组:A组(顶椎区椎体残留旋转比率70%)15例,B组(顶椎区椎体残留旋转比率70%)11例。分析两组患者的性别、年龄、Risser征、术前主胸弯Cobb角、主胸弯柔韧度、术前顶椎区椎体旋转角度、术前及术后的顶椎偏移距离和躯干偏移距离、胸椎矢状位Cobb角改善率、主胸弯矫正率以及顶椎区置钉密度。单因素分析对比两组患者在上述指标的差异性,并进行Logistic多因素回归分析。[结果]两组间患者的主胸弯柔韧度、术前顶椎偏移距离、主胸弯矫正率、顶椎区置钉密度差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);多因素回归分析显示导致术后顶椎区残留旋转的独立危险因素包括主胸弯矫正率、顶椎区置钉密度(P0.05)。[结论]Lenke 1型AIS患者主胸弯矫正率、顶椎区置钉密度是影响术后顶椎区残留旋转的危险因素。     

后路双棒同步异质性去旋转矫治Lenke 1A和2A型青少年特发性脊柱侧凸的下端融合策略及疗效分析

目的 探讨后路双棒异质性去旋转技术在Lenke 1A和2A型青少年特发性脊柱侧凸（adolescent idiopathic scoliosis,AIS）矫治中的临床疗效和远端融合策略。方法 回顾分析我院55例接受后路双棒异质性去旋转矫治的Lenke 1A和2A型AIS病人,所有病人随访1年以上。所有病人在手术前后及末次随访时均拍摄全脊柱正侧位片,测量侧凸Cobb角、顶椎偏距、冠状位平衡、矢状位平衡等参数。分析末次随访时远端叠加现象发生的危险因素。结果 55例病人的随访时间为（48.8±24.8）个月。术前主胸弯Cobb角为50.8°±10.4°,术后矫正至8.2°±4.9°,末次随访时为9.1°±4.9°,矫正率为82.3%±9.2%;术前腰弯Cobb角为28.5°±7.0°,术后矫正至5.1°±3.2°,末次随访时为6.3°±4.1°,矫正率为77.9%±13.6%。末次随访时7例病人出现远端叠加现象,发生率为12.7%。远端融合至最后实质性接触椎（LSTV）-1的病例中,发生远端叠加现象的病人与未发生的病人在手术年龄、Risser征、LSTV与下端椎（LEV）的位置关系方面的差异存在统计学意义（P=0.041,P=0.014,P=0.020）。结论 采用后路双棒同步异质性去旋转矫治Lenke 1A和2A型AIS,可以获得满意矫形效果,有助于重建和维持脊柱平衡,减少尾侧融合节段。对于Lenke 1A和2A型AIS病人,若骨骼成熟度正常,LIV可以选择LSTV-1。若骨骼成熟度低,LSTV与LEV相差两个椎体时,可以选择LSTV-1作为LIV。但在LSTV与LEV相差一个或少于一个椎体时,远端叠加现象的风险增加,LIV应选择LSTV。     

Surgical assessment of the proximal thoracic curve in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis

Existing predictive signs as available in current literature may miss potential proximal thoracic (PT) curve deterioration and shoulder imbalance, following selective main thoracic (MT) curve correction in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). The present study is an attempt to evaluate and complement these signs, through a retrospective study of 56 AIS patients who underwent correction and fusion from 1986 till 2003 with follow-up 4–16 years. Forty-nine had fusion of MT curve, 7 of MT and PT. Cotrel–Dubousset instrumentation in 45, Luque in 12. Preoperative data: MT 50° (40°–80°), PT 25° (0°–50°), shoulder elevation from −4 cm (right) to 2 cm (left), clavicle angle from −14° to 5°, PT bending correction from 0 to 100% and T1 tilt from −15° to 14°. We introduced the first rib index (FRI), i.e., the difference between the diameter of right and left first rib arch as a percentage of the sum of both diameters, averaging from −22.7 to 14.3%. (Minus signs refer to or predict right, while positive left shoulder elevation.) Evaluation included all predictive parameters as related principally to postoperative left shoulder elevation ≥1 cm, patient satisfaction and surgeon fulfillment. Postoperative correction MT curve 53% (23–83%) and PT 35% (0–100%). One progressive paraplegic started 40 min following normal wake-up test. Immediate decompression, full recovery. Three cases with wound infection recovered after late removal of instrumentation. Loss of correction ≥10° in five. Fifteen had postoperative persisting left shoulder elevation ≥1 cm. Seven of these expressed dissatisfaction. Statistically FRI proved valuable predictive factor always in combination with previously described signs. We concluded that a postoperative left shoulder elevation ≥2 cm is a potential cause of dissatisfaction and may be prevented with thorough validation of all predictive signs, principally the FRI. Part of this paper was presented at the 62nd annual meeting of the Hellenique Orthop. Society (October 2006) and received the 1st award for best clinical paper.     

上胸段半椎体切除术后远端冠状面S畸形进展的危险因素

目的:分析上胸段半椎体切除术后远端冠状面S畸形进展的发生率、特点及危险因素。方法:回顾性分析2005年1月～2015年1月于我院行后路半椎体切除术治疗的上胸段半椎体患者的临床及影像学资料68例。其中男性42例,女性26例;手术时年龄4.4±1.1岁(3～6岁),随访时间均在5年以上。所有患者均具有完整的术前及术后各次随访临床及影像学资料。根据术后终末随访时是否出现S畸形(≥20°),且远端代偿性胸弯(caudal thoracic curve,CTC)或远端代偿性腰弯(caudal lumbar curve,CLC)任一进展较术后2周≥20°为界限,将患者分为进展组(progressive group,PG)与非进展组(non-progressive group,NPG)。分别比较两组患者的性别、年龄、Risser征、半椎体位置、融合节段数、顶椎旋转分级、平均随访时间等临床资料及术前及术后各次随访局部侧凸Cobb角、远端胸弯Cobb角、远端腰弯Cobb角、躯干平衡(trunk shift,TS)、近端固定椎倾斜角(upper instrumented vertebra tilt,UIV tilt)、远端固定椎倾斜角(lower instrumented vertebra tilt,LIV tilt)、远端固定椎椎隙成角(LIV/LIV+1 disc angle)、T1倾斜角(T1 tilt)、头部倾斜(head shift)、颈部倾斜(neck tilt)、肩部平衡(radiographic shoulder height,RSH)等影像学资料,分析上胸段半椎体畸形切除术后UIV水平化对远端冠状面畸形进展的影响。结果:上胸段半椎体切除联合后路内固定融合术平均矫正率(74.3±15.3)%,终末随访平均丢失率(4.3±2.2)%。术后冠状面失代偿6例,均为新发S畸形,发生率为8.8%。根据患者是否发生S畸形将患者分为畸形进展组(6例)与非进展组(62例),两组患者初次手术的性别、年龄、Risser征、半椎体位置、融合节段数、是否存在顶椎旋转、平均随访时间均无统计学差异(P0.05)。两组术前冠状面影像学参数:局部侧凸Cobb角、冠状面平衡、远端代偿性胸弯、远端代偿性腰弯、T1倾斜角、头部倾斜角、颈部倾斜角、肩部平衡均无统计学差异(P0.05)。两组间术后各次随访的局部侧凸Cobb角、近端固定椎倾斜角及T1倾斜角均有统计学差异(P0.05)。进展组患者近端固定椎倾斜角及T1倾斜角从术后至终末随访时逐渐增大,术后5年及终末随访对比术后2周有统计学差异(P0.05);术后进展组患者术后半年及之后各次随访的腰段代偿弯逐渐增大,与非进展组对比有统计学差异(P0.05);术后进展组患者术后1年及之后各次随访的胸椎代偿弯逐渐增大,与非进展组对比有统计学差异(P0.05);术后5年及终末随访进展组患者颈部倾斜逐渐增大,与非进展组对比有统计学差异(P0.05)。术后各次随访TS、最下固定椎倾斜角、远端固定椎椎间隙成角、头部倾斜、肩部平衡均无明显变化,无统计学差异(P0.05)。结论:上胸段半椎体切除不彻底引起的UIV水平化不足可能是术后融合远端S曲线进展的危险因素。     

Dextrocardia and coronal alignment of thoracic curve: a population study

The objective of this study was to evaluate the coronal alignment of the thoracic spine in persons with dextrocardia. Generally, the thoracic spine is slightly curved to the right. It has been suggested that the curve could be triggered by pulsation forces from the descending aorta. Since no population study has focused on the alignment of the thoracic spine in persons with situs inversus, dextrocardia, and right-sided descending aorta, we compared the radiographs of the thoracic spine in persons with dextrocardia to those having normal levocardia. Among 57,440 persons in a health survey, 11 cases of dextrocardia were identified through standard radiological screening. The miniature chest radiographs of eight persons were eligible for the present study. The study was carried out as a nested case–control study. Four individually matched (age, gender, and municipality) controls with levocardia were chosen for each case. Coronal alignment of the thoracic spine was analyzed without knowledge of whether the person had levo- or dextrocardia. A mild convexity to the left was found in all persons with dextrocardia and right-sided descending aorta (mean Cobb angle 6.6° to the left, SD 2.9). Of the 32 normal levocardia persons, 29 displayed a convexity to the right, and the remaining three had a straight spine (mean Cobb angle 5.2° to the right, SD 2.3). The difference (mean 11.8°, SD 3.5) differed significantly from unity (P = 0.00003). In conclusion, it seems that a slight left convexity of the thoracic spine is frequent in dextrocardia. We assume that the effect of the repetitive pulsatile pressure of the descending thoracic aorta, and the mass effect of the heart may cause the direction of the convexity to develop opposite to the side of the aortic arch.     

Resecciones pulmonares anatómicas por vía robótica: análisis de la curva de aprendizaje

IntroductionRobotic surgery has become a safe and effective approach for the treatment of pulmonary surgical pathology. However, the adoption of new surgical techniques requires the evaluation of the learning curve. The objective of this study is to analyze the learning curve of robotic anatomical lung resections.MethodsRetrospective analysis of all robotic anatomical lung resections performed by the same surgeon between June 2018 and March 2020. The learning curve was evaluated using CUSUM charts to estimate trend changes in surgical time, surgical failure and the occurrence of post-operative cardiorespiratory complications throughout the sequence of cases.ResultsThe study included a total of 73 cases. The median duration of all complications was 120 min (interquartile range: 90-150 min), the prevalence of surgical failure was 23.29%, while 4/73 patients had any postoperative cardiorespiratory complication. Based on the CUSUM analysis, the learning curve was divided into 3 different phases: phase i (from the first to the 14th intervention), phase ii (between the 15th and 30th intervention) and phase iii (from the 31st intervention).ConclusionsThe learning curve for robotic anatomical lung resections can be divided into 3 phases. The technical competence that guarantees satisfactory perioperative outcomes was achived in phase iii from the 31st intervention.     

特发性胸椎侧凸选择性融合术后远端叠加现象

【摘要】 目的：探讨主胸弯型青少年特发性脊柱侧凸（adolescent idiopathic scoliosis,AIS）单次前或后路胸弯融合术后远端叠加现象的发生率,并对其影响因素进行分析。方法：回顾性分析110例行单次前或后路主胸弯融合术的主胸弯型（Lenke 1A型）AIS患者。其中男20例,女90例;年龄10～18岁,平均14.2±2.0岁;主胸弯Cobb角40°～80°,平均为48.2°±7.8°。所有患者在术前、术后及术后随访时均摄站立位全脊柱正侧位X线片。测量侧凸Cobb角,记录患者的年龄、Risser征、Y软骨形态、手术方式、稳定椎及融合节段,统计术后远端叠加现象的发生率,分析其影响因素。结果：随访时间为12～46个月,平均21±5个月。术后Cobb角平均为16.7°±6.1°,末次随访时Cobb角平均为22.0°±8.5°。共有19例出现远端叠加现象,发生率为17.3%。与非叠加组相比,叠加组患者的Risser征较低（2.1±1.4∶3.1±1.3,P=0.002）,月经来潮后时间较短（11.2±14.2∶21.9±18.9个月,P=0.002）,代偿性腰弯柔软度较高[（97.0±9.1）%∶（90.5±15.5）%,P=0.017],远端融合椎（LIV）的位置约高出0.8个椎体。关于叠加现象发生率,低Risser征患者高于高Risser征患者,Y软骨开放组高于Y软骨闭合组,月经初潮未至和来潮小于1年组高于月经来潮大于1年组,腰弯高柔软度组高于低柔软度组,LIV高位置组[相对于稳定椎（SV）]高于低位置组。经过Logistic回归分析,LIV-SV≤-2、Y软骨开放和腰弯高柔软度是术后发生远端叠加现象的三个独立的危险因素。结论：部分主胸弯型AIS患者前或后路矫形术后可发生远端叠加现象。LIV的选择、患者的生长发育成熟度和代偿性腰弯的柔软度是影响远端叠加现象的重要因素。     

Discrepancy between radiographic shoulder balance and cosmetic shoulder balance in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis patients with double thoracic curve

Shoulder balance is one of the key components to the body deformity in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) patients with double thoracic curve and shoulder cosmesis plays an important role in patients’ satisfaction of surgical outcomes. Up to now, only radiographic parameters were used to evaluate the shoulder balance in literatures; no corresponding cosmetic parameters have been developed to evaluate the cosmetic shoulder balance. Meanwhile, we often confronted that perfect radiographic shoulder balance was achieved, but the patients complained about the residual cosmetic deformity. This phenomenon implied that discrepancy may exist between radiographic shoulder balance and cosmetic shoulder balance. The present study was carried out to investigate the correlation between radiographic and clinical cosmetic shoulder balance in AIS patients with double thoracic curve. Thirty-four AIS patients were recruited for this study. All the patients had a double thoracic curve. Six cosmetic parameters––inner shoulder height (SHi), outer shoulder height (SHo), shoulder area index 1 (SAI1), shoulder area index 2 (SAI2), shoulder angle (α1) and axilla angle (α2) were developed and measured on the standing photographs. Also, seven radiographic parameters––T1 tilting (T1), first rib angle (FRA), clavicle angle (CA), coracoid process height (CPH), clavicle-rib cage intersection (CRCI), first rib–clavicle height (FRCH), trapezius length (TL) were measured on the standing posterior–anterior radiographs. Correlation analysis was made between cosmetic parameters and radiographic parameters. SHi was found to be significantly correlated with T1, FRA, CA, CPH, CRCI (P < 0.05), among which FRA had the highest correlation coefficient. SHo was found to be significantly correlated with T1, FRA, CA, CPH, CRCI, FRCH (P < 0.05), among which CRCI had the highest correlation coefficient. However, none of the correlation coefficient was greater than 0.8. The correlation coefficients between radiographic parameters and SAI1, SAI2, α1, α2 were also below 0.8 that were similar with SH. The results indicated that radiographic parameters could only partially reflect the shoulder cosmetic appearances. However, none of the existing parameters can accurately reflect the shoulder cosmetic appearance. As cosmesis is critical important to patients’ satisfaction, spine surgeons should pay more attention to the cosmetic shoulder balance rather than radiographic shoulder balance.     

含有上胸弯的青少年特发性脊柱侧凸患者的矫形效果分析

目的分析含有上胸弯的特发性脊柱侧凸患者的矫形效果。方法含有上胸弯的特发性脊柱侧凸患者26例,其中双胸弯（PUMCⅡa）13例,三弯13例（PUMCⅢa11例,Ⅲb2例）,分为手术融合范围含上胸弯组（A组,18例）,未含上胸弯组（B组,8例）。根据其临床及影像学资料,对侧凸及双肩平衡的矫形效果进行回顾性分析。结果上胸弯与主胸弯冠状面Cobb角术前A组为45．3°和61．2°,B组为35．6°和58．9°,术后A组为24．2°和20．1°、B组为26．4°和20．3°,A组上胸弯与主胸弯冠状面矫形率为48．2％和68．7％,B组上胸弯自动矫形率与主胸弯冠状面矫形率为24．5％和66．3％,上胸弯矫形率A组明显优于B组,主胸弯矫形率二组问比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。术后放射学检查双肩高度差〉10mm（双肩不平衡）的发生比例,A组与B组差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。术前左肩高或双肩等高的患者术后双肩失平衡的发生率明显高于术前右肩高的患者（P〈0．05）。结论对于含有上胸弯、术前左肩高或双肩等高的特发性脊柱侧凸患者,手术矫形时应考虑融合上胸弯,以获得更好的上胸弯冠状面矫形率,同时避免或减少术后双肩失平衡的发生。     

特发性脊柱侧凸患者肩部失平衡的临床分析及其意义

目的：对不同类型特发性脊柱侧凸（idiopathic scoliosis,IS）患者肩部失平衡情况进行观察,探讨避免肩部失平衡的融合节段选择方案.方法：对137例随访2年以上资料完整的IS患者进行回顾性分析.对术前及术后的肩部平衡进行影像学评价.根据可能影响肩部平衡的因素（上胸椎侧凸情况、各个侧凸间相互平衡情况及主侧凸角度大小）将患者的Lenke分型进一步分为不同类型.分析各因素及手术融合方式对肩部平衡产生的影响.结果：术前肩部失平衡的病例71例;其中显著肩部失平衡22例;重度肩部失平衡10例,均为Lenke 1型及Lenke 2型.这些患者均存在较大角度的上胸椎侧凸（非结构性或结构性）.术后6例显著肩部失平衡.其中Lenke 1型第一类型1例,Lenke 2型第一类型1例,Lenke 2型第三类型4例,手术方式均为选择性融合.对Lenke 2型第二类型进行双侧凸融合,术后肩部失平衡改善.结论：术前肩部不平衡主要为Lenke 1型及Lenke 2型患者.上胸椎侧凸畸形对肩部平衡产生关键性影响.对Lenke 2型第二及第三类型不建议行选择性融合,对Lenke 2型第一类型进行选择性融合时应避免过度矫正.