Lenke 1A型青少年特发性脊柱侧凸后路选择性胸弯融合术后远端附加现象的长期随访研究

目的 探讨Lenke 1A型青少年特发性脊柱侧凸（adolescent idiopathic scoliosis，AIS）行后路选择性胸弯融合术后出现远端附加现象的长期随访结果。方法 回顾性分析2010年1月至2017年6月于我院行后路选择性胸弯融合术治疗的114例Lenke 1A型AIS病人的病例资料，筛选出术后出现远端附加现象病人共21例（18.4%），其中男4例，女17例。测量发生远端附加现象病人在术后即刻、发生远端附加现象时、术后1年、术后2年与末次随访的站立位脊柱全长正位片，对比上述时间节点的冠状面平衡、远端Cobb角、远端固定椎（lowest instrumented vertebra，LIV）下位椎间隙冠状面成角、LIV下位椎体偏离骶骨中垂线（center sacral vertical line，CSVL）距离、双肩高度差（shoulder height difference，SHD）、T₁倾斜角、锁骨角等影像学参数。评估远端附加现象发生后的长期随访变化。结果 21例出现远端附加现象的病人均获完整随访，随访时间为（64.7±3.2）个月（61~68个月）。19例病人（90.5%）于术后6个月内出现远端附加现象，余2例（9.5%）在术后1年随访时出现。2例病人均采用支具治疗后好转。本组病人中无再手术病例。病人在发生远端附加现象时的肩平衡参数（SHD、T₁倾斜角及锁骨角）较术后即刻时显著降低，差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。对比发生远端附加现象时、术后1年、术后2年及末次随访时，病人的影像学参数无明显变化（P＞0.05）。结论 Lenke 1A型AIS选择性胸弯融合术后远端附加现象多在术后6个月内发生，发生远端附加现象时病人的肩平衡参数与术后有显著差异。长期随访表明远端附加现象多数进展缓慢，长期随访相对稳定，而对于出现进展的远端附加现象可采用支具保守治疗。     

Lenke 5C型青少年特发性脊柱侧凸病人弯型特征及矫形疗效的性别差异

目的 探讨不同性别间Lenke 5C型青少年特发性脊柱侧凸（AIS）病人弯型特征及矫形疗效的差异。方法 回顾性分析2014年1月至2019年12月接受后路选择性胸腰椎融合术且有2年以上完整随访资料的Lenke 5C型AIS病人70例,男性组20例,女性组50例。对两组病人术前、术后即刻及末次随访时的胸腰弯/腰弯Cobb角、胸弯Cobb角等冠状面参数,胸椎后凸角（TK）、腰椎前凸角（LL）、近端交界性后凸角（PJA）等矢状面参数及脊柱侧凸研究学会-22简明量表调查问卷（SRS-22）评分进行比较分析。结果 男性组不典型弯型的比例高于女性组（20% vs. 12%）,但组间差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。女性组和男性组的胸腰弯/腰弯Cobb角、胸弯Cobb角均较术前显著改善,且两组病人术后即刻和末次随访时的胸弯Cobb角比较,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。两组术后胸腰弯/腰弯矫正率分别为70.6%±12.9%和72.6%±17.9%,末次随访时两组的矫正丢失率分别为5.3%±15.8%和7.6%±15.7%。女性组术前的TK明显低于男性组（19.2°±7.0° vs. 24.5°±14.5°）,术前和术后即刻的矢状面平衡（SVA）均大于男性组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。末次随访时,男性组的近端交界性后凸（PJK）发生率高于女性组（30% vs. 16%）,但差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。男性组在SRS-22量表疼痛维度上的得分显著高于女性组［（4.8±0.2）分 vs. （3.9±0.5）分］,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论 男性Lenke 5C型AIS病人中表现为左胸弯右腰弯的不典型弯型的比例稍高于女性,女性病人的术前和术后即刻的SVA大于男性,但均可获得良好的长期矫形疗效。     

颈椎人工间盘置换术治疗混合型颈椎病的长期疗效观察

目的 评估颈椎人工间盘置换术（cervical artificial disc replacement, CADR）治疗混合型颈椎病的长期临床疗效并探讨其影响因素。方法 对2003年12月至2007年12月于我院行单节段CADR治疗混合型颈椎病的25例病人进行回顾性分析,病人年龄为（56.56±8.65）岁,其中男15例,女10例,随访时间均在10年以上。依据术前CT及MRI检查结果将病人分为单纯间盘突出组（7例）、合并骨赘增生组（18例）。收集并比较两组病人手术前后的颈椎整体活动度、手术节段活动度、手术节段Cobb角、椎旁骨化（paravertebral ossification, PO）分级、日本骨科协会（Japanese Orthopaedic Association, JOA）评估治疗分数、颈椎功能障碍指数（neck disability index, NDI）及Odom''s标准。结果 单纯间盘突出组病人术前及末次随访时的手术节段活动度分别为9.61°±4.72°、12.63°±4.41°,颈椎整体活动度分别为50.91°±15.58°、57.62°±9.18°,手术节段Cobb角分别为2.61°±1.38°、2.07±1.74°,末次随访时未发生高等级PO,手术前后的各指标比较,差异均无统计学意义。合并骨赘增生组术前及末次随访时的手术节段活动度分别为9.73°±4.62°、7.77°±5.82°,颈椎整体活动度分别为45.98°±17.26°、40.89°±15.85°,手术节段Cobb角分别为1.92°±1.11°、0.69°±2.12°,高等级PO发生率为55.6%,末次随访时的手术节段Cobb角较术前明显下降,差异有统计学意义（P=0.004）。末次随访时,合并骨赘增生组颈椎整体活动度低于单纯间盘突出组（t=2.610,P=0.016）,高等级PO比例较单纯间盘突出组更高（Z=2.494,P=0.034）,其余各影像学评估指标的组间比较,差异均无统计学意义。两组病人末次随访时JOA评分及NDI均较术前明显改善（P均＜0.05）,单纯间盘突出组NDI下降情况优于合并骨赘组（t=2.169,P=0.041）,其余各临床功能评估指标的组间差异无统计学意义。结论 采用CADR治疗混合型颈椎病,长期临床疗效好,且对于单纯颈椎间盘突出病人的疗效优于合并骨赘增生的病人。     

特发性胸椎侧凸选择性融合术后远端叠加现象

【摘要】 目的：探讨主胸弯型青少年特发性脊柱侧凸（adolescent idiopathic scoliosis,AIS）单次前或后路胸弯融合术后远端叠加现象的发生率,并对其影响因素进行分析。方法：回顾性分析110例行单次前或后路主胸弯融合术的主胸弯型（Lenke 1A型）AIS患者。其中男20例,女90例;年龄10～18岁,平均14.2±2.0岁;主胸弯Cobb角40°～80°,平均为48.2°±7.8°。所有患者在术前、术后及术后随访时均摄站立位全脊柱正侧位X线片。测量侧凸Cobb角,记录患者的年龄、Risser征、Y软骨形态、手术方式、稳定椎及融合节段,统计术后远端叠加现象的发生率,分析其影响因素。结果：随访时间为12～46个月,平均21±5个月。术后Cobb角平均为16.7°±6.1°,末次随访时Cobb角平均为22.0°±8.5°。共有19例出现远端叠加现象,发生率为17.3%。与非叠加组相比,叠加组患者的Risser征较低（2.1±1.4∶3.1±1.3,P=0.002）,月经来潮后时间较短（11.2±14.2∶21.9±18.9个月,P=0.002）,代偿性腰弯柔软度较高[（97.0±9.1）%∶（90.5±15.5）%,P=0.017],远端融合椎（LIV）的位置约高出0.8个椎体。关于叠加现象发生率,低Risser征患者高于高Risser征患者,Y软骨开放组高于Y软骨闭合组,月经初潮未至和来潮小于1年组高于月经来潮大于1年组,腰弯高柔软度组高于低柔软度组,LIV高位置组[相对于稳定椎（SV）]高于低位置组。经过Logistic回归分析,LIV-SV≤-2、Y软骨开放和腰弯高柔软度是术后发生远端叠加现象的三个独立的危险因素。结论：部分主胸弯型AIS患者前或后路矫形术后可发生远端叠加现象。LIV的选择、患者的生长发育成熟度和代偿性腰弯的柔软度是影响远端叠加现象的重要因素。     

Lenke 5C型脊柱侧凸后路选择性矫形术下端融合椎影像学改变对冠状面平衡的影响

【摘要】 目的：探讨下端融合椎（lowest instrumented vertebra,LIV）相关影像学指标对Lenke 5C型特发性脊柱侧凸（adolescent idiopathic scoliosis,AIS）患者术后冠状面平衡的影响。方法：本研究包括30例行后路选择性融合的Lenke 5C型AIS患者,所有患者于术前、术后即刻及末次随访时拍摄站立前后位像及术前仰卧位拍摄左右Bending像。对术前、术后和末次随访时的冠状面平衡与LIV相关影像学指标（LIV偏移、LIV旋转、LIV倾斜度、LIV尾侧椎间盘开角）进行分析。结果：所有患者平均随访33个月（24~50个月）,其中LIV为L3者20例,L4者10例。30例Lenke 5C型AIS患者术前冠状面胸腰弯/腰弯Cobb角平均为49.8°±5.1°,术前冠状面胸弯Cobb角平均为25.6°±7.1°。相关性检验发现以下3个指标与术后即刻冠状面平衡（coronal trunk balance,CTB）有显著相关性：（1）术前CTB（r=0.69,r2=0.48,P<0.01）;（2）术前LIV倾斜度（r=0.63,r2=0.40,P<0.01）;（3）术后即刻LIV倾斜度（r=0.60,r2=0.36,P<0.01）。在末次随访时,不管是术前还是术后的LIV相关影像学指标均与末次随访时CTB无显著相关（P>0.05）。结论：对行后路选择性融合术的Lenke 5C型AIS患者而言,术前冠状面平衡与否及术前LIV倾斜度大小对预测术后即刻冠状面平衡有重要的作用。术前LIV倾斜大于25°的患者容易发生术后即刻冠状面失平衡。然而,LIV倾斜度对Lenke 5C型AIS患者术后冠状面平衡无显著影响。     

凹侧撑开预矫形技术治疗重度僵硬性脊柱侧凸的早期研究

目的 研究凹侧撑开预矫形技术治疗重度僵硬性特发性脊柱侧凸的早期疗效和安全性。方法 回顾性分析2020年1月至2022年12月山西医科大学第二医院收治并进行手术治疗的重度僵硬性脊柱侧凸的8例病人的临床资料。手术均采用凹侧撑开预矫形后双侧依次上棒二次矫形的手术方法。分别测量术前、术后及末次随访时的影像学参数包括主弯Cobb角、次弯Cobb角、胸椎后凸角（TK）、腰椎前凸角（LL）、主弯顶椎偏距（AVT）、躯干偏移（TS）。结果 病人随访（9.0±6.3）个月（1~16个月）。术前主弯Cobb角：97.4°±10.0°,次弯Cobb角：55.6°±8.4°,TK：50.4°±20.3°,LL：62.7°±6.3°,AVT：（7.64±1.55） cm,TS：（2.00±1.93） cm;术后即刻主弯Cobb角：25.8°±8.1°,次弯Cobb角：21.0°±12.0°,TK：24.9°±9.6°,LL：31.6°±11.9°,AVT：（2.34±1.45） cm,TS：（1.26±0.63） cm;末次随访主弯Cobb角：21.2°±9.1°,次弯Cobb角：22.4°±16.1°,TK：32.8°±12.0°,LL：37.6°±14.0°,AVT：（2.41±0.81） cm,TS：（1.6±1.4） cm。除TS外,上述其他指标术后即刻、末次随访时的数值与术前比较,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,但术后即刻与末次随访时的数值比较,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。1例术后7个月出现迟发性感染,遂进行手术清创以及内固定取出术后再愈合。结论 采用凹侧撑开预矫形治疗重度脊柱侧凸能够获得满意的矫形效果,且出血少,术中及术后神经系统并发症发生率低,是一种安全有效且实用的治疗方法。     

关节镜下双Endobutton钢板结合经皮克氏针髓内固定治疗Neer Ⅱ型锁骨远端骨折的疗效分析

目的 探讨关节镜下双Endobutton钢板结合经皮克氏针髓内固定治疗Neer Ⅱ型锁骨远端骨折的临床疗效。方法 回顾性分析我科2020年9月至2022年1月经关节镜下双Endobutton钢板结合经皮克氏针髓内固定手术治疗Neer Ⅱ型锁骨远端骨折的13例病人的临床结果。男8例,女5例;平均年龄为37.6岁（21~53岁）。Neer ⅡA型11例,Neer ⅡB型2例。通过收集术前及末次随访时病人的Constant-Murley评分、疼痛视觉模拟量表（VAS）评分、肩关节前屈和外展活动度评价病人术后肩关节功能恢复情况,通过术后随访X线片了解骨折愈合时间。结果 13例病人均获得随访,平均随访时间为6.5个月（4~9个月）。术前病人的Constant-Murley评分、VAS评分、前屈活动度、外展活动度分别为（40.30±5.75）分、（4.69±1.25）分、70.77°±6.41°、64.23°±7.60°,末次随访时分别为（96.00±5.96）分、（0.23±0.60）分、169.23°±11.52°、163.77°±12.40°,末次随访时的数据较术前均有明显改善,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。所有病人骨折均愈合,平均愈合时间为4.6个月（3~8个月）。结论 关节镜下双Endobutton钢板结合经皮克氏针髓内固定治疗Neer Ⅱ型锁骨远端骨折疗效满意,同时具有微创、不需要二次手术取出内固定等优点,可以作为治疗Neer Ⅱ锁骨远端骨折的选择方案。     

后路体位复位联合椎弓根钉撑开复位固定治疗A3、A4型胸腰椎骨折的疗效对比

目的 对比后路体位复位联合椎弓根钉撑开复位固定治疗A3、A4型胸腰椎骨折的疗效。方法 回顾性分析我院2019年1月至2021年12月采用后路体位复位联合椎弓根钉撑开复位固定治疗的66例A3、A4型胸腰椎压缩骨折病人的临床及影像学资料。其中男40例,女26例,（48.14±5.73）岁（26~60岁）。A3型骨折37例纳入A3组,A4型骨折29例纳入A4组。采用疼痛视觉模拟量表（VAS）评分与Oswestry功能障碍指数（ODI）评估手术临床效果,比较两组伤椎前缘高度比、伤椎后凸角及局部后凸Cobb角等。结果 病人随访11~18个月,术后切口均一期愈合,未见感染、神经损伤、内固定失效等并发症。两组术后随访VAS评分、ODI指数均较术前明显改善,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,但组间差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。A3组术后3天的伤椎前缘高度比、伤椎后凸角分别为89.14%±4.79%、6.67°±2.13°,均较术前显著改善,且显著优于A4组的85.72%±5.17%、8.36°±2.49°,在随访期内,各项数值均显著优于术前,且组间比较,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。两组术后及随访期内,局部后凸Cobb角均较术前显著改善,但组间差异并无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。结论 后路体位复位联合椎弓根钉撑开复位固定治疗A3、A4型胸腰椎骨折均能取得良好的临床疗效,且A3型骨折在伤椎前缘高度比、伤椎后凸角改善方面均优于A4型骨折。     

远端固定椎选择对青少年特发性脊柱侧凸患者脊柱矢状面平衡的影响

【摘要】 目的：分析后路椎弓根螺钉矫形内固定术远端固定椎（lower instrumented vertebra,LIV）为T12或L1对Lenke 1型青少年特发性脊柱侧凸（adolescent idiopathic scoliosis,AIS）患者脊柱矢状面平衡的影响。方法：回顾性分析2014年1月~2018年12月在我院接受后路矫形椎弓根螺钉内固定融合术的37例Lenke 1型AIS的患者的临床资料,其中男8例,女29例;年龄11~18岁（14.3±1.8岁）。将患者分为TV组（LIV固定于T12）和LV组（LIV固定于L1）。其中TV组16例,男4例,女12例,年龄11~18岁（14.7±2.1岁）;LV组21例,男5例,女16例,年龄11~17岁（14.0±1.7岁）,两组患者性别、年龄无统计学差异（P＞0.05）。所有患者术后随访2年以上。记录患者术前Risser征、手术时间、失血量、输血量、融合节段,术前和术后2年通过SRS-22量表评分评估两组临床疗效。术前及术后2年时行站立后前位X线片检查,测量患者Cobb角、胸椎后凸角（thoracic kphyosis,TK）、腰椎前凸角（lumbar lordosis,LL）、骶骨倾斜角（sacral slope,SS）、骨盆倾斜角（pelvic tilt,PT）、骨盆入射角（pelvic incidence,PI）、脊柱矢状位轴（sagittal vertical axis,SVA）。通过独立样本t检验比较两组的统计学差异。使用Pearson相关分析探讨各矢状面影像学参数变化值之间的关系。结果：两组患者术前Risser征、手术时间、失血量、输血量、融合节段、术后2年SRS-22评分差异均无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。患者术前Cobb角46.1°±6.6°,TK 24.3°±7.0°,LL 46.0°±8.4°;术后2年Cobb角15.9°±4.7°,TK 18.3°±6.7°,LL 38.8°±8.6°,Cobb角矫正率（65.6±8.9）%。两组术前及术后2年Cobb角、LL、SS、PT、PI、SVA以及LL变化值、SS变化值、PT变化值、SVA变化值均无统计学差异（P＞0.05）。术前TV组TK值为24.1°±6.3°,LV组为24.3°±7.5°;术后2年TV组TK值为19.4°±5.8°,LV组为17.4°±7.4°;术前和术后2年TK两组间比较无统计学差异（P＞0.05）。TV组冠状面Cobb角矫正率为（62.6±8.4）%,LV组为（67.8±8.9）%;TV组TK变化值为4.7°±3.0°,LV组为6.9°±1.6°,差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。TK变化值和LL的变化值存在明显相关性（r=0.602,P＜0.001）。结论：远端固定至L1的患者相较于远端固定至T12的患者远期随访TK可能减小更多。后路椎弓根螺钉矫形内固定融合术治疗Lenke 1型AIS患者时,TK和LL共同参与维持矢状面平衡。     

Lenke 5C型青少年特发性脊柱侧凸病人行后路脊柱融合术后持续性冠状面失衡的危险因素分析

目的 探讨Lenke 5C型青少年特发性脊柱侧凸（adolescent idiopathic scoliosis,AIS）病人行后路脊柱融合术后持续性冠状面失衡（persistent coronal imbalance,PCI）的危险因素。方法 回顾性分析2015年1月至2020年1月在西安交通大学附属红会医院行后路脊柱融合术且随访2年以上的112例Lenke 5C型AIS病人的临床资料。根据病人术后2年的冠状面平衡状态分为PCI组和非PCI组。PCI定义为术后冠状面失衡持续时间≥2年。测量并比较两组病人术前、术后即刻和术后2年的各项冠状面参数和矢状面参数;采用脊柱侧凸研究学会-22评分量表（Scoliosis Research Society-22,SRS-22）评估病人临床疗效。并进一步对上述相关因素进行多元二分类Logistic回归分析确定PCI的独立危险因素。结果 112例病人中,50例（44.6%）术后发生即刻冠状面失衡,其中12例（10.7%）冠状面失衡持续至术后2年。多元二分类Logistic回归分析显示,年龄较大［比值比（odds ratio,OR）=1.841,95%可信区间（confidence interval,CI）：1.147~2.132,P=0.001］、术前胸弯柔韧性较差（OR=1.308,95% CI：1.041~2.015,P=0.016）、术前胸腰弯/腰弯顶椎偏移较大（OR=2.291,95% CI：1.120~4.719,P=0.001）、术前下端固定椎（lowest instrumented vertebra,LIV）倾斜角较大（OR=2.141,95% CI：1.491~3.651,P=0.011）、术后即刻冠状面失衡（OR=5.512,95% CI：4.531~6.891,P=0.001）是发生PCI的独立危险因素。PCI组术后2年SRS-22量表满意度和总分均显著低于非PCI组（P＜0.05）。结论 年龄较大、术前胸弯柔韧性较差、术前胸腰弯/腰弯顶椎偏移较大、术前LIV倾斜角较大和术后即刻冠状面失衡是预测PCI的重要参数。PCI对Lenke 5C型AIS病人后路脊柱融合术后临床效果产生不良影响。     

How to select the lowest instrumented vertebra in Lenke type 5 adolescent idiopathic scoliosis patients?

BACKGROUND CONTEXTThe lowest instrumented vertebra (LIV) determination in Lenke type 5 Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis (AIS) requires a thorough understanding and prediction of the correction force on the LIV from coronal, sagittal, and axial plane. Although many LIV selection criteria have been reported, none of them comprehensively evaluated the multidimensional characteristics of the LIV till now.PURPOSETo develop and evaluate our LIV selection criteria in Lenke type 5 AIS patients using pedicle screw system via posterior approach.STUDY DESIGNA retrospective study.PATIENT SAMPLEAll consecutive patients with Lenke 5 curves who were treated with one-stage selective lumbar fusion using complete pedicle screw system in our center from January 2006 to December 2017, with minimum 2-year follow-up.OUTCOME MEASURESAge, gender and Risser grade, fused levels, operating time, intraoperative blood loss, complications, and Scoliosis Research Society (SRS)-22 questionnaires outcome were recorded. Coronal, sagittal, and axial parameters were measured from plain radiographs.METHODSA total of 138 consecutive patients with Lenke 5 curves treated with selective lumbar fusion were retrospectively analyzed, with minimum 2-year follow-up. Our LIV selection criteria include: (1) the most cephalad vertebrae touched by central sacrum vertical line (CSVL); (2) Nash-Moe rotation being equal or less than grade I on the standing AP radiograph; (3) CSVL cross between the two pedicles of LIV on concave bending film; (4) not at the apex of kyphosis. Radiographic data, operative data, perioperative complications and SRS-22 outcomes were collected and analyzed.RESULTSThe mean follow-up period was 50.9±24.7 months. The thoracolumbar/lumbar curve was corrected from 46.9°±8.9° before surgery to 5.5°±2.6° at the final follow-up. The C7-CSVL was 19.7±6.2 mm before surgery and 5.2±3.4 mm at the final follow-up. The LIV translation was corrected from 22.3 ±5.4 mm before surgery to 4.8 ± 2.6 mm at the final follow-up, with the correction rate of 78.4%. The LIV tilt was corrected from 21.6 ± 4.4° before surgery to 2.6 ± 2.3° at the final follow up, with the correction rate of 87.9%. Our LIV saved 0.3 level than SRS-last barely touching vertebra, 0.6 level than SRS-last substantially touching vertebra, 0.9 level than neutral vertebra, and 1.4 level than stable vertebra.CONCLUSIONThe present study indicates using our LIV criteria, our study achieved the correction rate of thoracolumbar/lumbar curve as 88.9%, with the rate of adding on or coronal imbalance as 8.7% (12/138). The criteria may provide important guidance for preoperative decision-making in Lenke 5 AIS patients, and more multicenter prospective studies with larger samples are needed to further validate the findings of this study.     

Midterm surgical outcomes of a short fusion strategy for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis with Lenke 5C curve

BACKGROUND CONTEXTA previous study examined the short-term (2 years) outcomes of a short fusion strategy for Lenke type 5C curves. This strategy had a little less correction rate with no difference in coronal and sagittal balance and SRS-22 scores to those of a conventional strategy and was superior in operative time and intraoperative bleeding. However, its effectiveness in longer follow-up periods was unknown.PURPOSETo assess midterm surgical outcomes of a short fusion strategy for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) with Lenke type 5C curve, involving posterior correction and fusion surgery (PSF) using pedicle-screw constructs.STUDY DESIGNRetrospective case series.PATIENT SAMPLETwenty-nine patients who underwent PSF for AIS with Lenke type 5C curve with a minimum 5-year follow-up.OUTCOME MEASURESRadiographic parameters and SRS-22.METHODSWe compared radiographic parameters and clinical outcomes between patients with an upper instrumented vertebra (UIV) at the end vertebra (EV) (n=12) and those treated by short fusion (S), with a UIV one level caudal to the EV (n=17).RESULTSA preoperative mean Cobb angle of 51.9±13.8° was corrected to 11.7±7.7° in the EV group, and an angle of 46.0±6.6° was corrected to 9.3±5.2° in the S group. The correction was maintained in both groups at the final follow-up, and the mean correction loss was 2.8±6.8° in the EV and 6.5±6.5° in the S group (p=.143). The mean correction rate at the final follow-up was not significantly different between the EV (71.4±11.8%) and S (64.9±13.7%) groups (p=.199). A Cobb angle of a thoracic curve was significantly improved immediately after surgery and maintained during the follow-up period in the both groups. Coronal and sagittal balance, thoracic kyphosis, lumbar lordosis, L4 tilt, UIV/LIV tilt, shoulder balance, and SRS-22 had no difference between the two groups.CONCLUSIONSThere was no difference in radiographic parameters and SRS-22 between patients treated with a UIV at the UEV and patients treated using a short fusion strategy, in which the UIV was one level caudal to the UEV. The short fusion strategy can be one of the alternatives in PSF for Lenke type 5C curves, at least in 5-year time frame.     

Radiological and clinical outcome of selective thoracic fusion for patients with Lenke 1C and 2C adolescent idiopathic scoliosis with a minimum follow-up of 2 years

Background Context

In Lenke 1C and 2C curves, the choice between selective thoracic fusion (STF) versus non-selective thoracic fusion as the optimal surgical treatment is controversial.

Evaluating flexibility and predicting curve correction using fulcrum-bending radiographs in Lenke type 2 adolescent idiopathic scoliosis

BackgroundFulcrum-bending (FB) correction is considered to provide the best estimation of main thoracic (MT) curve flexibility and postoperative correction in surgical treatment for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). However, few studies evaluated the usefulness of FB radiographs for proximal thoracic (PT) curve. We aimed to perform flexibility assessments using both active side-bending (SB) and FB radiographs and evaluate surgical outcomes after posterior spinal fusion (PSF) for Lenke type 2 AIS.MethodsThis study included 38 consecutive patients with Lenke type 2 AIS who underwent PSF using a pedicle screw construct with a minimum 2-year follow-up. Radiographic parameters, including correction rate, SB and FB flexibility, and FB correction index (FBCI: [correction rate/FB flexibility] × 100), were evaluated preoperatively, immediately after surgery, and at the 2-year follow-up. The clinical outcomes were preoperatively evaluated using the Scoliosis Research Outcomes Instrument-22 and at the follow-up.ResultsAll scoliosis curves significantly improved and shoulder balance shifted toward left shoulder elevation (all comparisons, p < 0.0001). There were significant differences between the SB and FB corrections in the PT and MT curves (p < 0.0001). The magnitudes of the discrepancies between the SB and FB corrections in the PT and MT curves were 11.2° ± 5.2° and 11.6° ± 7.2°, respectively. FB correction did not differ from postoperative Cobb angles correction immediately after surgery or at the 2-year follow-up; the mean FBCIs in the PT and MT curves were 98.8% and 105.5%, respectively. The self-image domain SRS-22 scores had significantly increased at the 2-year follow-up (p < 0.0001).ConclusionsThere were significant differences between the SB and FB corrections, and FB correction tended to approximate the postoperative curve correction (FBCI = 100%) for PT and MT curves in patients with Lenke type 2 AIS. FB flexibility is more reliable than SB flexibility in evaluating actual curve flexibility even for the PT curve.     

Radiographic evaluation of selective anterior thoracolumbar or lumbar fusion for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis

According to Lenke classification of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS), patients with type 5 curve in which the structural major curve is thoracolumbar or lumbar curve with nonstructural proximal thoracic and main thoracic curves, could be surgically treated with selective anterior thoracolumbar or lumbar (TL/L) fusion. This study retrospectively analyzed the radiographies of selective anterior TL/L fusion in 35 cases of AIS with Lenke type 5 curve. Segmental fixation with a single rigid rod through anterior thoracoabdominal approach was applied in all patients. Measurements of scoliosis curve in preoperative, immediate postoperative and follow-up radiographies were analyzed. The average follow up time was 36 months (24-42 months). The average preoperative Cobb angle of the TL/L curve was 45.6 degrees and improved into 9.7 degrees immediate postoperatively, with 79.7% curve correction. In addition, the minor thoracic curve decreased from 29.7 degrees preoperatively to 17.6 degrees postoperatively, with a spontaneous correction of 41.5%. During the follow-up, a loss of 4.6 degrees correction was found and the average Cobb angle of TL/L increased to 14.4 degrees . Also, the minor thoracic curve increased to average 20.1 degrees with a loss of 2.4 degrees correction. Trunk shift deteriorated slightly immediate postoperatively and improved at the follow-up. The lowest instrumented vertebra (LIV) tilt was improved significantly and maintained its results at the follow-up. During the follow-up, the coronal disc angle immediately above the upper instrumented vertebra (UIVDA) and below the LIV (LIVDA) aggravated, while the sagittal contours of T5-T12 and T10-L2 were well maintained. The lumbar lordosis of L1-S1 and the sagittal Cobb angle of the instrumented segments were reduced slightly postoperatively and at the follow-up. There were no major complications or pseudarthrosis. The outcomes of this study show that selective anterior thoracolumbar or lumbar fusion with solid rod instrumentation is effective for surgical correction of AIS with Lenke type 5 curve. The TL/L curve, minor thoracic curve, and LIV title can be improved significantly, with good maintenance of sagittal contour. However, the UIVDA and LIVDA aggravate postoperatively when the trunk rebalances itself during follow-up. The degeneration of LIV disc warrants longer-term follow-up.     

Postoperative spinal alignment remodeling in Lenke 1C scoliosis treated with selective thoracic fusion

Background contextSelective thoracic fusion may cause spinal imbalance in certain patients; how the spinal alignment changes over time after surgery is highly correlated with the final spinal balance.PurposeTo investigate how spinal alignment changes over time after selective thoracic fusion and how spinal alignment remodeling affects spinal balance.MethodsAll adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) cases surgically treated in our institution between 2002 and 2008 were reviewed. Inclusion criteria were as follows: Lenke 1C scoliosis patients treated with posterior pedicle screw–only constructs; the lowest instrumented vertebra (LIV) ended at L1 level or above; and 2-year radiographic follow-up. Standing anteroposterior and lateral digital radiographs from four different time points (preoperatively, immediately, 3 months, and 2 years postoperatively) were reviewed. In each standing anteroposterior radiograph, the center sacral vertical line (CSVL, the vertical line that bisects the proximal sacrum) was first drawn, and the translation (deviation from the CSVL) of some key vertebrae was measured, such as the LIV, LIV+1 (the first vertebra below LIV), LIV+2 (the second vertebra below LIV), LIV+3 (the third vertebra below LIV), lumbar apical vertebra (AV), thoracic AV, and T1. Additionally, the Cobb angles of the major thoracic and lumbar curves were measured at different time points, and the correction rates were calculated. Furthermore, clinical photographs of the patients from the back were taken preoperatively and postoperatively.ResultsOf 278 AIS patients reviewed, 29 met the inclusion criteria. The continuous follow-up of our present study revealed an interesting phenomenon: postoperative spinal alignment remodeling. A hypothetical criterion was established to determine the onset of the phenomenon. By means of a series of analyses, the criterion was validated. The results of our present study showed that selective thoracic fusion tended to cause leftward spinal imbalance in these Lenke 1C AIS patients. Twenty of the 29 patients had leftward spinal imbalance immediately after surgery. Although some patients regained spinal balance through postoperative spinal alignment remodeling, 11 patients remained imbalanced at 2-year follow-up.ConclusionsSelective thoracic fusion is prone to cause leftward spinal imbalance in Lenke 1C scoliosis patients. Postoperative spinal alignment remodeling can facilitate recovery of spinal balance in some patients. Postoperative spinal imbalance in Lenke 1C scoliosis patients could be prevented by selecting stable vertebra or the vertebrae above as LIV, checking the balance condition during surgery, or considering ratio criteria when selecting candidates for selective thoracic fusion.     

选择性前路胸腰段或腰段融合治疗青少年特发性脊柱侧凸

目的 评价选择性前路胸腰段或腰段融合治疗PUMCⅡd1型(Lenke5型)青少年特发性脊柱侧凸(AIS)的临床效果. 方法回顾性分析35例行选择性前路胸腰段或腰段融合的PUMCⅡd1型(Lenke5型)AIS病例.所有病例均行前路单棒节段性固定融合,随访18～42个月,平均36个月.术前、术后及随访时均摄站立位全脊柱正侧位X线片,对躯干偏移、上下融合椎邻近椎间盘开角、下固定椎的倾斜、冠状面和矢状面Cobb角进行测量分析.测量数据使用SPSS 11.0统计学软件进行分析.结果 胸腰弯或腰弯冠状面Cobb角术前平均45.6°,术后9.7°,末次随访14.4°.胸弯冠状面Cobb角术前平均29.7°,术后17.6°,末次随访20.1°.躯干偏移术前平均14.0 mm,术后14.8 mm,末次随访5.1 mm.下端固定椎(LIV)倾斜术前平均-21.8°,术后-1.5°,末次随访-2.1°.冠状面上端固定椎(UIV)上位椎间盘开角(UIVDA)及LIV下位椎间盘开角(LIVDA)术前分别为0.5°和0.6°,术后为0.9°和4.9°,末次随访时均显著加重,为3.0°和7.8°.矢状面胸段(T5～12)及胸腰段(T10～L2)曲度术后及末次随访时均保持良好.矢状面腰前凸(L1～S1)及固定融合节段Cobb角在术后有所减小,末次随访时均保持良好.所有病例末次随访时均未见假关节形成及其他并发症. 结论 选择性前路胸腰段或腰段融合是治疗PUMCⅡd1型(Lenke 5型)AIS的安全、有效的方法,融合节段上、下椎间盘开角增加及部分病例残余胸弯过大现象需进一步随访评估.     

Early experience of MAGEC magnetic growing rods in the treatment of early onset scoliosis

Purpose

Magnetically controlled growing rod systems have been introduced over recent years as an alternative to traditional growing rods for management of early onset scoliosis. The purpose of this paper is to report our early experience of a magnetically controlled growing rod system (MAGEC, Ellipse).

Methods

Review of pre-operative, postoperative and follow-up Cobb angles and spinal growth in case series of eight patients with a minimum 23 months’ follow-up (23–36 months).

Results

A total of six patients had dual rod constructs implanted and two patients received single-rod constructs. Four patients had MAGEC rods as a primary procedure. Four were revisions from other systems. Mean age at surgery in the primary group was 4.5 years (range 3.9–6.9). In patients who had MAGEC as a primary procedure, mean pre-operative Cobb angle was 74° (63–94), with postoperative Cobb angle of 42° (32–56) p ≤ 0.001 (43 % correction). Mean Cobb angle at follow-up was 42° (35–50). Spinal growth rate was 6 mm/year. One sustained proximal screw pull out. A final patient sustained a rod fracture. Mean age at surgery in the revision group was 10.9 years (range 9–12.6). Mean pre-operative Cobb angle was 45° (34–69). Postoperative Cobb angle was 42° (33–63) (2 % correction). Mean Cobb angle at follow-up was 44° (28–67). Mean spinal growth rate was 12 mm/year. Two patients developed loss of distraction.

Conclusion

MAGEC growing rod system effectively controls early onset scoliosis when used as either a primary or revision procedure. Although implant-related complications are not uncommon, the avoidance of multiple surgeries following implantation is beneficial compared with traditional growing rod systems.

     

How to select the lowest instrumented vertebra in NF-1 non-dystrophic scoliosis

Purpose

To investigate lowest instrumented vertebra (LIV) selection strategy for neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF-1) non-dystrophic scoliosis.

Methods

Consecutive eligible subjects with NF-1 non-dystrophic scoliosis were included. All patients were followed up at least for 24 months. Enrolled patients with LIV in stable vertebra were divided into stable vertebra group (SV group), and the other patients with LIV above the stable vertebra were divided into above stable vertebra group (ASV group). Demographic data, operative data, preoperative and postoperative radiographic data, and clinical outcome were collected and analyzed.

Results

There were 14 patients in SV group (ten males and four females, mean age 13.9 ± 4.1 years) and 14 patients in ASV group (nine males and five females, mean age 12.9 ± 3.5 years). The mean follow-up period was 31.7 ± 17.4 months for patients in SV group and 33.6 ± 17.4 months for patients in ASV group, respectively. No significant differences were found in demographic data between two groups. The coronal Cobb angle, C7-CSVL, AVT, LIVDA, LIV tilt and SRS-22 questionnaire outcome significantly improved at the final follow-up in both groups. However, significantly higher loss of correction rate and increasement of LIVDA were found in ASV group. Two patients (14.3%) in ASV group but none in SV group suffered adding-on phenomenon.

Conclusions

Although patients in both SV and ASV groups obtained improved therapeutic efficacy at final follow-up, the radiographic and clinical outcome seemed more likely to deteriorate in ASV group after surgery. The stable vertebra should be recommended as LIV for NF-1 non-dystrophic scoliosis.

     

Retrospective analysis of anterior correction and fusion for adolescent idiopathic thoracolumbar/lumbar scoliosis: the relationship between preserving mobile segments and trunk balance

The objective of this paper was to investigate the surgical strategy of the selection of the lowest instrumented vertebrae (LIV) in anterior correction for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) and to discuss the relationship between the LIV and trunk balance. From 1998 to 2004, 28 patients with thoracolumbar/lumbar AIS (Lenke 5 type) were treated by anterior correction and fusion with a mean follow-up of 1.5 years. Specific radiographic parameters were observed respectively and the correlation between disc wedging immediately below the LIV and these parameters was analysed. The mean corrective rate of major curves was 74.84%. The preoperative disc angle distal to LIV was 2.96 ± 1.43° and postoperatively it was −3.60 ± 1.75°. The postoperative disc wedging was most correlated with LIV obliquity. The postoperative LIV–CSVL (centre sacral vertical line) distance, which reflects regional balance, was correlated with various preoperative parameters. LIV determination was correlated with multiple preoperative radiographic parameters. Disc wedging distal to LIV occurs most often when a short fusion excluding the lower end vertebra (LEV) and the subjacent disc are nearly parallel.

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Résumé  L’objectif de cette étude est de mettre en évidence la meilleure stratégie chirurgicale lors de l’instrumentation des vertèbres lombaires dans la correction antérieure d’une scoliose idiopathique de l’adolescent, pour laquelle il est nécessaire de corréler l’instrumentation basse et la balance rachidienne. Méthode : De 1998 à 2004, 28 patients présentant une scoliose thoracolombaire ou lombaire idiopathique (Lenke type 5) ont été traités par correction avec fusion antérieure avec un recul minimum de 1.5 ans. Nous avons réalisé une évaluation radiologique très sévère avec une évaluation du disque immédiatement sous-jacent à l’arthrodèse. Résultats : la correction moyenne de la courbe principale a été de 74.84%. L’angulation préopératoire du disque immédiatement sous-jacent à la scoliose était de 2.96 et en post opératoire de 3.60. La distance post opératoire CSVL – LIV qui reflète la balance rachidienne était corrélée avec différents paramètres. En conclusion : la fusion distale de la courbure lombaire a lieu le plus souvent lorsque cette arthrodèse exclut les disques sous-jacents et lorsque celui-ci reste parallèle.