后路寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉固定融合治疗上颈椎损伤

目的探讨后路寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉钉棒系统固定治疗上颈椎损伤的临床效果。方法对13例上颈椎损伤患者行后路寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉固定融合术。结果手术时间60～150 min。5例术前Frankel D级患者术后均恢复至E级。13例均获随访,时间6～22个月。患者植骨全部融合,内固定无松动,无断钉、断棒发生。结论后路寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉固定融合治疗上颈椎损伤疗效满意。     

C1,2椎弓根钉棒固定治疗寰椎骨折（Jefferson骨折）疗效分析

目的探讨寰枢椎椎弓根钉内固定融合技术治疗寰椎骨折（Jefferson骨折）的临床疗效和应用价值。方法对2005年5月-2008年1月收治的17例寰椎骨折病例进行回顾性分析,患者均予后路寰枢椎椎弓根钉棒固定术并行自体髂骨植骨融合。结果术中未发生与置钉相关的并发症。所有病例术后均获随访,随访时间为12-24个月。患者的临床症状均得到不同程度的改善。复查X线片、CT,未发现患者上颈椎失稳或复位丢失,螺钉位置良好,无松动、断钉,寰枢椎均获骨性融合。术后随访效果满意。结论寰枢椎椎弓根钉棒固定治疗寰椎骨折（Jefferson骨折）,能使上颈椎获得即刻稳定,效果良好,是寰枢椎后路固定术中较好的手术方式之一。     

C1，2椎弓根钉棒固定治疗寰椎骨折（Jefferson骨折）疗效分析

【摘要】 目的 探讨寰枢椎椎弓根钉内固定融合技术治疗寰椎骨折（Jefferson骨折）的临床疗效和应用价值。 方法 对2005年5月~2008年1月收治的17例寰椎骨折病例进行回顾性分析,患者均予后路寰枢椎椎弓根钉棒固定术并行自体髂骨植骨融合。 结果 术中未发生与置钉相关的并发症。所有病例术后均获随访,随访时间为12~24个月。患者的临床症状均得到不同程度的改善。复查X线片、CT,未发现患者上颈椎失稳或复位丢失,螺钉位置良好,无松动、断钉,寰枢椎均获骨性融合。术后随访效果满意。 结论 寰枢椎椎弓根钉棒固定治疗寰椎骨折（Jefferson骨折）,能使上颈椎获得即刻稳定,效果良好,是寰枢椎后路固定术中较好的手术方式之一。     

多种寰枢椎后路钉棒固定技术的临床组合应用

目的评价3种寰椎后路螺钉固定方法和2种枢椎后路螺钉固定方法构成的钉棒组合治疗上颈椎不稳的可行性和临床效果。方法在气管插管全麻下对132例患者施行了寰枢椎后路钉棒固定技术,寰椎进行椎弓根螺钉、部分经椎弓根螺钉或侧块螺钉固定;枢椎进行椎弓根螺钉或交叉椎板螺钉固定。结果全组病例获钉棒固定,其中寰椎螺钉固定采用椎弓根螺钉224枚,部分经椎弓根螺钉36枚,侧块螺钉4枚;枢椎螺钉固定采用椎弓根螺钉240枚,椎板螺钉24枚。术中未发生椎动脉、脊髓损伤。120例患者术后获得随访3～22个月,平均8个月,临床症状得到不同程度的改善;X线片、CT复查螺钉位置良好,无松动、断钉,植骨3～6个月后均达到满意融合。结论寰椎和枢椎螺钉可进行多重组合,为上颈椎后路提供灵活多变的短节段固定,增加了钉棒固定技术的临床适用范围。     

寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉治疗Ⅲ度齿状突骨折

目的：探讨寰枢椎颈后路椎弓根钉棒固定治疗齿状突Ⅲ度骨折可行性及临床疗效。方法：根据Anderson分型,对16例Ⅲ度齿状突骨折患者采用后路寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉固定和寰枢椎植骨融合。结果：术中无椎动脉、脊髓及神经根损伤发生,术后随访6～18个月,临床症状得到明显改善;复查X线,未见固定枢椎齿状突骨折端移位和松动,骨折部位稳定。结论：寰枢椎椎弓根钉棒固定对治疗Ⅲ度齿状突骨折稳定和愈合起到了重要的作用,对有上颈椎骨折损伤患者的治疗打下了基础。     

枢椎椎板螺钉治疗上颈椎不稳的临床研究

目的探讨枢椎椎板螺钉技术的临床应用和适应证。方法2004年10月至2008年12月,采用后路枢椎椎板螺钉技术治疗上颈椎不稳35例,男19例,女16例;年龄23～73岁,平均45岁。AndersonⅡ型和Ⅲ型齿突骨折19例,寰椎横韧带断裂1例,先天性游离齿突并寰枢椎不稳2例,寰椎骨折合并寰枢椎不稳7例,不典型Hangman骨折并C2-3不稳1例,C2-3创伤性不稳5例。患者均采用颈椎后路Vertex钉棒系统固定。结果35例患者共置入枢椎椎板螺钉68枚,术中无一例发生脊髓和椎动脉损伤。患者均获得随访,随访时间6个月～4年,平均25.5个月。随访时X线片均未见明显颈椎不稳、内固定失败及螺钉松动退出。11例患者螺钉穿出椎板背侧,但无症状出现。结论枢椎后路经椎板螺钉技术固定牢固,操作简单,相对安全,特别适用于C2椎弓根发育异常或骨折不能采用椎弓跟固定的患者。     

寰枢椎椎板减压联合寰枢椎椎弓根钉术中复位固定融合术治疗新鲜Ⅱ型齿状突骨折并颈髓损伤

目的总结应用经后路寰枢椎椎板减压联合寰枢椎椎弓根钉内固定,术中提拉复位固定颗粒状植骨融合术治疗新鲜Ⅱ型齿状突骨折并颈髓损伤的临床疗效。方法自2010—11—2013-05对7例新鲜Ⅱ型齿状突骨折合并颈髓损伤应用经后路寰枢椎椎板减压联合寰枢椎椎弓根钉内固定。术中提拉复位固定颗粒状植骨融合术进行治疗,随访观察患者临床症状和神经功能改善情况,影像学检查寰枢椎复位及植骨融合情况。结果患者均顺利完成手术,术中均无血管及脊髓神经的损伤。所有患者脊髓神经功能恢复较理想,随访期间未发现内固定松动、断裂以及骨折不愈合。结论后路寰枢椎椎板减压联合寰枢椎椎弓根钉内固定系统术中提拉复位固定颗粒状植骨融合是治疗新鲜Ⅱ型齿状突骨折并颈髓损伤比较理想的术式选择。     

寰枢椎椎弓根钉棒固定融合治疗上颈椎不稳

目的探讨经寰椎和枢椎椎弓根钉棒固定融合治疗上颈椎不稳的临床疗效。方法对17例上颈椎损伤致上颈椎不稳患者进行后路经寰椎和枢椎椎弓根钉棒系统复位内固定,使寰枢椎复合体得到稳定,在寰枢椎后弓间植骨融合。结果无术中、术后并发症,有神经症状者得到改善。患者均获随访,时间6～25个月,所有患者后伸活动无障碍,左右旋转功能略受限。X线示螺钉位置良好。无钉棒断裂,螺钉松动,脱落等现象。均在3～4个月获得骨性融合。结论利用寰椎和枢椎椎弓根螺钉通过钉棒连接能显著增强寰枢椎间生物力学稳定性,也能达到一定程度的复位,适用于上颈椎损伤稳定性重建的治疗。     

寰枢椎经后路椎弓根钉板/棒系统固定融合治疗上颈椎不稳

目的探讨和评估寰枢椎椎弓根钉板/棒固定融合治疗上颈椎不稳的临床疗效和应用价值。方法对2005年5月-2007年6月收治的16例寰枢椎不稳患者（其中先天性齿突发育不良2例,创伤性陈旧性寰枢关节脱位6例,C2椎管内肿瘤1例,陈旧性齿突骨折7例）施行后路寰枢椎椎弓根钉棒固定术并行自体髂骨植骨融合,其中1例难复性脱位者先行前路松解术。结果全组病例未发生与置钉相关的并发症;所有病例术后随访12-24个月,临床症状得到不同程度的改善,复查X线片、CT未见上颈椎失稳及复位丢失,螺钉位置良好,无松动、断钉,术后随访效果满意。结论寰枢椎椎弓根钉棒固定治疗上颈椎不稳,效果良好,是寰枢椎后路固定较好的手术方式。     

“直视法”椎弓根螺钉固定术治疗不稳定性寰枢椎骨折

目的评价应用"直视法"寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉固定术治疗不稳定性寰枢椎骨折的临床疗效及安全性。方法2011年1月—2014年12月,本院采用"直视法"寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉固定术并髂骨块植骨融合治疗22例寰枢椎不稳定性骨折患者,观察置钉的安全性、术后临床疗效、寰枢椎稳定性、手术并发症及植骨融合情况。结果所有患者寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉均一次置钉成功,寰枢间稳定性得到即刻恢复,无脊髓及椎动脉损伤等并发症发生,平均随访26.4月,影像学资料示螺钉位置良好,固定牢固,植骨融合时间平均3.4个月。结论采用"直视法"寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉固定术治疗寰枢椎不稳定性骨折,具有安全系数高、力学稳定性好、植骨融合率高及手术并发症少等优点,是治疗不稳定性寰枢椎骨折较为理想的技术。     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Reduction of Plasma Fibrinogen, Immunoglobulin G, and Immunoglobulin M Concentrations by Immunoadsorption Therapy with Tryptophan and Phenylalanine Adsorbents

Abstract Immunoadsorption (1A) therapy with tryptophan (TR-350) or phenylalanine (PH-350) adsorbents has been used to reduce the concentration of serum antibodies in human lymphocyte antigen (HLA)-immunized patients. Other forms of plasma purification have been reported to reduce the level of fibrinogen, which affects the blood properties. In this study we investigated the effects of IA therapy using both adsorbents on plasma fibrinogen and immunoglobulins G and M in 13 patients (8 patients were treated with TR-350, and 5 patients were treated with PH-350). During each session 1 plasma volume (2.8 ± 0.4 L of plasma) was processed through the immunocolumn and then returned to the patient together with the blood cells. Compared with the pretreatment values, the plasma fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM concentrations were significantly reduced after IA therapy (p < 0.01 for TR-350; p < 0.04 for PH-350). There was a positive correlation between the degree of reduction of plasma proteins and the number of IA treatments given. A nonpara-metric test (Wilcoxon's signed-rank test or the Mann-Whitney test) was used for statistical analysis. We conclude from our study that IA therapy effectively lowers the plasma levels of fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM and thus can be considered a valuable alternative to other blood purification methods.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

The analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in patients with chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans

Background : Ketamine in sub-dissociative doses has been shown to have analgesic and phantom-Limb pain, where conventional treatment has often failed. Chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans often responds poorly to analgesics, and the pain-generating mechanisms are not well understood.
Methods : Eight patients with rest pain in the lower extremity due to arteriosclerosis obliterans were given sub-dissociative doses of 0.15, 0.30, or 0.45 mg/kg racemic ketamine and morphine 10 mg as a 5-min infusion on four separate days in a cross-over, double-blind, randomised protocol. Plasma levels of (S)- and (R)-ketamine and their nor-metabolites were analysed with an enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Pain levels were evaluated with a visual analogue scale (VAS).
Results : Individual pain levels were highly variable during and after all the infusions but the pooled pain levels showed a dose-dependent analgesic effect of ketamine with a transient but complete pain relief in all patients at the highest dose (0.45 mg/ kg). Side-effects, mainly disturbed cognition and perception, were pronounced and dose-dependent. Morphine 10 mg had an analgesic peak at 20 min and 5/8 patients had complete pain relief. The remaining 3 patients also had high baseline pain scores, indicating a higher analgesic potency for the 0.30 and 0.45 mg/ kg ketamine doses than for morphine 10 mg.
Conclusion : We have demonstrated a potent dose-dependent analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in clinical ischemic pain. Due to a narrow therapeutic window, this analgesic effect is probably best utilised in combination with other analgesics.     

Intravenous endotoxin does not increase tissue extravasation of albumin in rats

Background : It is unclear whether activation of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) increases or decreases the extravasation of plasma.
Methods : Chloralose anaesthetised male Wistar rats received E. coli lipopolysacharide (LPS), 3 mg kg^-1 i.v., or the corresponding volume of saline, 3 or 5 h before the end of the experiment. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded. Tissue clearance of radio-labelled albumin, during the last 2 h of each experiment, was determined by a double-isotope method. In separate animals, the serum concentration of nitrite and nitrate was determined, 5 h after LPS or the solvent.
Main Results : LPS initially decreased MAP and lastingly increased HR. In the 3-h LPS animals (n=8), tissue plasma clearance was lower in the heart and calf muscle and increased only in diaphragm, compared to corresponding control animals (n=8). In the 5-h LPS rats, clearance was lowered (n=8) in the entire gastrointestinal tract and in testes, compared to controls (n=8). The serum nitrite/nitrate concentration was higher in animals given LPS (n=6) than in controls (n=6).
Conclusion : After LPS, tissue clearance of albumin was not increased in any major tissue, in spite of increased serum levels of NO end products. Apparently, after activation of iNOS, the augmented release of NO is not necessarily associated with increased albumin extravasation.     

The multiply injured child

Blunt trauma is the principal cause of childhood death in many developed countries. This review outlines the differences between adults and children with respect to resuscitation and treatment of orthopaedic injuries in a child with polytrauma. Recent advances in techniques of fracture stabilization are reported.     

Adrenaline markedly improves thoracic epidural analgesia produced by a low-dose infusion of bupivacaine, fentanyl and adrenaline after major surgery: A randomised, double-blind, cross-over study with and without adrenaline

Background: Basic pharmacological research indicates that there are synergistic antinociceptive effects at the spinal cord level between adrenaline, fentanyl and bupivacaine. Our clinical experience with such a mixture in a thoracic epidural infusion after major surgery confirms this. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the effects on postoperative pain intensity, pain relief and side effects when removing adrenaline from this triple epidural mixture. Methods: A prospective, randomised, double-blind, cross-over study was carried out in 24 patients after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Patients with only mild pain when coughing during a titrated thoracic epidural infusion of about 10 ml · h^?1 of bupivacaine 1 mg · ml^?1, fentanyl 2 μg · ml^?1, and adrenaline 2 μg · ml^?1 were included. On the 1^st and 2^nd postoperative days each patient was given a double-blind epidural infusion, at the same rate, with or without adrenaline. The effect was observed for 4 h or until pain when coughing became unacceptable in spite of a rescue analgesic procedure. Rescue analgesia consisted of up to two epidural bolus injections per hour and i.v. morphine if necessary. All patients received rectal paracetamol 1 g, every 8 h. Fentanyl serum concentrations were measured with a radioimmunoassay technique at the start and end of each study period. Main outcome measures were extent of sensory blockade and pain intensity at rest and when coughing, evaluated by a visual analogue scale, a verbal categorical rating scale, the Prince Henry Hospital pain score, and an overall quality of pain relief score. Results: The number of hypaesthetic dermatomal segments decreased (P <0.001) and pain intensity at rest and when coughing increased (P <0.001) when adrenaline was omitted from the triple epidural mixture. This change started within the first hour after removing adrenaline. After 3 h pain intensity when coughing had increased to unacceptable levels in spite of rescue analgesia (epidural bolus injections and i.v. morphine). Within 15–20 min after restarting the triple epidural mixture with adrenaline, pain intensity was again reduced to mild pain when coughing. Serum concentration of fentanyl doubled from 0.22 to 0.45 ng · ml^?1 (P <0.01), and there was more sedation during the period without adrenaline. Conclusions: Adrenaline increases sensory block and improves the pain-relieving effect of a mixture of bupivacaine and fentanyl infused epidurally at a thoracic level after major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Serum fentanyl concentrations doubled and sedation increased when adrenaline was removed from the epidural infusion, indicating more rapid vascular absorption and systemic effects of fentanyl.     

Utilisation des médicaments prokinétiques en réanimation : indications et limites ?

Enteral feeding is often limited by gastric and intestinal motility disturbances in critically ill patients, particularly in patients with shock. So, promotility agents are frequently used to improve tolerance to enteral nutrition. This review summaries the pathophysiology, presents the available pharmacological strategies, the clinical data, the counter-indications and the principal limits. The clinical data are poor. No study demonstrates a positive effect on clinical outcomes. Metoclopramide and erythromycin seems to be the more effective. Considering the risk of antibiotic resistance, the first line use of erythromycin should be avoided in favor of metoclopramide.