后腹腔镜技术治疗输尿管结石（附31例报告）

目的：探讨后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石治疗输尿管结石的适应证、手术技巧和临床价值。方法：回顾性分析采用后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术治疗输尿管结石31例，其中输尿管上段结石22例，中段结石9例。15例术前行体外冲击波碎石术（ESWL），没有效果；2例行输尿管镜取石术失败；14例术前未行其他治疗。结石直径12～25mm；平均18．5mm。结果：31例患者取石均成功，手术时间50．130min，平均85min；术中出血量20～60mL，平均35mL。术后无漏尿；患者术后1～2d拔除后腹膜腔引流管，术后住院3-6d。随访2～24个月，患者肾、输尿管积水均明显好转，无结石复发和输尿管切开缝合处狭窄。结论：后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术可作为体外冲击波碎石术（ESWL）或输尿管镜（URL）治疗输尿管结石失败的补救措施，对于较大的输尿管结石可作为首选的治疗方法。     

后腹腔镜术治疗输尿管结石10例

目的 探讨后腹腔镜榆尿管切开取石术的适应证选择及手术技巧.方法 回顾性分析10例后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术的临床资料.男7例,女3例;输尿管上段结石9例,中段结石1例.结果 10例患者取石均成功,手术时间90～120n血,平均95min,术中出血量30～50mL,平均45mL.术后有9例漏尿1～3d,全部患者术后3～5d拔除后腹膜腔引流管,术后住院3～5 d.随访4～19个月,所有患者肾输尿管积水明显好转,无结石复发和输尿管切开缝合处狭窄.结论 后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术作为ESWL或URL治疗输尿管结石失败的补救措施,可部分取代传统的开放性手术.     

后腹腔镜肾盂、输尿管切开取石术(附86例报告)

目的评价后腹腔镜肾盂输尿管切开取石术治疗肾盂及输尿管中上段结石的应用价值。方法施行后腹腔镜肾盂输尿管切开取石术86例。男48例，女38例；年龄16～72岁，平均38岁。结石直径0．8～3．2cm。左侧44例。右侧42例。其中肾盂结石6例，输尿管上段74例，中段6例，均为阳性结石。18例曾行体外冲击波碎石术（ESWL）或输尿管镜气压弹道碎石术（USL）。结果结石均1次取净。手术时间50～200min，平均70min；术后住院4～8d。结论后腹腔镜肾盂输尿管切开取石术可成为较大、质硬、长期嵌顿性肾盂输尿管中上段结石的一线治疗方法；可作为ESWL和腔内治疗失败的补救治疗措施。     

后腹腔镜肾盂输尿管切开取石术(附12例报告)

目的探讨后腹腔镜肾孟输尿管切开取石术技术要点和临床疗效。方法采用后腹腔镜技术行肾孟输尿管切开取石术12例，其中6例ESWL史，2例输尿管镜手术史，4例为初诊病例；结石长径1,2～2．5cm，平均1．6锄。结果12例手术全部取石成功，手术120-180min，平均150min，术后无并发症，随访3-6个月，肾积水及肾功能均有不同程度好转，输尿管无狭窄。结论后腹腔镜下肾孟输尿管切开取石术安全有效，可部分取代开放手术，具有良好的临床应用前景。     

后腹腔镜肾盂输尿管切开取石术45例报告

目的 探讨后腹腔镜肾盂输尿管切开取石术的技术要点及临床价值。方法 采用后腹腔镜完成45例肾盂输尿管切开取石术，病程10个月～6a，结石直径1．1～3．2cm；12例经ESWL无效，2例经输尿管镜取石失败；输尿管上段结石37例，肾盂结石8例。结果 结石均一次取净，手术55～130min，平均75min，无明显并发症发生。术后恢复顺利，随访3～12个月，患者肾输尿管积水均明显好转，无结石复发和切开缝合处狭窄。结论 后腹腔镜肾盂输尿管切开取石术具有损伤小、安全有效、可行和恢复快等优点，有良好的临床应用价值。     

后腹腔镜下肾、肾盂输尿管切开取石术(附65例报告)

目的 探讨后腹腔镜下肾、肾盂输尿管切开取石术的技术要点和临床价值.方法 采用后腹腔镜对65例肾、肾盂、榆尿管中上段结石进行切开取石术,结石直径10～27mm,平均18.5mm.病程3个月～11年,平均4.3年.结果 65例患者,除2例由于榆尿管结石上移改开放性手术,1例肾结石合并输尿管下段结石伴重度肾积水者,输尿管下段结石采用输尿管镜下气压弹道碎石后,再行后腹腔镜下肾实质切开,未发现结石,仅行肾折叠术.其余62例均手术成功,其中3例输尿管结石合并重度肾积水,在后腹腔镜下同时进行了输尿管切开取石术+肾折叠术.手术时间45～140min,平均70min.术中出血50～80mL,平均65mL.术后随诊时间1～6个月,无中远期并发症.结论 后腹腔镜下肾、肾盂输尿管切开取石术是有效的微创技术.     

腹腔镜下输尿管切开取石术

目的探讨腹腔镜下输尿管切开取石术的临床意义和初步经验.方法从2002年6月～2003年6月作者共完成腹腔镜下输尿管切开取石术18例23侧,其中单侧13例,即左侧9例,右侧4例;双侧5例;上段结石15侧(例),中段结石8侧(例).结果手术均取得成功,手术时间为55～156min,平均84min,失血20～50ML,术后住院时间为3～5d(带导尿管出院),无尿漏,随访2月至1年,输尿管无狭窄.结论腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术创伤轻、痛苦少、恢复快,是治疗输尿管结石有效、可行的微创技术,可望替代开放输尿管切开取石术.     

经后腹腔镜治疗输尿管上段复杂性结石

目的 探讨经后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术治疗上段复杂性结石的适应证及临床应用价值.方法 回顾性分析32例经后腹腔镜输尿管上段切开取石术患者的临床资料.本组体检发现21例,腰部胀痛就诊11例.经B超、静脉及逆行造影证实为单侧输尿管上段结石,结石直径1.2～2.6 cm.距肾门位置4～10cm,停留时间1～24个月,18例行体外冲击波碎石术(ESWL),17例行经输尿管镜碎石术(URL)不成功,其中11例合并远段输尿管扭曲.术中留置双J管并缝合输尿管切口.结果 32例结石均一次性完整取出,无中转开放手术及结石残留,同期处理输尿管扭曲.手术时间平均130 min.术中出血量平均30 mL.术后3例漏尿4～6d.术后2、3个月均予随访,21例随访6～24个月,肾输尿管积水均明显好转,无输尿管狭窄及扭曲.结论 经后腹腔镜输尿管上段切开取石术具有安全、有效、微创的优势,不仅可作为ESWL、URL治疗失败的补救措施,亦可作为有合并病变的复杂性输尿管结石的一线治疗方案.     

后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术的临床价值

目的探讨后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术的临床价值。方法回顾性分析后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术23例患者的临床资料。其中男性15例,女性8例;年龄27～56岁;左侧13例,右侧10例。结果手术均取得成功,手术时间60～200min,平均85.5min。平均住院时间9d,术中、术后均未输血。随访4～18个月,未出现并发症。结论后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术是治疗输尿管中上段结石的一种安全有效的手术方法,损伤小,恢复快,住院时间短。     

后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术(附12例报告)

目的 介绍后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术的经验和适应症。方法 运用后腹腔镜完成12例输尿管切开取石术，患者平均年龄38岁，结石直径1．1～2．3cm，2例多发结石，10例单发结石，病程1～3年，均不宜行ESWL或无效，术前行IVP定位，术中用内藏式切开刀切开输尿管取石后留置双J管，缝合输尿管切口，留置尿管和伤口引流管。结果 12例均一次成功，平均手术时间105min，术后无重大并发症，随访3～9个月，无输尿管狭窄等远期并发症。结论 后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术是一种安全、有效、可行的微创手术方法，但应严格把握其适应症。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.     

Clinical Trial Updates and Hotline Sessions presented at the European Society of Cardiology Congress 2007

This article provides information and commentaries on trials which were presented at the Hotline and Clinical Trial Update Sessions at the European Society of Cardiology Congress 2007 in Vienna. The key presentations were performed by leading experts in the field with relevant positions in the trials or registries. It is important to note that unpublished reports should be considered as preliminary data, as the analysis may change in the final publications. The comprehensive summaries have been generated from the oral presentation and the webcasts of the European Society of Cardiology and should provide the readers with the most comprehensive information of relevant publications.     

Balance and Boundaries in Grief Counseling: An Intervention Framework for Volunteer Training

Volunteers or paraprofessional counselors are commonly used to provide supportive care to the bereaved. These counselors generally are trained in basic listening skills, providing a generic, nonspecific approach to intervention that remains to be proven effective. The present paper outlines a framework that provides paraprofessionals with a broader model for intervention with the bereaved. Attention to boundaries as a helper and balance in the grief recovery are central to the model. Interventions are described that provide the paraprofessional counselor with more options for tailoring their counseling strategy to the individual. These include techniques that are presumed to be more specific to the enhancement of grief recovery.     

A new method for the simultaneous analysis of unmodified and modified urinary nucleosides and nucleobases by high performance liquid chromatography

Details are given of a new, rapid and simple pre-fractionation method and an isocratic high performance liquid chromatography system suitable for parallel analysis of nucleosides and nucleobases from urine and other biological fluids. The quantitative recovery and excellent reproducibility of the method is demonstrated by analysis of representative standard RNA catabolites. The advantage of this new method for application to biological samples is discussed.     

Adsorption of Charged Non-albumin Bound Drugs by Amorphous Silica

We investigated the in vitro drug adsorption of PQ 10150 sodium silicate gel (AIS, Santa Clara, CA) with particle size of 230 um and surface area of 400 nr/g. We observed 99% to 88% adsorption of gentamicin; a mean 91 % of disopyramide; a mean 89% of quinidine at low concentration, falling to 75% at higher concentration. Insulin was 88% adsorbed at low concentrations but less so (65%) at higher concentrations. We observed a mean 83 % adsorption of procainamide, a mean 84% of N-acetyl procainamide, 74% oflidocaine, 73% of amitriptyline; and 44% of desipramine. We found an average 14% reduction of total digoxin concentration when serum containing digoxin (2 to 33 ng/mL) was exposed to sodium silicate, while the reduction in free digoxin concentration was 16%. Five percent ethosuximide was also removed. The adsorption of theophylline, phenobarbital, acetaminophen, phenytoin, ethylene glycol, methotrexate, salicylate, thiocyanate and diazepam was minimal and not significant. We conclude that significant amounts of charged, non-albumin bound drugs can be removed by PQ 10150 sodium silicate gel.     

自动化酸碱平衡图在急诊社区获得性肺炎诊治中的应用

目的 探讨自动化酸碱平衡图在急诊科社区获得性肺炎(CAP)患者诊断中的价值.方法 根据病史、肺功能测定结果、慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)诊断标准,将111例CAP患者分为单纯CAP组(56例)和COPD合并CAP组[即慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重(AECOPD)组,55例].询问患者病史后即刻抽取动脉血测血气并进行自动化酸碱平衡图分析.结果 血气分析结果显示,AECOPD组动脉血二氧化碳分压(PaCO2,kPa)、HCO3- (mmol/L)、剩余碱(BE,mmol/L)均显著高于CAP组(PaCO2:7.714±2.414比5.896±1.308,HCO3-:30.767±7.185比25.014±3.043,BE:4.345±5.371比-0.354±3.180,均P＜0.01).自动化酸碱平衡图分析结果显示,AECOPD组患者酸碱平衡紊乱高达89.1％,CAP组为66.1％.将AECOPD组和CAP组患者中正常(10.9％、33.9％)、急性呼吸性酸中毒(急性呼酸,12.7％、14.3％)、慢性呼吸性酸中毒(慢性呼酸,49.1％、10.7％)、呼吸性碱中毒(呼碱,7.3％、14.3％)、代谢性酸中毒(代酸,12.7％、17.9％)、代谢性碱中毒(代碱,12.7％、8.9％)综合进行x2分析,差异有统计学意义(x2=24.421,P=0.001),而将正常、急性呼酸、呼碱、代酸及代碱进行x2分析,差异无统计学意义(x2=5.280,P=0.260),提示AECOPD患者慢性呼酸的发生率较单纯CAP患者显著增加.结论 自动化酸碱平衡图能帮助急诊科医师快速识别CAP患者是否存在多重酸碱平衡紊乱,并可快速识别急、慢性呼吸系统疾病.