冠心病左室心肌收缩舒张时纵向应变的定量研究

目的应用应变(S)和应变率成像(SRI)技术评价冠心病(CAD)左室纵向心肌收缩舒张时的应变特点.方法应用S和SRI获取20例CAD患者和26例正常人的左室心尖长轴,心尖二腔和心尖四腔切面,测定并比较左心室长轴方向不同室壁节段的收缩期峰值应变(εp),收缩期应变率(SRs),舒张早期(SRE)和舒张晚期应变率(SRA).结果 CAD患者的εp和SRE较正常组明显降低(P＜0.05);CAD患者S和SRI检出的心肌异常节段与冠脉造影证实或心肌梗死的病变部位基本一致.结论应变和应变率能较好地定位CAD患者的异常心肌节段和评价左室心肌收缩舒张时的纵向变形.     

犬左心室不同激动顺序收缩期容量与压力的超声研究

目的 应用三维全容积成像技术评价正常犬收缩期左事整体和节段容量及压力变化,评价不同电机械兴奋顺序时左室整体及节段收缩功能与同步化程度.方法 19只开胸比格犬模型,分别在基础状态(BASE)和右心耳(RAA)、右室心尖(RVA)、左室侧壁(LVL)、左室心尖(LVA)起搏状态采集左室全容积图像;同步记录左室流出道收缩末压力(ESP);脱机分析左室收缩末容积(ESV)、左室舒张末容积(EDV),计算整体及17节段射血分数(EF)、节段容积同步化指数(SDI)、左室收缩期压力平均上升速率(+dp/dt)和舒张期压力平均下降速率(-dp/dt).对各参数行配对t检验、方差分析和线性相关分析.结果 ①RVA组左室整体EF、ESP、+dp/dt、-dp/dt较RAA组减低,SDI较RAA组增大(P<0.05);LVL组及LVA组整体EF与RAA组问差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),ESP,+dp/dt、-dp/dt均较RAA组减低,SDI均较RAA组增大(P<0.05).②LVL组及LVA组EF均较RVA组增高,LVL组SDI较RVA组减低(P<0.05),LVA组SDI与RVA组间差异无统计学意义.③LVL组整体EF、SDI、ESP、+dp/dt及-dp/dt与LVA组间差异无统计学意义;LVA组间隔、心尖节段EF较LVL组减低(P<0.05).④RVA组前、后间隔、心尖(除侧壁外)节段EF较RAA组减低(P<0.05);LVL组侧壁、前壁节段EF较RAA组减低;LVA起搏组前壁、前间隔、心尖节段EF较RAA组减低(P<0.05).⑤左室容积与压力参数间未能建立线性相关关系.结论 RAA起搏左室整体及少数节段收缩功能低于窦性心律;RAA起搏左室收缩与舒张功能均优于心室起博;LVL起搏左室收缩功能明显优于RVA起搏;心室起搏后,起搏位点周围左室节段收缩功能下降.     

超声三维斑点追踪评价不同心脏起搏方式对健康犬左心室功能的影响

目的 探讨超声三维斑点追踪成像技术评价不同心室位点心脏起搏对健康犬左室壁机械同步性和左室功能的影响.方法 分别采集10只健康开胸比格犬基础状态和右室心尖、左室心尖、左室侧壁起搏状态一个完整心动周期的左心室全容积实时图像;同步记录左室压力时间变化曲线并获取左室射血压力和收缩期压力最大上升速率.用超声三维斑点追踪分析软件分别提取不同状态左室壁径向三维应变图、左室壁径向三维峰值应变和左室收缩末期容积、舒张末期容积、射血分数、每搏输出量、心输出量.定性观察并比较不同状态左室壁各节段心肌的径向三维应变同步性.对定量参数进行配对t检验、卡方检验和直线相关分析.结果 ①左室心尖或侧壁起搏状态左室壁各节段心肌的径向三维应变不同步程度较右室心尖起搏状态明显.②左室心尖或侧壁起搏状态左室壁径向三维峰值应变显著减低的心肌节段数多于右室心尖起搏状态(9/16 对 2/16,P<0.05).③左室心尖或侧壁起搏状态左室壁整体径向三维峰值应变和左室每搏输出量、射血分数、心输出量均低于右室心尖起搏状态(P<0.05).④不同状态左室壁整体径向三维峰值应变分别与左室每搏输出量、射血分数、心输出量呈线性正相关(r=0.781～0.984,P<0.05).结论 左室心尖或侧壁起搏对健康犬左室壁机械同步性和左室功能的损害超过右心室心尖起搏.     

组织多普勒显像评价右心室不同部位起搏对左心室收缩同步性的影响

目的 运用组织多普勒显像技术测量右室不同部位起搏的心脏超声参数,以评价右室不同部位起搏对左室收缩同步性的影响.方法 连续人组69例拟行起搏器植入术的患者,术前随机分为A组E36例,右室流出道起搏(right ventricular outflow tract pacing,RVOT)]及B组[33例,右室心尖起搏(right ventricular apexpacing,RVA)],分别于术前及术后3个月进行超声心动图检查,测量左室12节段收缩达峰时间(Ts)及收缩峰速度(Vs),计算12节段Ts标准差(Ts-SD)及Vs平均值(Vs-M).结果 A组和B组各有1例患者随访时因非起搏心律而剔除,共获得67例患者的组织多普勒图像进行脱机分析.术前两组左室收缩同步性差异无统计学意义,术后RVOT起搏组(A组)左室收缩同步性优于RVA起搏组(B组),差异有统计学意义[Ts-SD(23.63±2.32)ms对(31.54±2.93)ms,P=0.0387],对基础状态下Ts SD≥32.6 ms者进行亚组分析(A2组和B2组)RVOT起搏后Ts-SD显著小于术前[(28.55±16.93)ms对(48.19±9.26)ms,P=0.0045],而RVA起搏前后Ts-SD差异则无统计学意义,两亚组术后比较RVOT起搏亚组(A2组)Ts-SD显著小于RVA起搏亚组(B2组)r(28.55±16.93)ms对(38.19±18.34)ms,P=0.0290].结论 RVOT起搏对于左室收缩同步性影响小于RVA起搏,术前同步性较差者选择RVOT起搏能显著改善左室收缩同步性.     

速度向量成像评价DDD起搏前后心室收缩功能

目的 应用速度向量成像(velocity vector imaging,VVI)技术分析DDD起搏前后心室心肌运动速度、应变、应变率变化规律,初步探讨VVI技术的应用价值.方法 对17例DDD起搏患者于术前术后采用VVI技术检测心室各节段心肌收缩期纵向运动速度、应变、应变率和径向运动速度、环向应变及应变率,并比较术前术后差异.结果 术前术后左、右心室各室壁基底段、中间段、心尖段收缩期纵向峰值运动速度依次递减,基底段的速度最大,心尖段的速度最小;收缩期纵向应变、应变率在基底段、中间段及心尖段差异无统计学意义.左心室各室壁收缩期径向峰值运动速度、环向应变及应变率差异无统计学意义.右室后间隔与游离壁术前、术后平均峰值运动速度与应变率和术后平均应变均高于左室后间隔与侧壁,术后右室平均应变及应变率均高于左室.与术前相比,术后左室平均应变显著降低.结论 VVI技术能准确地定量评价DDD术前后节段性室壁功能及其变化.     

速度向量成像评价DDD起搏前后心室收缩功能

目的 应用速度向量成像(velocity vector imaging,VVI)技术分析DDD起搏前后心室心肌运动速度、应变、应变率变化规律,初步探讨VVI技术的应用价值.方法 对17例DDD起搏患者于术前术后采用VVI技术检测心室各节段心肌收缩期纵向运动速度、应变、应变率和径向运动速度、环向应变及应变率,并比较术前术后差异.结果 术前术后左、右心室各室壁基底段、中间段、心尖段收缩期纵向峰值运动速度依次递减,基底段的速度最大,心尖段的速度最小;收缩期纵向应变、应变率在基底段、中间段及心尖段差异无统计学意义.左心室各室壁收缩期径向峰值运动速度、环向应变及应变率差异无统计学意义.右室后间隔与游离壁术前、术后平均峰值运动速度与应变率和术后平均应变均高于左室后间隔与侧壁,术后右室平均应变及应变率均高于左室.与术前相比,术后左室平均应变显著降低.结论 VVI技术能准确地定量评价DDD术前后节段性室壁功能及其变化.     

速度向量成像评价DDD起搏前后心室收缩功能

目的 应用速度向量成像(velocity vector imaging,VVI)技术分析DDD起搏前后心室心肌运动速度、应变、应变率变化规律,初步探讨VVI技术的应用价值.方法 对17例DDD起搏患者于术前术后采用VVI技术检测心室各节段心肌收缩期纵向运动速度、应变、应变率和径向运动速度、环向应变及应变率,并比较术前术后差异.结果 术前术后左、右心室各室壁基底段、中间段、心尖段收缩期纵向峰值运动速度依次递减,基底段的速度最大,心尖段的速度最小;收缩期纵向应变、应变率在基底段、中间段及心尖段差异无统计学意义.左心室各室壁收缩期径向峰值运动速度、环向应变及应变率差异无统计学意义.右室后间隔与游离壁术前、术后平均峰值运动速度与应变率和术后平均应变均高于左室后间隔与侧壁,术后右室平均应变及应变率均高于左室.与术前相比,术后左室平均应变显著降低.结论 VVI技术能准确地定量评价DDD术前后节段性室壁功能及其变化.     

速度向量成像评价DDD起搏前后心室收缩功能

目的 应用速度向量成像(velocity vector imaging,VVI)技术分析DDD起搏前后心室心肌运动速度、应变、应变率变化规律,初步探讨VVI技术的应用价值.方法 对17例DDD起搏患者于术前术后采用VVI技术检测心室各节段心肌收缩期纵向运动速度、应变、应变率和径向运动速度、环向应变及应变率,并比较术前术后差异.结果 术前术后左、右心室各室壁基底段、中间段、心尖段收缩期纵向峰值运动速度依次递减,基底段的速度最大,心尖段的速度最小;收缩期纵向应变、应变率在基底段、中间段及心尖段差异无统计学意义.左心室各室壁收缩期径向峰值运动速度、环向应变及应变率差异无统计学意义.右室后间隔与游离壁术前、术后平均峰值运动速度与应变率和术后平均应变均高于左室后间隔与侧壁,术后右室平均应变及应变率均高于左室.与术前相比,术后左室平均应变显著降低.结论 VVI技术能准确地定量评价DDD术前后节段性室壁功能及其变化.     

速度向量成像评价DDD起搏前后心室收缩功能

目的 应用速度向量成像(velocity vector imaging,VVI)技术分析DDD起搏前后心室心肌运动速度、应变、应变率变化规律,初步探讨VVI技术的应用价值.方法 对17例DDD起搏患者于术前术后采用VVI技术检测心室各节段心肌收缩期纵向运动速度、应变、应变率和径向运动速度、环向应变及应变率,并比较术前术后差异.结果 术前术后左、右心室各室壁基底段、中间段、心尖段收缩期纵向峰值运动速度依次递减,基底段的速度最大,心尖段的速度最小;收缩期纵向应变、应变率在基底段、中间段及心尖段差异无统计学意义.左心室各室壁收缩期径向峰值运动速度、环向应变及应变率差异无统计学意义.右室后间隔与游离壁术前、术后平均峰值运动速度与应变率和术后平均应变均高于左室后间隔与侧壁,术后右室平均应变及应变率均高于左室.与术前相比,术后左室平均应变显著降低.结论 VVI技术能准确地定量评价DDD术前后节段性室壁功能及其变化.     

速度向量成像评价DDD起搏前后心室收缩功能

目的 应用速度向量成像(velocity vector imaging,VVI)技术分析DDD起搏前后心室心肌运动速度、应变、应变率变化规律,初步探讨VVI技术的应用价值.方法 对17例DDD起搏患者于术前术后采用VVI技术检测心室各节段心肌收缩期纵向运动速度、应变、应变率和径向运动速度、环向应变及应变率,并比较术前术后差异.结果 术前术后左、右心室各室壁基底段、中间段、心尖段收缩期纵向峰值运动速度依次递减,基底段的速度最大,心尖段的速度最小;收缩期纵向应变、应变率在基底段、中间段及心尖段差异无统计学意义.左心室各室壁收缩期径向峰值运动速度、环向应变及应变率差异无统计学意义.右室后间隔与游离壁术前、术后平均峰值运动速度与应变率和术后平均应变均高于左室后间隔与侧壁,术后右室平均应变及应变率均高于左室.与术前相比,术后左室平均应变显著降低.结论 VVI技术能准确地定量评价DDD术前后节段性室壁功能及其变化.     

The acoustic characteristics of the skull

Many investigators have stated that the difficulties of imaging with acoustical energy through the skull result from the marked attenuation of the energy by the skull. In the literature measurements of total attenuation have been confused with those for absorption.Measurements made by us show that absorption by compact bone varies between 2–3 dB cm^?1 MHz^?1 and, in the low megaHertz region appears to be directly proportional to frequency.It has also between shown that the convoluted inner surface of the ivory bone of the inner table of the skull may degrade the collimation and directionality of the beam by refraction.Cancellous bone, such as is present in the dipole of the skull, greatly attenuates the energy. It is postulated that this largely results from scattering. It is also postulated that the energy propagates through cancellous bone as two components, one in the soft tissues and the other partly in the bony spicules. Observations suggest that attenuation due to scattering much more markedly affects the latter of these components and scatters more greatly the higher frequencies in a pulse of broad bandwidth.The energy in each component has varying propagation paths so that the later cycles in the pulse of each component are subject to increasing interference as a result of the variations in propagation times. The two components moreover may have different propagation times so that interference may occur between the pulses of each component as well.All of these phenomena degrade the collimation, coherence, directionality, beam width, pulse length, frequency and other properties of the ultrasonic energy upon which imaging through the skull depends.The interference effects described above are least for the first cycle in the pulse which usually is not the cycle of highest amplitude. Since, in the free field, most of the energy is concentrated around the beam axis, most of the energy in the field which is deflected from its normal propagation path is deflected away from the beam axis. Thus the directionality of the beam is least degraded in the beam axis. The effects of the skull in degrading the properties of the ultrasonic pulse would therefore be lessened if the amplitude of the first cycle of the pulse and the directionality of its energy could be used for imaging.     

儿童遗传性心律失常的诊治进展

回顾在遗传性心律失常领域最新发表的相关研究,主要关注与儿童心源性猝死关系密切的离子通道病,包括长QT综合征（LQTS）、短QT综合征（SQTS）、Brugada综合征（BrS）和儿茶酚胺敏感性多形性室性心动过速（CPVT）,总结它们在发病机制及诊治方面的进展。     

Organ Preservation: Current Concepts and New Strategies for the Next Decade

SUMMARY: Organ transplantation has developed over the past 50 years to reach the sophisticated and integrated clinical service of today through several advances in science. One of the most important of these has been the ability to apply organ preservation protocols to deliver donor organs of high quality, via a network of organ exchange to match the most suitable recipient patient to the best available organ, capable of rapid resumption of life-sustaining function in the recipient patient. This has only been possible by amassing a good understanding of the potential effects of hypoxic injury on donated organs, and how to prevent these by applying organ preservation. This review sets out the history of organ preservation, how applications of hypothermia have become central to the process, and what the current status is for the range of solid organs commonly transplanted. The science of organ preservation is constantly being updated with new knowledge and ideas, and the review also discusses what innovations are coming close to clinical reality to meet the growing demands for high quality organs in transplantation over the next few years.     

2017年呼吸疾病主要进展

2017年,国内外学者在呼吸系统疾病的临床和基础领域均进行了深入研究,不仅对相关指南进行了更新,并且针对一些临床热点、难点问题达成专家共识,现就2017年呼吸疾病相关进展作一简单介绍。     

家族性噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增生症1例并文献复习

目的加强对家族性噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增生症（familially hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis,FHL）的认识。方法报道确诊为FHL的新病例1例,结合国内外报道的FHL的病例,对该病的临床特点进行汇总分析。结果FHL2常与PRF1基因突变相关,约20%~40%的患者存在穿孔素基因突变。结论对于有阳性家族史,基因诊断明确,应尽早行化疗或者造血干细胞移植。若无家族史,未发现与继发性HLH相关的原发病因,可考虑行基因筛查以明确是否存在FHL的可能。     

动态心电图临床操作标准化方法

动态心电图,又称Holter或Holter检查,是一种评价各种心脏病患者心电图异常的简便、高效、准确、安全的无创检查,广泛用于心律失常的相关症状评价,心肌缺血的诊断,心脏病患者的预后和日常生活能力评估,药物疗效评价,起搏器等埋藏式心脏电治疗装置监测等领域。目前动态心电图已广泛用于于临床各级医疗机构,为了更好地发挥其作用,有必要对该项技术进行规范化培训。本文参考相关指南、共识及专家建议,结合作者经验,撰写动态心电图临床操作标准化方法供临床使用时参考。     

甲状旁腺功能减退性心肌病的系统综述

目的 甲状旁腺功能减退（甲旁减）性心肌病是一种罕见的心脏疾病,为扩张型心肌病中少数可逆转的一种,常被误诊为不明原因或难治性心力衰竭。本文旨在探寻甲旁减性心肌病的规律性特征。方法 检索Pubmed、SinoMed、万方数据库中符合标准的甲旁减性心肌病病例,采用统计分组法对纳入研究的文献进行分析,依据系统综述和meta分析优先报告条目（PRISMA声明）进行报告。结果 在我们筛查出的41例患者中,女性居多（68.29%）,平均年龄为45.5岁,各年龄段均有发病。甲旁减性心肌病最常见的病因为特发性甲旁减（78.05%）,颈部手术导致的甲旁减性心肌病次之（17.07%）。患者均以心力衰竭就诊,伴不同程度的低钙血症。51%的患者有神经肌肉兴奋性增加的病史,90%的患者左心室射血分数降低。该病误诊漏诊率较高,仅36%的患者于入院后即明确诊断为甲旁减性心肌病。低血钙的纠正是治疗的关键,90%的患者心脏功能在血钙浓度正常化后恢复至正常。结论 对所有不明原因或难治性心力衰竭患者都应警惕甲旁减性心肌病的可能。     

CAG及CAG联合地西他滨化疗方案治疗老年急性髓系白血病的疗效比较

目的 比较CAG及CAG联合地西他滨（DAC）化疗方案治疗老年急性髓系白血病(AML)的疗效。方法 回顾性分析我院诊治的老年AML患者76例,对采用CAG或CAG+DAC两种不同化疗方案做为诱导缓解方案的患者的临床疗效进行分析,分析两组在完全缓解率,总有效率,中位生存期,中位无复发生存期的差异。结果 在老年AML患者,CAG组49例,完全缓解率为51.0%,总有效率为61.2%, CAG+DAC组27例,分别为59.3%和77.8%,两者完全缓解率和总有效率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);在中位生存期（10.0个月 vs 12.0个月,P=0.225）和无复发生存期（8.0个月 vs 11.0个月,P=0.652）差异无统计学意义。但在高危组患者,CAG+DAC组完全缓解率,总有效率优于CAG组,分别为57.1% vs 15%;71.4% vs 25%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。中位生存期6.0个月 vs 10.0个月及无复发生存期为4.0个月 vs 7.0个月(P>0.05),CAG+DAC组均有延长趋势。 结论 CAG和CAG+DAC化疗方案临床疗效相当,但对预后差的老年AML患者,CAG+DAC在临床疗效方面显示出了优势。     

Burkitt's lymphoma of maxillary gingiva: A case report

Burkitt's lymphoma(BL) is an aggressive form of nonHodgkin's B-cell lymphoma with three variants namely endemic, sporadic, and immunodeficiency-associated types. It is endemic in Africa and sporadic in other parts of the world. While the endemic form is widely reported to occur in early childhood and commonly involves the jaw bones, the sporadic form typically presents as an abdominal mass. This presentation reports a rare case of sporadic form of BL clinically manifesting as a generalized gingival enlargement in an immunocompetent adult male which demonstrated an aggressive behavior. The patient reported with a prominent anterior gingival swelling of 6 mo duration which slowly enlarged in size and associated with multiple lymph node involvement. Microscopic examination of the lesion using H, E and immunohistochemical diagnosis confirmed the diagnosis as BL. The patient succumbed to the disease before any therapy could be instituted. Since a wide array of causes can be attributed to gingival enlargements, it is necessary to consider malignancies as one of the important differential diagnosis so as to facilitate the need for appropriate diagnosis and prompt treatment.