乳腺肿瘤三维超声血管容积指数及二维超声彩色像素密度与病理微血管密度相关性的对比研究

肿瘤病理微血管密度（microvessel density，MVD）是评价肿瘤血管生成较为客观的指标，也是预测乳腺癌预后的重要指标。利用多普勒技术测定肿瘤二维彩色像素密度（color pixel density，CPD）或三维血管指数（vascularity index，VD评价肿瘤血管生成的研究已有报道。本研究应用TomTec 3D Sono Scan Pro1．2测定三维血管容积指数（vascularity volume index，VVI），同时测量二维CPD及病理MVD，目的在于对比分析CPD、VVI与MVD的相关性，选择能更客观准确评价乳腺肿瘤血管生成的超声指标。     

三维彩色血管能量成像在诊断乳腺肿瘤及预测肿瘤血管生成的应用价值

目的探讨三维彩色血管能量成像在诊断乳腺肿瘤及预测肿瘤血管生成的临床应用价值。方法对85例由手术及病理证实乳腺肿瘤患者行三维彩色血管能量成像检查，并对肿瘤血管三维图像进行定量及半定量分析。采用链霉素-生物素免疫组化技术对所有乳腺肿瘤进行CD34指标检测。结果乳腺良恶性肿瘤的三维血管形态不一，以血管分型Ⅲ型诊断乳腺恶性肿瘤，其敏感性为88．24％，特异性为68．29％。其定量指标血管指数也有明显差异，以血管指数〉0．3条／cm^3诊断恶性肿瘤敏感性为81．57％，特异性为67．56％。良性肿瘤血管指数与微血管密度无显著相关性（P〉0．05），恶性肿瘤血管指数与微血管密度有显著相关性（P〈0．05）。结论三维彩色血管能量成像技术为乳腺肿瘤的诊断提供了新的途径和方法，并且可初步评估肿瘤组织微血管的丰富程度，从而预测预后及为抗肿瘤血管生成的基因疗法、手术切除等治疗方案的选择提供重要的依据。     

甲状腺肿瘤三维血管定量与病理微血管定量相关性研究

目的研究甲状腺肿瘤的三维血管定量与病理微血管密度的相关性,评价其临床应用价值.方法应用三维彩色血管能量成像技术(3D-CPA),术前检测38例甲状腺肿瘤血流信号(恶性22例,良性16例)计算3D-CPA血管指数(VI),术后对手术标本行抗CD34因子免疫组化染色,计数肿瘤微血管密度(MVD),行统计学对比分析.结果 22例甲状腺癌3D-CPA VI和MVD分别为(9.69±4.37)条/cm3和(51.33±12.86)/400倍视野,二者呈线性正相关(r=0.796,P＜0.01),16例良性甲状腺肿瘤3D-CPA VI和MVD分别为(4.96±1.19)条/cm3和(20.11±8.05)/400倍视野,二者呈线性正相关(r=0.814,P＜0.01),良、恶性两组3D-CPA VI、MVD分别对比差异有显著性(t=2.020,P＜0.001;t=2.016,P＜0.001).以VI大于6条/cm3诊断甲状腺癌,其敏感性、特异性分别为81.82%、87.50%.结论 3D-CPA能立体、直观显示甲状腺肿瘤血供,血管三维定量测值与肿瘤微血管密度相关性较好,血管三维能为良、恶性甲状腺肿瘤鉴别提供有效血流信息.     

进展期胃癌三维超声血管指数与微血管密度及淋巴结转移的相关性研究

目的 研究进展期胃癌三维超声血管指数(vascularity index,VI)与病理微血管密度(microvessel density,MVD)及转移淋巴结个数的相关性.方法 对55例进展期胃癌患者行三维彩色能量成像(three-dimensional color power angiography,3D-CPA),计算肿瘤的VI,对术后标本进行CD34免疫组织化学染色,计数MVD,根据术后病理统计转移淋巴结个数.结果 55例胃癌的三维超声VI为7.635±5.116,病理MVD为(31.375±7.767)条/200倍视野.进展期胃癌VI与MVD呈线性正相关(r=0.767,P<0.001),VI与转移淋巴结个数呈线性正相关(r=0.538,P<0.001).结论 三维超声测量胃癌VI可以作为一种术前无创评估进展期胃癌血管生成及淋巴结转移的新方法,从而为选择治疗方案和判断预后提供更多信息.     

兔VX2肿瘤的三维彩色多普勒超声成像与病理对照研究

目的探讨三维彩色多普勒超声成像技术定量评价兔VX2肿瘤血管及其灌注的价值。方法选用新西兰大白兔10只，用VX2瘤株种植于兔大腿股外侧浅肌层，2～3周后应用TomTec三维超声工作站采集肿瘤灰阶及彩色多普勒三维数据，计算肿瘤血管的容积指数（VI）。处死荷瘤兔，取出肿瘤行免疫组化染色，测定肿瘤微血管密度（MVD）及血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）的表达。分析VI与MVD、VEGF之间的相关性。结果兔VX2肿瘤血管的三维彩色多普勒参数VI与免疫组化参数MVD及VEGF之间均呈线性正相关（r=0．9199，P〈0．001；r=0．6871，P〈0．05）。结论三维彩色多普勒超声能够较敏感客观地反映肿瘤的血供，为在体无创性评价肿瘤血管及其灌注提供了一条新的功能成像方法。     

乳腺肿块能量多普勒血流指数与微血管密度关系的研究

目的探讨乳腺肿块能量多普勒血管指数(VI)与病理微血管密度的相关性。方法超声检测乳腺肿块患者55例(良性24例,恶性31例),用DFY-Ⅱ型超声图像定量分析诊断仪对肿块能量多普勒血流信号进行定量分析,测定VI;抗CD34免疫组织化学染色测定包块微血管密度(MVD),对VI和MVD的相关性进行分析。结果恶性组VI和MVD较良性组高,两者差异有显著性意义(P<0.01),VI与MVD间具有良好相关性(r=0.9,P<0.01)。结论DFY-Ⅱ型超声图像定量分析诊断仪所测VI可较好反应乳腺肿块血流情况,有助于乳腺疾病的鉴别诊断。     

肾癌三维彩色血管定量与病理组织学分级及微血管密度的相关研究

目的探讨肾癌三维彩色血管定量指标血管指数(vascularityindex,VI)与术后病理组织学分级、微血管密度(microsvesseldensity,MVD)的相关性。方法应用三维彩色血管能量成像技术(three-dimensionalcolorpowerangiography,3D-CPA)术前检查50例肾癌患者,计测VI值;术后对肿瘤组织标本HE染色,进行病理组织学分级,用抗CD105单克隆抗体及抗CD34单克隆抗体行免疫组织化学染色,计测MVD值,对结果进行统计学分析。结果50例肾癌患者VI与MVD呈正相关(r=0.554,P<0.05),术后病理组织学分级~级,各病理组织学分级之间VI与MVD比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),箱式图显示肾癌病理组织学分级与VI、MVD呈相关趋势,随病理组织学分级的增高,VI、MVD亦增高。结论肾癌3D-CPA定量指标VI与肿瘤病理MVD相关密切,VI能在术前客观显示肾癌不同病理组织学分级的血管分布情况,可作为判断肾癌预后的定量指标。     

甲状腺腺瘤血管结构的三维重建及血管容积指数特点分析

目的　探讨甲状腺腺瘤的血流三维空间结构及其血管容积指数 (VI)特点。方法　对 2 1个甲状腺腺瘤进行三维超声检查 ,重建甲状腺腺瘤血管的三维超声图像 ,并计算腺瘤肿块及其中央部的血管容积指数。结果　腺瘤内外血管空间结构形态直观 ,血管来源明确 ,腺瘤血管呈球形网状结构。甲状腺腺瘤的彩色血管容积指数 VI1 =2 8.34± 5 .12 ,腺瘤内部的血管容积指数 VI2 =12 .5 3± 6 .2 2 ,两者的差异具有显著性。结论　三维超声能较好地显示甲状腺腺瘤的血管空间结构 ,腺瘤周边与腺瘤内部的血管容积指数之间的差异具有显著性。因此对其诊断有着重要的应用价值。     

卵巢恶性肿瘤经阴道超声定量指标与病理微血管密度及临床分期相关研究

目的探讨卵巢恶性肿瘤血管病理学特征,评价经阴道超声定量指标与病理微血管密度的相关性及其与临床分期的关系。方法术前应用经阴道彩色多普勒超声(transvaginalcolor Dopplerultrasonography,TVCDU)与三维彩色血管能量成像(three-dimensional colorpower angiography,TR3D-CPA)检测38例卵巢恶性肿瘤患者,测定肿瘤血流阻力指数(RI)与血管指数(VI)。术后对组织切片进行免疫组化染色,计数微血管密度(microvesseldensity,MVD);确定卵巢恶性肿瘤临床分期;统计分析RI、VI与MVD的相关性及其与临床分期的关系。结果38例卵巢恶性肿瘤RI值0.44±0.13,VI值(0.08±0.052)条/cm3,MVD值(37.5±18.22)个/400倍视野。RI与MVD呈负相关(rs=-0.412,P<0.01)。VI与MVD呈正相关(rs=0.684,P<0.01)。RI随临床分期的升高而降低,VI随临床分期的升高而升高;临床、期VI、MVD明显高于、期,RI反之(P<0.05)。结论RI与VI可于术前评价卵巢恶性肿瘤血管生成,为术前诊断及预后评估提供有价值的信息。     

乳腺肿瘤超声彩色像素密度及造影增强强度与微血管密度相关性对比分析

目的对比分析乳腺肿瘤超声彩色像素密度、超声造影增强强度与病理切片微血管密度相关性。方法对56例乳腺肿瘤患者,进行超声检查,获得超声多普勒彩色像素密度、超声造影增强强度,术后病理标本CD34免疫组化染色,检测微血管密度。结果乳腺肿瘤恶性组的超声造影增强强度EI、彩色多普勒彩色像素密度CPD及微血管密度MVD高于良性组(P0.01),EI、CPD与MVD均呈正相关,其偏相关系数分别为分别r_(CPD)=0.576、P=0.005,r_(el)=0.886、P=0.000。结论与超声多普勒彩色像素密度相比,超声造影增强强度与微血管密度有更高的相关性,能更客观评估乳腺肿瘤血管生成。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Prospects for the control of neglected tropical diseases by mass drug administration

The prospects for the control of neglected tropical diseases, including soil-transmitted helminthiasis, shistosomiasis, lymphatic filariasis, onchocerciasis and trachoma, through mass drug administration, are exemplified by the elimination of the trachoma as a public-health problem in Morocco. In spite of this and other striking successes, mass drug administration programs are faced with major challenges resulting from suboptimal coverage and lack of efficacy. At current suboptimal coverage rates, programs may need prolongation for an extended period, increasing costs and undermining sustainability. Community participation through health education and information appears to be crucial to improve coverage and to achieve sustainability. Implementation of complementary measures, such as vector control, improved hygiene and environmental sanitation, are important to further control transmission and to prevent re-emergence of the infection and, again, may only be achieved effectively through community-based initiatives. To reduce costs and to relieve pressure on the health system, combining neglected tropical disease programs in areas where diseases coexist and integration with existing control programs for malaria, tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS is advocated. The risk of developing drug resistance is of particular concern in view of the lack of alternative drugs, and reduced treatment efficacy due to emerging resistance is evident for the soil-transmitted helminths and onchocerciasis. Given the risk for the development of drug resistance and the need for a high degree of participation, close attention should be paid to the monitoring of the coverage and efficacy of the different program components.     

Bacterial meningitis: an update of new treatment options

The outcome of bacterial meningitis critically depends on the rapid initiation of bactericidal antibiotic therapy and adequate management of septic shock. In community-acquired meningitis, the choice of an optimum initial empirical antibiotic regimen depends on the regional resistance patterns. Pathogens resistant to antibacterials prevail in nosocomial bacterial meningitis. Dexamethasone is recommended as adjunctive therapy for community-acquired meningitis in developed countries. In comatose patients, aggressive measures to lower intracranial pressure <20 mmHg (in particular, external ventriculostomy, osmotherapy and temporary hyperventilation) were effective in a case–control study. Although many experimental approaches were protective in animal models, none of them has been proven effective in patients. Antibiotics, which are bactericidal but do not lyse bacteria, and inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases or complement factor C5 appear the most promising therapeutic options. At present, vaccination is the most efficient method to reduce disease burden. Palmitoylethanolamide appears promising to enhance the resistance of the brain to infections.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.     

Imaging choices in occult hip fracture

Background: Hip fracture is a common injury, with an incidence rate of > 250,000 per year in the United States. Diagnosis is particularly important due to the high dependence on the integrity of the hip in the daily life of most people. Objectives: In this article we review the literature focused on hip fracture detection and discuss advantages and limitations of each major imaging modality. Discussion: Plain radiographs are usually sufficient for diagnosis as they are at least 90% sensitive for hip fracture. However, in the 3–4% of Emergency Department (ED) patients having hip X-ray studies who harbor an occult hip fracture, the Emergency Physician must choose among several methods, each with intrinsic limitations, for further evaluation. These methods include computed tomography, scintigraphy, and magnetic resonance imaging. Conclusion: We present an evidence-based algorithm for the evaluation of a patient suspected to have an occult hip fracture in the ED. Also outlined are future directions for research to distinguish more effective techniques for identifying occult hip fractures.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the April 2012 Issue of the Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD but monthly online. The April 2012 issue (second DVD for 2012) contains 5045 complete reviews, 2182 protocols for reviews in production, and 17,084 short summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 674,000 randomized controlled trials, and 15,400 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains just over 11,000 citations. One hundred and seventeen new reviews have been published in the last 3 months of which 12 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine. The impact factor of the Cochrane Library stands at 6.186. Readers are encouraged to access the full report for any articles of interest as only a brief commentary is provided.     

Platelets,thrombosis, coagulation,and atherosclerosis

When I first got the invitation to join a medical delegation going to Moldova, I thought for a moment that our destination was the fictional country in the old Marx Brothers movie Duck Soup. On further checking, it turns out that entertaining place was called Freedonia. I now know that Moldova is indeed a real country, bordered on the west by Romania and on the other three sides by the Ukraine. It is a proud country, rich with traditions, and its people are warm, giving, eager to learn ways to improve their healthcare system, and deeply appreciative of our attempts to help them in the task.