基于对比增强流场的2型糖尿病患者颈动脉窦区壁剪应力分布分析

目的 采用对比增强流场（CEFF）技术观察2型糖尿病（T2DM）患者颈动脉窦区壁面剪应力（WSS）的分布规律。方法 选取47例T2DM患者和25名健康志愿者（对照组）,并根据颈总动脉内中膜厚度（IMT）将T2DM患者分为IMT正常组（n=21）和IMT增厚组（n=26）,采用CEFF分析软件,计算颈动脉窦区WSS,绘制相应WSS空间分布图,记录颈内动脉起始段后壁WSS值并进行统计学分析。结果 3组颈动脉窦区均存在两个低WSS区和一个高WSS区：颈总动脉远端至颈内动脉起始段后壁存在大范围低WSS区,颈总动脉远端前壁存在小范围低WSS区,颈内动脉起始段前壁为高WSS区。IMT正常组[（3.39±0.60）dyne/cm²]和IMT增厚组[（2.58±0.46）dyne/cm²]患者颈内动脉后壁WSS值均较对照组[（3.74±0.53）dyne/cm²]显著减低（P均<0.05）;IMT增厚组较IMT正常组减低（P<0.05）。结论 CEFF图像技术可初步定量检测动脉WSS,有望早期、可视化评估颈动脉硬化。     

腰大肌及侧腹肌相关CT参数评价肝硬化肌少症

目的 观察腰大肌及侧腹肌相关CT参数评价肝硬化肌少症的价值。方法 采集210例临床诊断肝硬化患者腹部CT,获得L3水平骨骼肌总横截面积,计算相应骨骼肌指数（SMI）。根据SMI结果将患者分为肌少症组（n=105）与非肌少症组（n=105）,测量相同层面右侧腰大肌轴径及横径、右侧腹肌厚度,计算腰大肌轴径指数（APMI）、腰大肌横径指数（TPDI）及侧腹肌厚度指数（LWMI）;比较组间差异。以SMI结果为标准,绘制TPDI、APMI及LWMI鉴别肝硬化肌少症的受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线,计算曲线下面积（AUC）,并分析TPDI、APMI及LWMI与SMI的相关性及肌少症的影响因素。结果 组间体质量指数、胆固醇、NRS2002评分、APMI、TPDI和LWMI差异均有统计学意义（P均<0.05）。TPDI（r=0.71）、APMI（r=0.59）和LWMI（r=0.61）均与SMI呈正相关（P均<0.01）。APMI、TPDI及LWMI鉴别肝硬化肌少症的AUC分别为0.61、0.71及0.72（P均<0.05）。男性、三酰甘油为肌少症的危险因素,TPDI、LWMI为肌少症的保护因素（P均<0.05）。结论 腰大肌及侧腹肌相关CT参数可用于评估肝硬化肌少症,并有望成为临床评估肌少症的新方法。     

超极速脉博波传导速度技术实时定量评估慢性肾病患者颈动脉弹性减退

目的 探讨超极速脉搏波传导速度（ufPWV）技术定量评估慢性肾病（CKD）患者颈动脉弹性减退的临床价值。方法 选取91例CKD患者，以估算肾小球滤过率（eGFR）≥ 60 ml/（min·1.73 m²）的1、2期者为早期组（n=44），eGFR<60 ml/（min·1.73 m²）的3~5期者为中晚期组（n=47）；另选择47例无CKD且肾功能正常者为对照组。采用超声检查双侧颈动脉，并获得颈动脉内-中膜厚度（cIMT），以ufPWV技术检测收缩起始脉搏波传导速度（PWV-BS）及收缩末期脉搏波传导速度（PWV-ES）；以双侧颈动脉平均值为最终值进行数据分析。结果 早期组PWV-ES较对照组增高（P<0.05）；中晚期组cIMT、PWV-ES均较对照组增高（P均<0.05）；中晚期组阻力指数（RI）较对照组降低（P<0.05）。cIMT与年龄相关（r=0.216，P=0.011）；PWV-BS与高密度脂蛋白相关（r=0.183，P=0.031）；PWV-ES与年龄（r=0.496，P<0.001）、收缩压（r=0.338，P<0.001）、舒张压（r=0.264，P=0.002）及空腹血糖（r=0.241，P=0.004）均相关。随年龄增加，3组cIMT均呈上升趋势（P均<0.01），其中早期组cIMT与年龄相关系数最高（r=0.572）；PWV-ES亦升高（P均<0.01），早期组PWV-ES与年龄的相关系数最高（r=0.698）。结论 ufPWV参数PWV-ES用于评估CKD患者颈动脉粥样硬化风险优于传统指标cIMT，并对评估早期CKD患者肾功能具有潜在价值。     

不同年龄阿尔茨海默病患者脑核团ADC值与年龄的相关性

目的 探讨不同年龄阿尔茨海默病（AD）患者ADC值与年龄的相关性。方法 选取30例AD患者（AD组）和年龄与之相匹配的30名志愿者（对照组），按年龄段各分为6个亚组[55~59岁（n=3）、60~64岁（n=4）、65~70岁（n=9）、71~74岁（n=5）、75~80岁（n=6）、>80岁（n=3）]，测量双侧海马、红核、尾状核、杏仁体、壳核ADC值，并进行配对t检验、独立样本t检验、单因素方差分析及Pearson相关分析。结果 AD组红核左、右侧ADC值有统计学差异（P=0.022）。AD组不同年龄亚组右侧海马、双侧尾状核、右侧壳核ADC值差异有统计学意义（P均<0.05）；2组不同年龄亚组双侧海马、壳核、尾状核ADC值差异有统计学意义（P均<0.05）。AD组右侧海马（r=0.615，P<0.001）、右侧壳核（r=0.653，P=0.001）及双侧尾状核（左侧：r=0.397，P=0.030；右侧：r=0.429，P=0.020）ADC值与年龄呈正相关。结论 AD患者右侧海马和壳核、双侧尾状核ADC值随年龄增加而增大。ADC值可为临床预测和早期诊断AD脑内右侧海马和壳核、双侧尾状核神经退行性病变提供参考。     

超声造影评估累及颈总动脉的多发性大动脉炎的活动性

目的 观察超声造影（CEUS）评估累及颈总动脉的多发性大动脉炎（TA）活动性的价值。方法 纳入30例TA累及颈总动脉患者，根据美国国立卫生研究院（NIH）标准将其分为活动期组（n=12）及非活动期组（n=18）；对比观察2组常规超声参数，包括颈总动脉内-中膜厚度（IMT）、收缩期峰值血流速度（PSV）、舒张末期血流速度（EDV）及阻力指数（RI），以及CEUS参数，包括颈总动脉壁血管化分级、增强程度（EI）、峰值强度（DPI）及达峰时间（TTP）和实验室指标[白细胞（WBC）计数、C反应蛋白（CRP）、红细胞沉降率（ESR）、红细胞分布宽度（RDW）及血小板压积（PCT）]，分析CEUS评估累及颈总动脉的TA活动性的价值。结果 活动期组患者年龄小于非活动期组（t=-2.37，P=0.02），而WBC计数、CRP、颈总动脉壁IMT、血管化分级、EI及DPI均高于非活动期组（P均>0.05）。EI、DPI均与CRP呈弱正相关（r=0.28、0.27，P=0.03、0.04），与IMT呈低度正相关（r=0.39、0.41，P均<0.01），而与动脉壁血管化分级呈中度正相关（r=0.63、0.76，P均<0.01）。根据CEUS参数（动脉壁血管化分级、EI、DPI）及联合参数（EI+IMT、EI+CRP）判断活动期TA的曲线下面积大于CRP、ESR及IMT等（P均<0.05）。结论 CEUS可用于评估累及颈总动脉的TA的活动性。     

超声评价慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者膈肌运动异常

目的 探讨超声评价慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）患者膈肌运动异常的价值。方法 收集64例COPD急性加重期患者,根据2017GOLD指南综合评估将其分为C组（n=34）和D组（n=30）,以超声测量膈肌厚度、膈肌运动幅度及对合角,计算膈肌增厚分数及膈肌移动度。结果 C组膈肌增厚分数和收缩速度均明显大于D组（P均<0.05）,而2组膈肌移动度和对合角差异无统计学意义（P均>0.05）。膈肌增厚分数与第1秒用力呼气量/用力肺活量（FEV1/FVC）呈正相关（r=0.26,P=0.04）,膈肌移动度（r=0.35,P<0.01）、膈肌收缩速度（r=0.43,P<0.01）均与FVC呈正相关。DTF对鉴别诊断C、D组COPD性能相对较好（AUC为0.78）,DTF=30.22%,其诊断敏感度70.60%,特异度83.30%。结论 超声可评价COPD患者膈肌功能障碍,指导稳定期康复治疗。     

原发性肝癌超声造影血流灌注参数与肿瘤分化程度及微血管生成的关系

目的 分析原发性肝癌（PHC）超声造影（CEUS）血流灌注参数与肿瘤分化程度及微血管生成的关系。方法 回顾性分析120例PHC患者（120个病灶）,术前均接受CEUS检查,记录动脉相血流灌注参数;术后测定微血管密度（MVD）,并进行病理分级。对比不同病理分级PHC的CEUS动脉相血流灌注参数及灌注模式,分析MVD与血流灌注参数的相关性。结果 120个PHC病灶中,高分化39个,中分化44个,低分化37个;其中动脉相达峰时间、增强时间、始退时间、廓清时间、平均血流密度（MFD）差异均有统计学意义（P均<0.05）。不同分化程度PHC动脉相具有不同血流灌注模式,高、中、低分化PHC分别以放射样、混合样、蛛网样为主。蛛网样（n=39）、混合样（n=46）、放射样（n=35）PHC的MVD逐渐降低（P均<0.05）。PHC的MVD与MFD呈正相关（r=0.534,P<0.001）,与增强时间（r=-0.320,P<0.001）、达峰时间（r=-0.308,P<0.001）及廓清时间（r=-0.389,P<0.001）均呈负相关。结论 CEUS定量血流灌注参数与PHC分化程度及微血管生成密切相关。     

复发缓解型多发性硬化患者脑深部灰质核团铁沉积特征及与脑静脉血氧含量的相关性

目的 采用磁敏感加权成像（SWI）探讨复发缓解型多发性硬化（RRMS）患者脑深部灰质核团铁沉积的特点及其与脑静脉血氧含量的关系。方法 收集42例RRMS患者（RRMS组）及52名健康志愿者（对照组）,行常规MRI及SWI。应用SPIN软件生成并处理滤过后相位图,测量双侧大脑内静脉（ICV）、大脑中深静脉（DMCV）、双侧基底静脉（BV）、丘纹上静脉（STV）及双侧尾状核头（HCN）、苍白球（GP）、壳核（PUT）、丘脑（THA）、黑质（SN）及红核（RN）的相位值。结果 除双侧THA及右侧RN相位值外,RRMS患者双侧HCN、GP、PUT、SN及左侧RN相位值均较对照组减低（P均<0.05）。RRMS组BV、DMCV与左侧PUT（r=0.41、0.44, P均<0.05）、右侧PUT相位值呈正相关（r=0.38、0.43,P均<0.05）,ICV与左侧PUT相位值呈正相关（r=0.37,P=0.01）。结论 RRMS患者脑深部灰质核团的铁沉积明显增高,且与脑内静脉血氧含量降低具有相关性。     

剪切波弹性成像评估重型β-地中海贫血患儿肝脏超铁负荷:与肝脏MR T2*值及血清铁蛋白的相关性

目的 观察剪切波弹性成像（SWE）评估重型β-地中海贫血（β-TM）患儿超铁负荷的价值,及其参数与肝脏MR T2^*值及血清铁蛋白的相关性。方法 回顾性分析96例β-TM患儿及100名健康儿童（对照组）,根据是否接受造血干细胞移植（HSCT）将患儿分为HSCT组（n=41）或无HSCT组（n=55）,比较3组SWE参数;采用Spearman相关分析观察肝脏剪切波速度（LSWV）与肝脏MR T2^*值及血清铁蛋白、杨氏模量与肝脏MR T2^*值及血清铁蛋白的相关性。结果 HSCT组、无HSCT组LSWV及杨氏模量均高于对照组（P均<0.001）;HSCT组与无HSCT组LSWV及杨氏模量差异均无统计学意义（P均>0.05）。β-TM患儿SWE参数与MR T2^*值均呈中度负相关（r=－0.501,P<0.05;r=－0.514,P<0.05）、与血清铁蛋白均呈低度正相关（r=0.488,P<0.05;r=0.470,P<0.05）。结论 SWE可用于评估β-TM患儿肝脏超铁负荷;SWE参数与MR T2^*值呈负相关、与血清铁蛋白呈正相关。     

基于射频信号全息血管硬度分析评价终末期肾病合并高尿酸血症患者颈动脉弹性

目的 以基于射频信号的全息血管硬度分析(R-QVS)技术评价接受维持性血液透析(MHD)治疗终末期肾病(ESRD)合并高尿酸血症患者颈动脉弹性。方法 纳入61例接受MHD的ESRD患者(ESRD组),根据血尿酸(SUA)水平将其分为高SUA亚组(n=31)及正常SUA亚组(n=30),另以35名健康人为对照组,测量并计算其6个心动周期双侧颈总动脉内-中膜厚度(IMT)均值,以R-QVS技术测量收缩期直径(Diam)、血管位移(Dist)和脉搏波传导速度(PWV)及硬度系数(HC);评价各指标测量结果的一致性,比较组间各指标差异,并进行相关性分析。结果 观察者间及观察者内测量颈总动脉各参数的一致性均较好,组内相关系数为0.89~0.93(P均＜0.05)。双侧颈总动脉IMT、Diam、Dist、PWV及HC组间差异均无统计学意义(P均＞0.05)。双侧颈动脉参数均值中,高SUA亚组、正常SUA亚组与对照组IMT、Dist差异均无统计学意义(P均＞0.05);高SUA亚组和正常SUA亚组Diam、PWV及HC均高于对照组(P均＜0.05);高SUA亚组Diam、PWV及HC均高于正常SUA亚组(P均＜0.05)。ESRD组颈总动脉PWV与透析龄、脉压、SUA及病程均呈正相关(r=0.70、0.72、0.54、0.58,P均＜0.05),与其他临床指标均无明显相关(P均＞0.05)。结论 接受MHD治疗的ESRD患者颈动脉弹性降低早于其形态改变,合并高尿酸血症者更显著。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.