服毒-血液灌流时间对急性百草枯中毒患者预后的影响

目的 探讨服毒-血液灌流(HP)时间对急性百草枯中毒患者预后的关系.方法 对2009年1月至2012年12月期间中国医科大学附属第一医院急诊监护室(EICU)收治的进行HP治疗的急性百草枯中毒患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,按照患者服毒后HP开始的时间将患者分为3组,A组:服毒-HP时间＜4h;B组:4h≤服毒-HP时间＜8h;C组:8h≤服毒-HP时间＜12h,比较各组患者的脏器损伤情况、病死率和死亡患者的存活时间等,分析服毒-HP时间对患者预后的影响.结果 共有303例急性百草枯中毒患者纳入本研究,男117例,女186例,年龄15～72岁,(34.8±10.8)岁,口服20％百草枯农药剂量10 ～270 mL,50mL (45 mL) [M (IQR)].服毒24 h内接受HP 2 ～5次,(3.6±1.2)次.经随访28 d死亡208例,病死率68.6％.入选患者服毒至首次HP时间1.4～11.5 h,6.6h (3.5h) [M (IQR)],其中死亡患者为3.1～11.5 h,7.2h (2.4h) [M (IQR)],存活患者为1.4～7.5 h,4.9 h(1.5 h)[M (IQR)],死亡患者服毒至首次HP时间与存活组比较,差异有统计学意义(U=2.014,P=0.043).A组85例,B组141例,C组77例,三组患者28 d病死率比较,差异有统计学意义(x2=9.27,P=0.009).三组中死亡患者中毒后平均存活时间的差异有统计学意义(F =3.31,P=0.038),患者开始HP时间与死亡患者存活时间呈负相关(r2 =0.421,P=0.045).三组患者间进行比较,代表肝、肾、胰腺、肺损伤严重程度的指标如ALTmax、SCrmax、AMYmax和PaO2min在各组之间比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),发生急性肺损伤的时间和PaO2min出现时间在各组间比较差异有统计学意义(F=3.22、3.15,P=0.041、0.044).结论 口服百草枯农药中毒后4h之内进行HP能够减轻靶器官损伤程度,降低患者病死率.     

血液灌流联合环磷酰胺救治百草枯中毒疗效观察

目的 探讨血液灌流(HP)联合环磷酰胺对急性百草枯中毒的疗效.方法 回顾性分析本院2007年7月至2010年2月确诊的104例急性百草枯中毒患者病历资料,将患者按治疗方法不同分成3组,常规治疗组(A组,37例),常规治疗加HP组(B组,33例),常规治疗加HP联合环磷酰胺治疗组(C组,34例).治疗3周后观察患者肝、肾、心功能指标,评价器官损害情况及预后.结果 3组患者性别、年龄及服药剂量比较差异无统计学意义(均P>0.05).A组死亡31例,B组死亡15例,C组死亡12例(P=0.00);B组、C组死亡病例存活时间明显长于A组[(8.13±4.03) d、(9.67±4.12) d比(2.99±2.10) d,均P<0.01],B组与C组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).B组肝、肾、心功能损害发生率明显低于A组(P<0.05或P<0.01);C组略低于B组,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 采用HP联合环磷酰胺治疗可以减轻百草枯对患者各器官的损害,降低患者病死率.     

运用SOFA评分评价血必净注射液治疗百草枯中毒患者的临床疗效

目的 通过感染相关器官功能衰竭评分系统(SOFA)评分探讨血必净注射液治疗百草枯中毒的疗效.方法 将2006年6月-2008年6月本科收治的48例百草枯中毒患者随机分为两组,应用血必净注射液结合常规治疗的患者为治疗组(23例),只接受常规治疗的患者为对照组(25例).应用欧洲重症医学监护医学协会(ESICM)感染相关问题工作组制定的SOFA评分体系,比较两组患者入院时SOFA评分及最大SOFA评分(住院期间SOFA评分最高值)的差异,评价血必净注射液治疗百草枯中毒的疗效.结果 治疗组入院时SOFA评分与对照组比较差异无统计学意义[(3.35±2.57)分比(3.56±2.20)分,P>0.05];治疗组最大SOFA评分较对照组显著降低,差异有统计学意义[(4.78±2.61)分比(12.12±3.55)分,P<0.05].结论 血必净注射液治疗百草枯中毒可以改善患者预后,具有一定的临床价值.     

血液灌流治疗急性重度百草枯中毒的疗效评价

目的:探讨血液灌流(HP)在治疗急性重度百草枯中毒中的疗效.方法:回顾性分析83例急性重度百草枯中毒患者的临床资料.其中采用综合治疗的48例为对照组,在综合治疗基础上加HP治疗的35例为治疗组.比较两组检验结果、治愈率与死亡率.结果:两组患者人院后24 h、第3天、第7天的血百草枯浓度、血白细胞、凝血酶原时间、血肌酐、血尿素氮、丙氨酶、肌酸激酶、动脉血氧分压、两组治愈率与死亡率相互比较,差异均有显著统计学意义(P＜0.05).而治疗组内3天血WBC、PT比较,差异没有统计学意义(P＞0.05);其余指标比较,差异均有显著统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论:对急性重度百草枯中毒患者尽早进行HP治疗,可提高其治愈率、降低死亡率.     

集束化护理策略用于急性有机磷中毒致呼吸衰竭机械通气患者的效果评价

目的 研究集束化护理在急性有机磷中毒(AOPP)致呼吸衰竭机械通气患者的临床效果,探讨AOPP有效的救治方法 .方法 回顾性分析68例AOPP患者的临床资料,根据护理手段分为集束化护理组(A组)和常规护理组(B组),以AOPP患者住院病死率、机械通气时间、ICU治疗时间、院内感染率为观察指标,探讨集束化护理对AOPP患者的临床效果.结果 A组住院病死率28.13%,明显低于B组52.78%;A组院内感染率12.5%,明显低于B组33.33%;A组机械通气时间(71.88±61.40)h,明显低于B组(147.06±21.83)h;两组比较有统计学意义(P值均＜0.05).A组ICU治疗时间(16.3±6.24)d,与B组(15.32±7.57)d差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 集束化护理较常规护理对急性有机磷中毒(AOPP)致呼吸衰竭机械通气患者效果更佳,对改善预后有意义.     

应用SOFA评分评估血液灌流治疗百草枯中毒的临床疗效

目的：应用序贯器官功能衰竭评估系统（sequential organ failure assessment,SOFA）评估多次血液灌流治疗百草枯中毒的临床疗效。方法：将2007-01-2012-02重庆市急救医疗中心收治的27例百草枯中毒患者分为两组,在常规治疗的基础上,仅接受1次血液灌流治疗的患者为单次血灌组（15例）,接受2次及以上血液灌流治疗的患者为多次血灌组（12例）,比较两组患者入院时SOFA评分及最大SOFA评分（住院期间SOFA评分最高值）的差异,以评估多次血液灌流治疗百草枯中毒的临床疗效。结果：两组患者入院时SOFA评分差异无统计学意义（2.52±1.57）分比（2.35±1.12）分,P〉0.05,单次血灌组最大SOFA评分较多次血液灌流组显著增高,差异有统计学意义（9.32±2.41）分比（7.13±1.78）分,P〈0.05;经积极治疗后,单次血灌组死亡9例,多次血灌组死亡6例,与两组SOFA评分具有较好的相关性。结论：在常规治疗的基础上,多次血液灌流比单次血液灌流能更好改善百草枯中毒患者的临床疗效;SOFA评分在百草枯中毒临床疗效的循证医学系统评估中有应用价值。     

低钾血症在急性百草枯中毒早期预后评估中的价值

目的 探讨急性百草枯中毒早期低钾血症在临床预后评估中的价值.方法 182例百草枯中毒患者根据随访结果分为存活组和死亡组,比较2组患者临床资料,采用二元logistic回归分析影响百草枯中毒死亡的因素;根据入院时血钾浓度分为低钾血症组83例与非低钾血症组99例,比较2组生存率,采用ROC曲线分析血清钾水平评估百草枯中毒患者存活的敏感性和特异性,采用Kaplan-Meier法分析低钾血症与死亡的关系.结果 182例患者中存活70例,死亡112例,病死率为61.53％;死亡组年龄,服毒量,入院时白细胞计数、血红蛋白、血糖、血尿素氮、血肌酐、血清钾、CO2总量、阴离子间隙和尿百草枯浓度与存活组比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);服毒量(OR=0.057,95％CI:0.916～0.975,P=0.016)、尿百草枯浓度(OR=1.937,95％CI:0.039～0.536,P=0.004)、血清钾(OR=-1.725,95％CI:1.259～24.995,P=0.024)、血肌酐(OR=0.048,95％CI:0.913～0.996,P=o.034)和阴离子间隙(OR=0.225,95％CI:0.654～0.976,P=0.028)是急性百草枯中毒患者死亡的独立预测因素;血清钾为3.45 mmol/L时,预测百草枯中毒患者60 d存活的敏感性为91.4％,特异性为68.7％;Kaplan-Meier生存分析显示,低钾血症组生存率(7.23％)明显低于非低钾血症组(64.65％)(P＜0.05),低钾血症是百草枯中毒患者死亡的高危因素(OR=8.943,95％CI:4.082～19.593,P=0.000).结论 百草枯中毒早期低钾血症可能是爆发型百草枯中毒的特征,低钾血症可作为评估患者死亡风险的临床指标.     

中心静脉-动脉血二氧化碳分压差评估肿瘤危重患者的血流动力学状态

目的 应用中心静脉-动脉血二氧化碳分压差(Pcv-aCO2)评估危重患者血流动力学状态并指导治疗.方法 回顾性选取本院重症监护病房(ICU)收治的47例血流动力学异常的肿瘤危重患者,按照指南规范治疗24 h,以早期目标导向治疗(EGDT)的标准作为治疗终点.按治疗前后序贯器官衰竭评分(SOFA评分)差值(△SOFA)分为△SOFA≤1组(27例)与△SOFA＞1组(20例),比较两组患者治疗前后平均动脉压(MAP)、每小时尿量、中心静脉压(CVP)、中心静脉血氧饱和度(ScvO2)、乳酸清除率、Pcv-aCO2等指标的差异及与△SOFA的相关性.结果 在接受治疗前,△SOFA≤1组与△SOFA＞1组MAP[mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa):54.48±4.95比54.45±4.30]、每小时尿量(ml:19.33±4.53比20.55±5.54)、CVP (mm Hg:3.48±1-81比3.25±1.16)、ScvO2 (0.571±0.042比0.578±0.047)比较差异均无统计学意义(均P＞0.05);与△SOFA＞1组比较,△SOFA≤1组Pcv-aCO2 (mm Hg:7.80±2.20比9.39±0.97)、SOFA评分(分:6.33±2.11比9.50±1.24)显著降低(均P＜0.01).在容量复苏后24 h,△SOFA≤1组与△SOFA＞1组MAP(mm Hg:73.48±6.12比71.30±7.30)、CVP(mm Hg:6.85±1.26比6.50±1.28)、ScvO2(0.693±0.032比0.684±0.039)等指标均较治疗前有所改善,但两组间比较差异无统计学意义(均P＞0.05),而Pcv-aCO2(mm Hg:3.02±1.59比8.21±2.23)、每小时尿量(ml:71.41±6.74比51.70±7.50)、SOFA评分(分:6.03±2.56比10.05±1.61)、乳酸清除率[(27.71±11.46)％比-(0.78±13.29)％]差异均有统计学意义(均P＜0.01).两组患者每小时尿量及Pcv-aCO2、乳酸清除率与△SOFA均存在显著相关性(r值分别为-0.712、0.745、-0.631,均P＜0.05).结论 Pcv-aCO2可作为评估患者血流动力学状态的指标,也可作为评估治疗效果和预后的一项指标.     

血液灌流治疗百草枯中毒的临床总结

目的 研究血液灌流(HP)治疗对百草枯中毒患者的疗效.方法 回顾性分析2005年1月至2009年12月收治的222例百草枯中毒患者的临床资料,按治疗方案分为对照组(140例)和HP组(82例).两组均给予常规治疗;HP组加用HP,每日1次,持续4 h.比较两组患者临床指标、实验室指标、序贯器官功能衰竭评分系统(SOFA)评分与预后.结果 HP组患者动脉血氧分压(PaO2)、白细胞计数(WBC)、丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)、天冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)、尿素氮(BUN)、肌酐(Cr)均较治疗前明显改善,且明显优于对照组(均P<0.05).HP组患者SOFA评分显著低于对照组[(2.69±0.36)分比(2.78±0.39)分,P<0.05].HP组患者28 d生存率明显高于对照组[48.8%(40/82)比43.6%(61/140),P<0.053.结论 HP能够减轻百草枯中毒患者的器官损害,并改善预后.     

不同时机胃管灌注白陶土对急性百草枯中毒预后的影响

目的:探讨不同时机给予白陶土胃管灌注对急性百草枯中毒预后的影响.方法:回顾性分析本院收治的39例急性百草枯中毒患者的临床资料,入院后均立即给予洗胃、白陶土胃管灌注、导泻、大剂量激素、护肝及血液净化等治疗.入选病例的中毒剂量、急性生理与慢性健康状况Ⅱ(APACHEⅡ)评分均无统计学差异,P>0.05.根据白陶土胃管灌注时间分为3组,其中灌注时间t≤6 h的A组16例、6 h12h的C组11例.观察3组患者多器官功能障碍(MODS)的发生时间、例数和1周内的病死率.结果:A组出现MODS 12例,发生MODS时间为(3.21±0.54)d,1周病死6例;B组出现MODS10例,发生MODS时间为(2.53±0.37)d,1周病死5例;C组出现MODS10例,发生MODS时间为(2.61±0.52)d,1周病死5例.A组与B、c两组间MODS发生时间、MODS受损数间差异有统计学意义(P<0.01;P<0.05),1周病死率三组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);但B、C两组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论:早期给予大剂量白陶土胃管灌注能有效减轻或延缓患者病情进展.     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.     

Clinical Trial Updates and Hotline Sessions presented at the European Society of Cardiology Congress 2007

This article provides information and commentaries on trials which were presented at the Hotline and Clinical Trial Update Sessions at the European Society of Cardiology Congress 2007 in Vienna. The key presentations were performed by leading experts in the field with relevant positions in the trials or registries. It is important to note that unpublished reports should be considered as preliminary data, as the analysis may change in the final publications. The comprehensive summaries have been generated from the oral presentation and the webcasts of the European Society of Cardiology and should provide the readers with the most comprehensive information of relevant publications.     

Balance and Boundaries in Grief Counseling: An Intervention Framework for Volunteer Training

Volunteers or paraprofessional counselors are commonly used to provide supportive care to the bereaved. These counselors generally are trained in basic listening skills, providing a generic, nonspecific approach to intervention that remains to be proven effective. The present paper outlines a framework that provides paraprofessionals with a broader model for intervention with the bereaved. Attention to boundaries as a helper and balance in the grief recovery are central to the model. Interventions are described that provide the paraprofessional counselor with more options for tailoring their counseling strategy to the individual. These include techniques that are presumed to be more specific to the enhancement of grief recovery.     

A new method for the simultaneous analysis of unmodified and modified urinary nucleosides and nucleobases by high performance liquid chromatography

Details are given of a new, rapid and simple pre-fractionation method and an isocratic high performance liquid chromatography system suitable for parallel analysis of nucleosides and nucleobases from urine and other biological fluids. The quantitative recovery and excellent reproducibility of the method is demonstrated by analysis of representative standard RNA catabolites. The advantage of this new method for application to biological samples is discussed.     

Adsorption of Charged Non-albumin Bound Drugs by Amorphous Silica

We investigated the in vitro drug adsorption of PQ 10150 sodium silicate gel (AIS, Santa Clara, CA) with particle size of 230 um and surface area of 400 nr/g. We observed 99% to 88% adsorption of gentamicin; a mean 91 % of disopyramide; a mean 89% of quinidine at low concentration, falling to 75% at higher concentration. Insulin was 88% adsorbed at low concentrations but less so (65%) at higher concentrations. We observed a mean 83 % adsorption of procainamide, a mean 84% of N-acetyl procainamide, 74% oflidocaine, 73% of amitriptyline; and 44% of desipramine. We found an average 14% reduction of total digoxin concentration when serum containing digoxin (2 to 33 ng/mL) was exposed to sodium silicate, while the reduction in free digoxin concentration was 16%. Five percent ethosuximide was also removed. The adsorption of theophylline, phenobarbital, acetaminophen, phenytoin, ethylene glycol, methotrexate, salicylate, thiocyanate and diazepam was minimal and not significant. We conclude that significant amounts of charged, non-albumin bound drugs can be removed by PQ 10150 sodium silicate gel.     

自动化酸碱平衡图在急诊社区获得性肺炎诊治中的应用

目的 探讨自动化酸碱平衡图在急诊科社区获得性肺炎(CAP)患者诊断中的价值.方法 根据病史、肺功能测定结果、慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)诊断标准,将111例CAP患者分为单纯CAP组(56例)和COPD合并CAP组[即慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重(AECOPD)组,55例].询问患者病史后即刻抽取动脉血测血气并进行自动化酸碱平衡图分析.结果 血气分析结果显示,AECOPD组动脉血二氧化碳分压(PaCO2,kPa)、HCO3- (mmol/L)、剩余碱(BE,mmol/L)均显著高于CAP组(PaCO2:7.714±2.414比5.896±1.308,HCO3-:30.767±7.185比25.014±3.043,BE:4.345±5.371比-0.354±3.180,均P＜0.01).自动化酸碱平衡图分析结果显示,AECOPD组患者酸碱平衡紊乱高达89.1％,CAP组为66.1％.将AECOPD组和CAP组患者中正常(10.9％、33.9％)、急性呼吸性酸中毒(急性呼酸,12.7％、14.3％)、慢性呼吸性酸中毒(慢性呼酸,49.1％、10.7％)、呼吸性碱中毒(呼碱,7.3％、14.3％)、代谢性酸中毒(代酸,12.7％、17.9％)、代谢性碱中毒(代碱,12.7％、8.9％)综合进行x2分析,差异有统计学意义(x2=24.421,P=0.001),而将正常、急性呼酸、呼碱、代酸及代碱进行x2分析,差异无统计学意义(x2=5.280,P=0.260),提示AECOPD患者慢性呼酸的发生率较单纯CAP患者显著增加.结论 自动化酸碱平衡图能帮助急诊科医师快速识别CAP患者是否存在多重酸碱平衡紊乱,并可快速识别急、慢性呼吸系统疾病.