推动证据向临床转化(三)研究的选题和问题构建

开展证据向临床转化相关研究的起点是选择合适的主题、构建循证问题。确定研究的纳入排除标准,也是构建系统性文献检索策略的基础。本文将详细介绍证据临床转化研究的选题原则、选题流程和构建结构化的研究问题的PIPOST模型,为研究者进一步梳理证据实施临床转化中所包含的重要元素,开展后续应用环节提供依据。     

学术速递

1.推动证据临床转化系列目前,知识转化已经成为全球卫生保健关注的热点。但如何开展循证实践,促进高质量证据向临床的转化成为困扰护理人员的关键问题,尤其是关于证据实施的方法学,一直处于不断发展和完善中。复旦大学护理学院从2010年开始致力于推动证据向临床的转化与应用,开展了多项课题,推出了多个本土化证据实施模式,在多年教育、研究积累的基础上,梳理和分析了在证据实施方面的资源、理论与方法。     

实施性研究的方法学综述

目的 实施科学为循证护理证据的转化和常态化开展提供了新思路和研究方法。护理领域尚缺乏系统的方法学文献探讨如何开展实施科学。方法 系统综述医疗健康领域中IS的相关方法学,各研究设计的优缺点、局限性及应用现状。结果 相关方法学主要包括效果-实施混合设计（Effectiveness Implementation Hybrid Designs,EIHD）、多阶段优化策略（Multiphase Optimization Strategy, MOST）、多重方案随机序贯试验（Sequential Multiple Assignment Randomized Trial, SMART）、阶梯设计（Stepped-Wedge Design, SWD）、阶梯设计集群随机试验（Stepped Wedge Cluster Randomized Trial, SWCRT）、中断时间序列（Interrupted Time Series Design, ITS）、断点回归设计（Regression Discontinuity Design, RDD）、质性研究设计和混合研究设计。结论 近些年有护理研究人员开始运用IS开展相关研究,建议在开展IS时应注意选择与研究问题相匹配的实施研究方法和设计,并采用合适的实施结局指标对实施情况进行概念化和评估,遵循实施性研究的报告规范（standards forreporting implementation studies,StaRI）进行全面报告。     

推动证据向临床转化(四)以临床转化为目的的证据资源检索

对证据临床转化时的证据检索进行阐述和总结,包括证据资源的分布与类型、以临床转化为目的的证据检索流程,旨在促进护理人员理解证据检索的原则、方法与策略,规范证据检索,促进证据实施。     

概念图在证据转化与应用项目中的研究进展

如何识别利益相关者观点一直是证据转化与临床应用的重要议题,概念图为解决利益相关者相关研究问题提供了框架。该文介绍了概念图的概念、实施步骤及其在证据转化与应用项目中的应用方向,包括明确研究问题和需求,探索证据实施的障碍和促进因素,选择和剪裁实施策略,开发概念框架和测量工具等方面,总结了概念图的应用前景,以期促进概念图在国内证据转化研究中的应用。     

推动证据临床转化(一)促进健康照护领域科学决策

阐述在知识转化模式和实施性科学框架下循证实践领域证据临床转化的背景、意义以及实施方法。分析证据临床转化的关键要素、与持续护理质量改进之间的关系。     

推动证据向临床转化(六)证据总结的制作与撰写

本文对证据临床转化过程中的证据总结进行阐述,包括证据总结的制作流程和撰写建议,旨在促进护理人员高效整合证据,推动证据实施。     

从知到行:跨越指南理论与实践的鸿沟

随着循证医学和临床实践指南的快速发展以及转化医学与实施科学的兴起,加强证据的转化与利用,促进高质量指南的传播与实施,已在国内外学者中引起广泛关注。本文对当前指南传播与实施的现状、基本步骤、阻碍与促进因素进行分析和总结,对其与实施科学之间的关系展开论述,并在此基础上就我国如何提升指南传播与实施效果提出思考和建议。     

推动证据向临床转化(五)证据临床转化研究中的文献质量评价

循证实践是对公开报道的研究进行组织、整理、评价、整合、分类、遴选和有效利用的过程,以促进证据向临床转化,促进护理实践水平的提高。在证据临床转化的四个阶段中,文献质量评价是证据准备阶段的关键环节。本文将详细介绍对指南、专家共识、系统评价和原始研究的文献质量评价的原则和方法,为研究者进一步梳理可用的证据,开展后续临床转化环节提供依据。     

循证转化护理专业组的建立及实践

目的建立综合医院循证转化护理专业组,探讨其在临床实践中的应用效果。方法确立循证和转化双目标,内部设立护理部-核心组-研究护士-实践护士组织架构,外部搭建循证护理和知识转化中心转化平台,创建双循环的运行模式和双轨的管理模式。结果循证转化护理专业组建立后,患者的临床结局得到了改善,医院循证护理人才得到了培养,专业组得到了国际组织的认可。结论循证转化护理专业组的建立可促进循证转化的发展,对患者的安全、护士的培养和医院的发展均起到一定作用。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.     

Clinical Trial Updates and Hotline Sessions presented at the European Society of Cardiology Congress 2007

This article provides information and commentaries on trials which were presented at the Hotline and Clinical Trial Update Sessions at the European Society of Cardiology Congress 2007 in Vienna. The key presentations were performed by leading experts in the field with relevant positions in the trials or registries. It is important to note that unpublished reports should be considered as preliminary data, as the analysis may change in the final publications. The comprehensive summaries have been generated from the oral presentation and the webcasts of the European Society of Cardiology and should provide the readers with the most comprehensive information of relevant publications.     

Balance and Boundaries in Grief Counseling: An Intervention Framework for Volunteer Training

Volunteers or paraprofessional counselors are commonly used to provide supportive care to the bereaved. These counselors generally are trained in basic listening skills, providing a generic, nonspecific approach to intervention that remains to be proven effective. The present paper outlines a framework that provides paraprofessionals with a broader model for intervention with the bereaved. Attention to boundaries as a helper and balance in the grief recovery are central to the model. Interventions are described that provide the paraprofessional counselor with more options for tailoring their counseling strategy to the individual. These include techniques that are presumed to be more specific to the enhancement of grief recovery.     

A new method for the simultaneous analysis of unmodified and modified urinary nucleosides and nucleobases by high performance liquid chromatography

Details are given of a new, rapid and simple pre-fractionation method and an isocratic high performance liquid chromatography system suitable for parallel analysis of nucleosides and nucleobases from urine and other biological fluids. The quantitative recovery and excellent reproducibility of the method is demonstrated by analysis of representative standard RNA catabolites. The advantage of this new method for application to biological samples is discussed.     

Adsorption of Charged Non-albumin Bound Drugs by Amorphous Silica

We investigated the in vitro drug adsorption of PQ 10150 sodium silicate gel (AIS, Santa Clara, CA) with particle size of 230 um and surface area of 400 nr/g. We observed 99% to 88% adsorption of gentamicin; a mean 91 % of disopyramide; a mean 89% of quinidine at low concentration, falling to 75% at higher concentration. Insulin was 88% adsorbed at low concentrations but less so (65%) at higher concentrations. We observed a mean 83 % adsorption of procainamide, a mean 84% of N-acetyl procainamide, 74% oflidocaine, 73% of amitriptyline; and 44% of desipramine. We found an average 14% reduction of total digoxin concentration when serum containing digoxin (2 to 33 ng/mL) was exposed to sodium silicate, while the reduction in free digoxin concentration was 16%. Five percent ethosuximide was also removed. The adsorption of theophylline, phenobarbital, acetaminophen, phenytoin, ethylene glycol, methotrexate, salicylate, thiocyanate and diazepam was minimal and not significant. We conclude that significant amounts of charged, non-albumin bound drugs can be removed by PQ 10150 sodium silicate gel.     

自动化酸碱平衡图在急诊社区获得性肺炎诊治中的应用

目的 探讨自动化酸碱平衡图在急诊科社区获得性肺炎(CAP)患者诊断中的价值.方法 根据病史、肺功能测定结果、慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)诊断标准,将111例CAP患者分为单纯CAP组(56例)和COPD合并CAP组[即慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重(AECOPD)组,55例].询问患者病史后即刻抽取动脉血测血气并进行自动化酸碱平衡图分析.结果 血气分析结果显示,AECOPD组动脉血二氧化碳分压(PaCO2,kPa)、HCO3- (mmol/L)、剩余碱(BE,mmol/L)均显著高于CAP组(PaCO2:7.714±2.414比5.896±1.308,HCO3-:30.767±7.185比25.014±3.043,BE:4.345±5.371比-0.354±3.180,均P＜0.01).自动化酸碱平衡图分析结果显示,AECOPD组患者酸碱平衡紊乱高达89.1％,CAP组为66.1％.将AECOPD组和CAP组患者中正常(10.9％、33.9％)、急性呼吸性酸中毒(急性呼酸,12.7％、14.3％)、慢性呼吸性酸中毒(慢性呼酸,49.1％、10.7％)、呼吸性碱中毒(呼碱,7.3％、14.3％)、代谢性酸中毒(代酸,12.7％、17.9％)、代谢性碱中毒(代碱,12.7％、8.9％)综合进行x2分析,差异有统计学意义(x2=24.421,P=0.001),而将正常、急性呼酸、呼碱、代酸及代碱进行x2分析,差异无统计学意义(x2=5.280,P=0.260),提示AECOPD患者慢性呼酸的发生率较单纯CAP患者显著增加.结论 自动化酸碱平衡图能帮助急诊科医师快速识别CAP患者是否存在多重酸碱平衡紊乱,并可快速识别急、慢性呼吸系统疾病.