中西医结合治疗51例重型SARS临床疗效观察

目的 :观察中西结合治疗重型严重急性呼吸综合征 (SARS)的临床疗效。方法 :分析 2 0 0 3年 3月11日— 5月 30日在我院住院治疗的 5 1例重型 SARS患者的预后以及 T淋巴细胞亚群的变化。结果 :中西医结合治疗 2 9例 ,治愈 2 6例 (89.6 5 % ) ,死亡 3例 (10 .34% )。西药治疗 2 2例 ,治愈 12例 (5 4 .5 4 % ) ,死亡 10例(45 .4 5 % )。两组疗效比较 ,差异有显著性 (P<0 .0 5 )。中西医组临床症状改善明显 ,与西药组治疗后相比有非常显著差异 (P<0 .0 1)。中西医组治疗后 CD+ 4T淋巴细胞由 (36 1± 2 78)× 10 6 / L 上升到 (6 30± 4 5 4 )× 10 6 / L(P<0 .0 5 ) ,西药治疗组 CD+ 4T淋巴细胞由 (2 88± 186 )× 10 6 / L 上升到 (376± 2 85 )× 10 6 / L(P<0 .0 5 )。结论 :与西药治疗相比较 ,中西医结合治疗能显著改善重型 SARS患者的临床症状 ,提高机体 T淋巴细胞免疫功能 ,从而降低患者的病死率。     

77例SARS患者中西医结合治疗随机对照研究

目的 :评价中西医结合方法治疗严重急性呼吸综合征 (SARS)的疗效。方法 :采用随机对照法对 77例接受中西医结合或单纯西药治疗的 SARS患者的疗效进行比较。结果 :中西医组 37例全部恢复正常出院 ;西医组 4 0例死亡 1例 ,39例恢复正常出院。西医组急性期 2 7例治疗 7d后 T淋巴细胞 CD+ 4由 (497± 2 6 2 )个 / μl下降到 (377± 190 )个 /μl,而中西医组 2 4例 T淋巴细胞 CD+ 4由 (5 84± 4 4 0 )个 /μl上升到 (6 6 2± 316 )个 /μl,差异显著 (P<0 .0 5 )。西医组 6例急性期平均 X线胸片基本吸收时间为 (18.4± 8.2 ) d,比中西医组 2 2例 (16 .2±8.8) d慢约 2 d。西医组 11例由重型转为轻型平均时间为 (10 .9± 3.4 ) d,比中西医组 12例 (9.3± 3.8) d慢约1d。西医组 2 0例平均激素总用量为 (132 5± 6 2 3) mg,略少于中西医组 15例平均 (14 0 0± 6 85 ) m g;第一次减量平均时间西医组为 (8.1± 3.8) d,比中西医组平均 (6 .4± 3.7) d长 2 d,均无统计学差异。结论 :与单纯西药治疗相比 ,中西结合治疗能加快患者免疫功能恢复 ,促进肺部炎症的吸收 ,缩短激素使用时间 ,加速患者的恢复。     

35例SARS患者临床特征分析

目的 :探讨严重急性呼吸综合征 (SARS)的临床特征。方法 :回顾分析过去 5个月里我院收治的 35例SARS患者的临床特征 ,并与普通的社区获得性肺炎患者进行比较。同时用流式细胞仪检测了 13例 SARS患者和 10例健康志愿者的外周血 CD+ 4和 CD+ 8T淋巴细胞。结果 :SARS最常见的表现为发热 (10 0 .0 0 % )、咳嗽(74 .30 % )、头痛 (4 5 .70 % )、全身肌肉酸痛 (4 5 .70 % )及淋巴细胞减少 (2 0 /33)。 X线胸片表现为进行性发展的多发性肺浸润病灶。 13例 SARS患者外周血 CD+ 4和 CD+ 8明显降低〔 CD+ 4为 (16 .10± 4 .31) %比 (38.30±8.5 2 ) % ,CD+ 8为 (19.90± 5 .4 0 ) %比 (2 8.38± 4 .33) % ;t值分别为 8.174和 4 .0 5 5 ,P均 <0 .0 1〕,SARS组患者平均退热时间较肺炎组长〔(13.92± 8.35 ) d比 (3.86± 1.4 2 ) d,t=16 .4 90 ,P=0 .0 0 0〕;肺总病变吸收时间也明显延长〔(11.97± 4 .4 1) d比 (9.2 1± 4 .4 2 ) d,t=3.0 82 ,P=0 .0 0 3〕。结论 :SARS患者主要表现为发热、咳嗽、头痛、全身肌肉酸痛 ,外周血淋巴细胞计数减少 ,CD+ 4和 CD+ 8细胞明显降低 ,肺内多发性浸润病灶。     

应用流式细胞仪研究HIV/AIDS患者的免疫状况

目的　探讨人类免疫缺陷病毒 ( human immunodeficiency virus,HIV)感染者和艾滋病 ( acquired immunodefi-ciency syndrome,AIDS)患者的免疫状况。方法　应用流式细胞仪 ( flow cytometer,FCM)四色荧光计数 ( CD4 5 +、CD3+、CD4 + 、CD8+ )检测 2 0例正常人、38例 HIV无症状感染者、2 4例 HIV有症状感染者和 2 1例 AIDS患者的外周血 CD4 + 、CD8+ 淋巴细胞 ,结合临床进行分析。　结果　 HIV无症状感染者、HIV有症状感染者和 AIDS患者的外周血 CD4 + 细胞数( 45 6± 99.8、2 87± 85 .3、4 5± 4 1 .9)及 CD4 + / CD8+比值 ( 0 .4 6± 0 .1 4、0 .39± 0 .1 5、0 .1 1± 0 .0 9)均明显低于正常人群的CD4 + 细胞数 ( 84 2± 2 64.1 ) ( P<0 .0 1 )及 CD4 + / CD8+ 比值 ( 1 .79± 0 .5 1 ) ( P<0 .0 1 ) ;二者随病程进展不断下降 ,且不同病程间差异明显。结论　CD4 +细胞绝对数和 CD4 + / CD8+比值可作为检测 HIV感染临床分期的重要指标     

阵发性睡眠性血红蛋白尿症患者外周血T淋巴细胞亚群及活化分子表达的研究

目的　探讨阵发性睡眠性血红蛋白尿症 (PNH)患者T淋巴细胞的功能及活化状态与PNH临床的关系。方法　应用流式细胞术及免疫磁珠分选术 ,测定了 18例PNH患者外周血单个核细胞 (PBMNC)及CD59+ 和CD59-PBMNC中CD3 + 、CD4+ 及CD8+ 细胞表型 ,并测定了新诊断的未经治疗的 6例PNH患者外周血中NK细胞及CD4+ CD2 8+ /CD4+ 、CD8+ CD2 8+ /CD8+ 、CD4+ HLR DR+ /CD4+ 、CD8+HLR DR+ /CD8+ 及CD8+ CD3 8+ /CD8+ 淋巴细胞表面分子表达比值。结果　PNH患者PBMNC中CD3 +CD8+ /CD3 + CD4+ 细胞比值增加 ,为 1.2 2± 0 .5 1,对照组为 0 .86± 0 .2 7,两者比较 ,差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 5 )。分选后PNH患者CD59-PBMNC中CD3 + CD8+ /CD3 + CD4+ 细胞比值增加 ,为 2 .31± 1.5 6 ,CD59+PBMNC为 0 .6 2± 0 .2 7,两者比较 ,差异有统计学意义 (P <0 .0 1)。CD3 + CD8+ /CD3 + CD4+ 细胞比值与骨髓衰竭 (BMF)的级差相关分析呈正相关。PNH患者CD4+ CD2 8+ /CD4+ 细胞比值明显减少 ,为 0 .5 2±0 .11(对照为 1.0 0± 0 .0 6 ) ,而CD8+ HLR DR+ /CD8+ 增加 ,为 0 .4 5± 0 .2 6 (对照为 0 .10± 0 .0 6 )。结论　PNH患者CD3 + CD8+ /CD3 + CD4+ 细胞比值增加 ,病变表型细胞更易发生在CD8+ 细胞群中。CD4+ 细胞中CD2 8+ 辅助刺激因     

严重急性呼吸综合征急性期T淋巴细胞亚群异常改变

目的　研究严重急性呼吸综合征 (SARS)患者T淋巴细胞改变特点 ,探讨其发病机制 ,提高对SARS的早期诊断水平。方法　收集本院急诊留观的 30例确诊为SARS患者和 5 6名健康献血员的抗凝血 ,用特异性荧光抗体标记 ,通过流式细胞仪检测其CD4+ 和CD8+ 的T淋巴细胞亚群变化 ,对其中 2例恢复后的SARS病人复查CD4+ 和CD8+ 的T淋巴细胞亚群 ,并与人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)、巨细胞病毒 (CMV)和EB病毒 (EBV)感染患者的T淋巴细胞亚群改变进行比较。结果　与正常人相比 ,SARS患者的CD4+ T淋巴细胞 (简称“T4细胞”)和CD8+ T淋巴细胞 (简称“T8细胞”)数量均显著减少 (2 84± 187个 /mm3 和 2 88± 16 7个 /mm3 ) ,所有SARS患者的T4细胞计数均低于正常 (最低仅4 9个 /mm3 ) ,恢复期 2例SARS病人的T4和T8细胞恢复正常 ;与HIV、CMV、EBV感染者相比 ,SARS患者的T4细胞和T8细胞数量也均显著减少 ,而T8细胞数量的减少则更为严重 ;与正常人相比 ,HIV感染者T4细胞数量也均显著减少 ,但HIV、CMV、EBV感染者的T8细胞数量均显著增加。结论　SARS患者的T淋巴细胞数量显著降低 ,但可逆转 ;T4和T8细胞的检测有助于早期诊断SARS病人。     

艾滋病患者淋巴细胞数和CD+4T细胞计数的相关性研究

目的 研究感染人免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)的艾滋病(AIDS)患者总淋巴细胞数(TLC)和CD+4阳性T淋巴细胞数量(CD+4T)的相关性,探讨TLC作为CD+4T替代方案在监测HIV疾病进展和高效抗逆转录病毒治疗(HAART)疗效中发挥的作用.方法 分析121例患者在治疗前和HAART中TLC和CD+4T的相关性,并动态观察治疗1、6、12个月患者TLC增加值(△TLC)和CD+4T增加值(△CD+4T)的相关性.通过ROC面积、敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值和阴性预测值分析,寻找能有效预测CD+4T＞200个/μl、＞350个/μl的TLC的范围;预测△CD+4T＞50个/μl、＞100个/μl、＞150个/μl时△TLC的范围.结果 121例艾滋病患者TLC和CD+4T在治疗前相关系数r为0.723,P＜0.01;在HAART后1、3、6、9和12个月时也保持一定的相关性,平均相关系数r为0.624±0.094.△TLC和△CD+4T在HAART过程中具有更高的相关性,平均相关系数r为0.760±0.086.在HAART前用TLC＜1300个/μl和＜1500个/μl预测CD+4T＜200个/μl和＜350个/μl具有显著的预测价值.HAART后1个月预测△CD+4T＞50个/μl的△TLC最佳临界值为＞190个/μl,6个月时预测△CD+4T＞100个/μl的△TLC最佳临界值为＞360个/μl,12个月时预测△CD+4T＞150个/μl的△TLC最佳临界值为＞690个/μl.结论 在条件匮乏的艾滋病高发区,可以采用TLC和△TLC预测CD+4T和△CD+4T,监测HIV疾病进展和评价HAART疗效.     

慢性肝炎患者TNF-α及外周血T细胞亚群的变化

我们检测了慢性乙型肝炎患者的 T细胞亚群和肿瘤坏死因子 -α( TNF-α) ,结果如下。一、对象　共检确诊患者和健康对照共 60例 ,病型见附表。附表　各组患者 T细胞亚群和 TNF-︿检测结果 (x± s)　组别 n CD 3细胞 (% ) CD 4细胞 (% ) CD 8细胞 (% ) CD 4/ CD 8TNFα(pg/ m l)正常对照组 2 0 71.3± 9.7 45 .5± 5 .7 2 8.6± 4.2 1.7 6 0 .3± 36 .1轻、中度慢肝组 146 4.2± 6 .1* 37.2± 8.9* 37.1± 7.2 △ 1.0 110 .2± 6 0 .2重度慢肝组 16 6 1.1± 12 .6 * 34 .0± 7.2 * 41.5± 8.2 △ 0 .812 2 0 .4± 130 .3肝炎…     

289例中晚期肿瘤病人外周血T淋巴细胞表型分析

目的 :分析中晚期肿瘤病人外周血T淋巴细胞亚群测定值的特点 ,探讨其影响因素及临床意义。方法 :采用流式细胞术检测 2 89例中晚期肿瘤病人外周血T淋巴细胞亚群水平。结果 :2 89例中晚期肿瘤病人外周血T淋巴细胞亚群测得值分别为CD3+ 细胞 5 9 0 7± 14 2 8,CD4 + 2 4 70± 10 70 ,CD8+ 33 4 5± 12 72 ,CD4 /CD80 89± 0 5 6。除性别对CD3表达的影响具有统计学意义外 (P =0 0 0 3) ,其余指标不受患者性别及年龄的影响 (P >0 0 5 )。结论 :中晚期肿瘤患者普遍存在T淋巴细胞介导的细胞免疫功能下降。     

严重急性呼吸综合征患者人工通气策略的探讨

目的　探讨严重急性呼吸综合征 (severeacuterespiratorysyndrome ,SARS)患者应用有创通气治疗过程中的策略。方法　 1 2例重症SARS患者 ,男 8例 ,女 4例 ,年龄 (31± 75 )岁 ,平均 (5 1 3± 1 1 0 )岁。常规治疗和无创通气失败后 ,经鼻气管插管进行有创人工通气 ,采用压力控制通气模式 ,通气过程中予以镇静。监测通气前后和充分镇静后的生命体征和血气分析 ,氧合功能的变化 ,对通气过程中的并发症和患者的转归进行分析。结果　 (1 ) 1 2例患者均高热 (体温 >38 5℃ ) ,1 0例 (83 3% )患者的WBC总数在正常范围 ,仅 1例高于正常。合并其他脏器损害 9例 (75 % )。 (2 )应用模式为压力调节 +呼气末正压 ,即PCV +PEEP或PRVC +PEEP ,起始PCV的压力为 (1 7 2± 2 9)cmH2 O ,PEEP的压力为 (9 8± 3 5 )cmH2 O ,平均通气时间为 (1 4 7± 1 1 2 )d。 (3)静脉应用咪唑安定或异丙酚充分镇静后可使患者的呼吸频率(RR)下降 ,氧合指数 (OI)升高 ,避免了因吸痰等引起的SpO2 的下降。通气前有 1例患者出现气胸 ,通气过程中 1例出现双侧气胸并纵膈气肿。 (4 )全部患者均接受了皮质激素治疗 ,剂量 2 4 0 - 5 0 0mg d (5 0 0mg d 6例 )。 (5 ) 8例患者成功撤离人工通气并拔除人工气道 ,4例死亡。死亡病例均有严重基础     

SARS患者的肝脏损害

目的　研究严重急性呼吸综合征 (SARS)患者肝脏功能和肝组织病理学的变化 ,探讨 SARS患者肝脏损害的可能机制及其临床意义。方法　依据中华人民共和国卫生部诊断标准 ,选择 2 0 0 3年 2— 6月收治的 SARS患者 110例检测肝脏功能 ,其中 8例死亡者行肝组织病理学检查 ;并与健康体检者 35例进行比较。结果　 SARS组患者血清丙氨酸转氨酶 (AL T)、天冬氨酸转氨酶 (AST)、总胆红素 (TBil)、乳酸脱氢酶(L DH)水平均显著高于对照组 ,分别为 (91.6 1± 5 0 .5 3) U/ L 比 (32 .91± 10 .5 6 ) U/ L,(78.6 8± 33.32 ) U/ L 比(2 9.4 3± 8.89) U/ L,(11.6 7± 4 .2 6 ) μmol/ L 比 (8.4 4± 3.86 ) μmol/ L,(42 9.95± 188.94 ) U/ L 比 (2 0 0 .83±4 4 .86 ) U / L ,P均 <0 .0 0 1;白蛋白 (AL B)和前白蛋白 (PAB)均明显低于对照组 ,分别为 (34.4 0± 5 .13) g/ L比(42 .0 9± 6 .79) g/ L和 (0 .2 0± 0 .0 6 ) g/ L比 (0 .34± 0 .0 5 ) g/ L ,P均 <0 .0 0 1;血清直接胆红素 (DBil)、总胆汁酸 (TBA)、γ谷氨酰转肽酶 (GGT )、碱性磷酸酶 (AL P)水平与对照组无差异 (P均 >0 .0 5 )。 AL T、AST、GGT、L DH变化范围较大 ,为正常范围 4～ 9倍 ,其余各项变化范围较小。AL T、AST和 PAB异常率达 80 .0 %以上 ,AL     

7例SARS死亡病例继发细菌感染菌型分布及耐药分析

目的：探讨严重急性呼吸综合征(SARS)死亡病例继发细菌感染的菌型分布及耐药分析。方法：回顾性分析从7例继发细菌性感染SARS死亡患者的痰液等中分离的30株细菌菌型分类及药物敏感(药敏)试验结果。结果：7例SARS死亡病例都发生继发细菌感染且有5例发生混合感染。送检76份标本中24份阳性(31．5％)；检出病原菌30株，其中真菌13株(43．0％)，革兰阳性(G^-)球菌8株(27．0％)，革兰阴性(G^-)杆菌9株(30．0％)。万古霉素对G^-球菌敏感率为100．0％；亚胺培南、哌拉西林或他唑巴坦对G^-杆菌敏感率分别为100.0％和44．5％；氟康唑对真菌敏感率为92．4％。结论：SARS患者容易继发细菌感染，继发细菌感染是SARS病死率高的重要原因之一。     

Influence of 4- and 6-color flow cytometers and acquisition/analysis softwares on the determination of lymphocyte subsets in HIV infection

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Lymphocyte immunophenotyping provides valuable information for the diagnosis and monitoring of patients with cellular immunodeficiencies, such as HIV/AIDS. In this study, we have assessed the influence of 4-color and 6-color flow cytometers, and respective analytical softwares on the enumeration of lymphocytes in HIV infected individuals. METHODS: The expression of various cell surface markers on lymphocytes was measured from the EDTA blood of 66 HIV infected patients on the FACSCalibur (4-color) and FACSCanto (6-color) flow cytometers. Percentage of lymphocytes expressing a particular cell surface marker was analyzed on FACSCalibur using the Cell Quest Pro software (v 5.2), while the analysis on FACSCanto was done using FACSCanto (v 1.0.3) and FACSDiva (v 4.1) softwares respectively. RESULTS: The data shows significantly higher mean CD3 T-cell counts on FACSCalibur, Cell Quest Pro (1,864 +/- 1,044 cells/microl) as compared to FACSCanto (1,840 +/- 1,040 cells/microl) (P < 0.05). The CD4 T-cell counts were also higher on FACSCalibur, Cell Quest Pro (885 +/- 770 cells/microl), and FACSDiva (892 +/- 773 cells/microl) versus FACSCanto (867 +/- 767 cells/microl) (P < 0.05). FACSCalibur, Cell Quest Pro, and FACSDiva showed similar values except for CD8 T-lymphocytes where FACSDiva had significantly lower values (P < 0.05). The B-cell counts were unaffected when either of the instruments or softwares were used, while the natural killer (NK) cells (CD16 + 56 positive cells) showed similar trend like CD3 and CD4 counts with significant differences in the mean cell counts between FACSCalibur, Cell Quest Pro (240 +/- 165 cells/microl), and FACSDiva (238 +/- 163 cells/microl) versus FACSCanto with higher NK cell counts (260 +/- 176 cells/microl). CONCLUSIONS: The enumeration of lymphocyte subsets was comparable between FACSCalibur, Cell Quest Pro, and FACSDiva, based analysis and it was significantly different than FACSCanto software based analysis. Our observations suggest that FACSDiva software should be preferred over the FACSCanto software for immunophenotyping on FACSCanto flow cytometer and the laboratories should report the instrument and software used for the specimen analysis while reporting immunophenotyping results.     

严重急性呼吸综合征14例临床回顾分析

目的回顾性分析严重急性呼吸综合征 (SARS)的临床特征及治疗。方法在SARS流行期间对疑似患者早期隔离治疗 ,动态观察其临床症状、体征和胸部影像学变化 ;对明确诊断的 14例患者全部采用中西医结合的综合治疗措施 ;对 3例重型患者及时实施纤支镜引导下经鼻气管插管 ,低潮气量、高呼气末正压的通气策略。结果 14例SARS患者全部治愈出院。随访 6个月仅2例患者遗留轻度肺纤维化。所有参与救治的全部医务人员及患者家属无人被传染。结论对患者进行早期隔离、早期诊断、采取中西医结合的综合治疗措施以及对重症患者及时实施机械通气治疗都是成功救治SARS的重要因素。     

SARS患者激素治疗与预后关节痛的研究

目的　探讨严重急性呼吸综合征 (SARS)患者的激素用法与预后关节肿痛的关系。方法　通过分析对 SARS期间的病历资料和医嘱 ,回顾性调查 30例无基础疾病患者的一般情况和激素用法 (包括激素使用总量、持续时间、最高剂量、最高剂量使用持续时间、减药速度 ) ;患者出院 1个月后 ,统一组织调查 SARS患者预后关节痛的有关情况。统计分析采用多元逐步回归法。结果　 SARS患者治疗期间甲基泼尼松龙使用总量为 (42 4 4 .16± 2 2 92 .30 ) m g,使用总时间为 (2 5 .36± 5 .88) d,最高剂量为 (32 1.33± 174 .0 3) m g/ d,最大剂量使用持续时间 (7.73± 4 .0 8) d,减药速度为 (2 1.33± 10 .18) mg/ d。恢复期间出现关节痛 2 6例 ,占 86 .6 7% ;从发病之日到关节痛出现的时间 ,以 1个月以内组发病患者数最多 (为 9例 ) ,占 34.6 2 % ;晚上疼痛明显者仅占 7.6 9% (2例 ) ;轻度疼痛者最多 ,占 5 3.85 %。单因素分析显示 :关节痛程度与激素总量、用药持续时间、用药最大剂量、最大剂量持续时间、停药速度有相关关系 ;关节痛持续时间与激素总量、用药持续时间、用药最大剂量有相关关系 ;年龄与关节痛程度和持续时间都无相关关系。多因素分析显示 :关节痛程度仅与激素使用总量有关 ,关节痛持续时间与激素使用持续时间     

Idiopathic scoliosis. Gas exchange and the age dependence of arterial blood gases.

The aims were to examine the gas exchange and arterial blood gas abnormalities among patients with scoliosis, and the correlation of these abnormalities with age and severity of deformity. Means among 51 patients were as follows: age 25.4 +/- 17.5 yr, angle of scoliosis 80.2 +/- 29.9 (SD), vital capacity 1.94 +/- 0.91 (SD) (i.e. 60.6 +/- 19.2% of predicted), PaO2 85.8 +/- 12.0 (SD), PaCO2 42.4 +/- 8.0, physiological dead space to tidal volume ratio 0.438 +/- 0.074 (SD), and alveolar-arterial oxygen difference breathing air 14.9 +/- 8.9 (SD). Statistically significant correlations were as follows: the PaCO2 and physiological dead space to tidal volume ratio increased with age, and the PaO2 and alveolar ventilation decreased with age. The PaO2, alveolar ventilation, and tidal volume were inversely related to the angle of scoliosis and directly related to the vital capacity, precent predicted vital capacity, and the compliance of the respiratory system. The physiological dead space to tidal volume ratio and the alveolar-arterial oxygen difference were inversely related to the vital capacity, percent predicted vital capacity, and the compliance of the respiratory system. PaCO2 was directly related to the elastance of the respiratory system. We conclude that ventilation-blood flow maldistribution as a result of deformity of the rib cage was the primary abnormality in gas exchange, and that with age there was progressive deterioration in gas exchange. The age-dependent increase in PaCO2 and decrease in alveolar ventilation were due to the increasing physiological dead space to tidal volume ratio and failure of a compensatory increase in ventilation.     

The effects of passive humidifier dead space on respiratory variables in paralyzed and spontaneously breathing patients

BACKGROUND: Passive humidifiers have gained acceptance in the intensive care unit because of their low cost, simple operation, and elimination of condensate from the breathing circuit. However, the additional dead space of these devices may adversely affect respiratory function in certain patients. This study evaluates the effects of passive humidifier dead space on respiratory function. METHODS: Two groups of patients were studied. The first group consisted of patients recovering from acute lung injury and breathing spontaneously on pressure support ventilation. The second group consisted of patients who were receiving controlled mechanical ventilation and were chemically paralyzed following operative procedures. All patients used 3 humidification devices in random order for one hour each. The devices were a heated humidifier (HH), a hygroscopic heat and moisture exchanger (HHME) with a dead space of 28 mL, and a heat and moisture exchanger (HME) with a dead space of 90 mL. During each measurement period the following were recorded: tidal volume, minute volume, respiratory frequency, oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide production, ratio of dead space volume to tidal volume (VD/VT), and blood gases. In the second group, intrinsic positive end-expiratory pressure was also measured. RESULTS: Addition of either of the passive humidifiers was associated with increased VD/VT. In spontaneously breathing patients, VD/VT increased from 59 +/- 13 (HH) to 62 +/- 13 (HHME) to 68 +/- 11% (HME) (p < 0.05). In these patients, constant alveolar ventilation was maintained as a result of increased respiratory frequency, from 22.1 +/- 6.6 breaths/min (HH) to 24.5 +/- 6.9 breaths/min (HHME) to 27.7 +/- 7.4 breaths/min (HME) (p < 0.05), and increased minute volume, from 9.1 +/- 3.5 L/min (HH) to 9.9 +/- 3.6 L/min (HHME) to 11.7 +/- 4.2 L/min (HME) (p < 0.05). There were no changes in blood gases or carbon dioxide production. In the paralyzed patient group, VD/VT increased from 54 +/- 12% (HH) to 56 +/- 10% (HHME) to 59 +/- 11% (HME) (p < 0.05) and arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2) increased from 43.2 +/- 8.5 mm Hg (HH) to 43.9 +/- 8.7 mm Hg (HHME) to 46.8 +/- 11 mm Hg (HME) (p < 0.05). There were no changes in respiratory frequency, tidal volume, minute volume, carbon dioxide production, or intrinsic positive end-expiratory pressure. DISCUSSION: These findings suggest that use of passive humidifiers with increased dead space is associated with increased VD/VT. In spontaneously breathing patients this is associated with an increase in respiratory rate and minute volume to maintain constant alveolar ventilation. In paralyzed patients this is associated with a small but statistically significant increase in PaCO2. CONCLUSION: Clinicians should be aware that each type of passive humidifier has inherent dead space characteristics. Passive humidifiers with high dead space may negatively impact the respiratory function of spontaneously breathing patients or carbon dioxide retention in paralyzed patients. When choosing a passive humidifier, the device with the smallest dead space, but which meets the desired moisture output requirements, should be selected.     

Rhabdomyolysis associated with acute renal failure in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome

An outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) occurred in Taiwan in 2003. SARS complicated with rhabdomyolysis has rarely been reported. This study reported three cases of rhabdomyolysis developing during the clinical course of SARS. Thirty probable SARS patients were admitted to the isolation wards at Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital between 4 April and 4 June 2003. Thirty patients, including four men and 26 women aged from 12 to 87 years (mean age 40). Eleven (36.7%) patients had respiratory failure and required mechanical ventilation with paralytic therapy; three (10%) patients had rhabdomyolysis complicated with acute renal failure and one received haemodialysis; four (13.3%) patients died. Three cases with rhabdomyolysis all received sedative and paralytic therapy for mechanical ventilation. Haemodialysis was performed on one patient. Two patients died from multiple organ failure, and one patient fully recovered from rhabdomyolysis with acute renal failure. SARS is a serious respiratory illness, and its aetiology is a novel coronavirus. Rhabdomyolysis resulting from SARS virus infection was strongly suspected. Immobilisation under paralytic therapy and steroids may also be important in developing rhabdomyolysis.     

SARS流行期发热患者的诊治及影响因素分析

目的：对严重急性呼吸综合征(SARS)流行期发热患者的病因构成、诊治状况及影响因素进行分析，探讨SARS及发热相关疾病的早期诊断及鉴别诊断方法。方法：将2003年3月15日—5月10日北京大学附属第三医院急诊科接诊的4060例发热患者流行病学及临床资料进行总结分析，并评价其影响因素的作用。结果：4060例发热患者中，被收入隔离病房者275例，145例确诊为SARS(占3．57％)，29例为疑似病例，排除诊断101例。诊断非SARS性肺感染93例，并诊断流行性脑膜炎2例，化脓性脑膜炎8例，流行性出血热3例。结论：SARS高发期发热患者中约90％的病因为流行性感冒或其他病毒感染，非SARS性肺感染及发热相关传染病占有一定比例。应提高发热的鉴别诊断意识和水平，白细胞升高不是排除SARS的诊断依据，X线胸片异常可不与发热同时出现，必须进行胸片复查。