先天性肝内门体分流的彩色多普勒超声和超声造影模式研究

目的 探讨先天性肝内门-体静脉分流(IPSVS)的彩色多普勒和超声造影表现.方法 对19例经CT血管成像证实的先天性IPSVS患者行常规超声和超声造影检查,记录造影剂到达肝动脉时间(HAAT)、到达门静脉时间(PVAT)及到达肝静脉时间(HVAT),计算造影剂从肝动脉到达肝静脉间隔时间(HA-HVTT)和门静脉到达肝静脉间隔时间(PV-HVTT).结果 病变的特征基于Park分型进行归类,彩色多普勒超声显示门静脉分支和肝静脉或下腔静脉之间的异常交通,脉冲多普勒显示分流门静脉出现类似于肝静脉起伏的三相波形.超声造影在门脉相显示门静脉分支和肝静脉或下腔静脉之间的异常交通血管,而且HVAT、HA-HVTT、PV-HVTT缩短,与肝硬化组及正常组比较差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.01).结论 先天性IPSVS是罕见的血管异常,通常无症状,超声是诊断先天性IPSVS有效的工具,超声造影可为先天性IPSVS的诊断和鉴别诊断提供依据.     

超声造影评价肝纤维化的实验研究

目的 探讨超声造影评价大鼠肝纤维化的价值.方法 应用四氯化碳诱导大鼠肝纤维化,在反相脉冲谐波模式下,经尾静脉团注超声造影剂,记录造影剂到达肝动脉时间(hepatic artery arrival time,HAAT)、到达门静脉时间(portal vein arrival time,PVAT)、到达肝静脉时间(hepatic vein arrival time,HVAT),并与免疫组化结果进行相关性分析.结果 S0～S4期HAAT、PVAT两两比较差异无统计学意义;S3期、S4期HVAT较So～S2期缩短(P＜0.05).HVAT与C-Ⅳ、LN免疫组化染色阳性反应面积百分比呈负相关,相关系数分别为-0.680,-0.639.结论 超声造影对于评价肝纤维化有一定的价值.     

肝超声血流动力学参数评估门静脉高压中重度食管静脉曲张的应用价值

目的 运用超声造影及彩色多普勒超声探讨肝超声血流动力学参数在评估门静脉高压患者中重度食管静脉曲张中的价值.方法 根据胃镜检查结果,将29例无食管静脉曲张的正常人设为对照组,60例食管静脉曲张的患者分为中重度组(30例)及轻度组(30例),三组分别接受彩色多普勒超声及超声造影检查,采集肝内血流循环动态造影数据,获得时间-强度曲线(TIC曲线),得到以下定量参数:肝静脉减震指数(DI)、门静脉流速(PVV)、造影剂肝动脉到达时间(HAAT)、门静脉到达时间(PVAT)及肝静脉到达时间(H VAT),进而计算造影剂肝静脉肝动脉渡越时间(即造影剂到达肝静脉时间减去到达肝动脉时间,HV-HA),门静脉肝动脉渡越时间(即造影剂到达门静脉时间减去到达肝动脉时间,PV-HA)及门静脉肝静脉渡越时间(即造影剂到达门静脉时间减去到达肝静脉时间,PV-HV).应用ROC曲线下面积评价以上参数对诊断中重度食管静脉曲张的价值.结果 中重度组PV-HV、PV-HA、HV-HA、PVV、DI与对照组比较,差异具统计学意义(P=0.000);与轻度组比较,PV-HV、PV-HA、HV-HA、DI差异具统计学意义(P=0.000、P=0.002、P=0.000、P=0.002),而PVV差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).轻度组与对照组比较,PV-HA、HV-HA差异具统计学意义(P=0.028、P=0.024),PV-HV、DI及PVV之间差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).PV-HV、PV-HA、HV-HA、PVV、DI的ROC曲线下面积分别为0.952、0.775、0.847、0.699、0.808.以PV-HV≥0.5s为截断值诊断中重度食管静脉曲张的灵敏性、特异性分别为86.2％、94.8％.结论 肝超声血流动力学参数评估中重度食管静脉曲张有较高的灵敏性和特异性,有望成为无创诊断中重度食管静脉曲张的新方法.     

实时超声造影定量分析评价大鼠肝纤维化病理分期的实验研究

目的 探讨实时超声造影定量分析技术评价大鼠肝纤维化病理分期的价值.方法 44只大鼠制作肝纤维化模型,6只大鼠作为对照组.于造模的4、8、12周分别随机从造模组取12只,从对照组中取2只行超声造影检查,获得以下参数:造影剂到达肝动脉、门静脉、肝静脉时间(HAAT、PVAT、HVAT);肝实质及门静脉灌注参数:峰值强度(LPPI、PVPI)、达峰时间(LPTP、PVTP)、曲线尖度(LPβ、PVβ)、曲线下面积(LPAUC、PVAUC);计算出肝动脉-肝静脉、门静脉-肝静脉渡越时间(HA-HVTT、Pv-HVTT),门静脉-肝实质峰值强度差(δPI),肝实质-门静脉达峰时间差(δTP).分析对照组及造模组肝纤维化各期定量参数的变化情况.结果 HVAT、PV-HVTT、HA-HVTT、LPPI、LPTP、δPI、δTP差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),其余参数均无统计学意义.LPTP、δTP对纤维化分期的鉴别能力较好,S≥S2、S≥S3、S≥S4时,曲线下面积分别为0.812、0.860、0.822和0.808、0.857、0.856.结论 实时超声造影定量分析对肝纤维化分期评估有一定价值.     

超声造影定量参数与肝纤维化程度的相关性研究

目的 探讨超声造影定量参数与肝穿刺病理纤维化程度的相关性.方法 对病理诊断明确的肝纤维化患者60例进行超声造影检查和脱机定量分析,分别在肝动脉、肝实质、门静脉及肝静脉选取感兴趣区绘制时间-强度曲线,获得定量参数到达时间、强度增量(ISI)、峰值强度(PI)和曲线下面积(AUC),计算肝动-静脉渡越时间(HA-HVTT)、门静脉-肝静脉渡越时间(PV-HVTT)和肝实质-肝静脉渡越时间(PA-HVTT).将以上参数与病理肝纤维化程度进行相关性分析,对相关性较好指标分别以肝纤维化程度S＞S1及S＞S3为不同研究终点分组进行受试者特征曲线(ROC)分析.结果 病理肝纤维化分期显示轻度(S0、S1)25例,中度(S2、S3)17例,重度(S4)18例.反映造影剂在肝内渡越时间的HA-HVTT、PV-HVTT和PA-HVTT与纤维化程度呈负相关(P＜0.05);反映造影剂灌注强度的门静脉ISI、PI和AUC与纤维化程度呈负相关(P＜0.05);对HA-HVTT、PV-HVTT和PA-HVTT进行ROC分析,肝纤维化分期S＞S1时曲线下面积分别为0.808、0.848和0.823;S＞S3时曲线下面积分别为0.856、0.903和0.806.结论 超声造影定量参数可间接反映肝纤维化程度,其中反映造影剂在肝内渡越时间的参数HA-HVTT、PV-HVTT和PA-HVTT为较好指标.     

肝纤维化灰阶超声造影的临床应用评估

目的:评估超声造影在临床评估慢性病毒性肝炎患者肝纤维化程度中的应用价值。方法 :记录正常人(S0)和肝炎后肝纤维化患者(S1～S4)超声造影的肝动脉开始显影时间(HAAT)、门静脉开始显影时间(PVAT)、肝实质开始显影时间(LPAT)、肝静脉开始显影时间(HVAT)、门静脉和肝动脉开始显影时间差值(ΔPV-HA)、门静脉和肝静脉开始显影时间差值(ΔHV-PV)、肝静脉和肝动脉开始显影时间差值(ΔHV-HA)。结果:S0组患者的HAAT、PVAT和LPAT分别为(13.47±2.29)s、(18.84±2.28)s、(20.67±2.38)s,S1组分别为(12.40±1.27)s、(14.06±1.66)s、(15.88±2.10)s,S4组分别为(7.47±1.22)s、(8.85±1.01)s、(10.10±1.07)s,S0及S1组与S4组间的差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),且这3项参数随着肝纤维化程度加重而逐渐递减。结论:超声造影能反映慢性病毒性肝炎患者肝脏的灌注情况,对其肝纤维化程度有一定提示。     

超声造影定量诊断肝纤维化

目的 探讨CEUS定量诊断肝纤维化的可行性及意义.方法 对肝纤维化组118例及对照组27例患者行CEUS检查,应用时间-强度曲线记录造影剂到达肝动脉、肝静脉、门静脉及肝实质的时间及达峰值时间,分析不同分期肝纤维化的灌注规律.结果 在不同分期肝纤维化患者中,造影剂到达肝动脉时间、达峰值时间及门静脉达峰值时间的差异无统计学意义(P均＞0.05);S1～S4期患者门静脉到达时间均长于S0(P均＜0.05);S3及S4期患者肝静脉到达时间显著短于S0期(P均＜0.05);S4期患者肝实质达峰值时间显著早于S0期(P＜0.05).应用ROC曲线,以肝静脉到达时间≤23 s为界值,CEUS诊断肝硬化(S4)的敏感度为79.0％,特异度为85.2％;以肝实质达峰值时间≤27 s为界值,诊断肝硬化的敏感度为55.6％,特异度为100％.结论 CEUS技术有助于定量诊断肝纤维化,并有望对肝硬化前期做出诊断.     

超声造影肝弥漫性病变的血流动力学表现及价值

目的：探讨超声造影肝血流动力学参数在肝弥漫性病变中的表现及临床价值。方法：经肘静脉团注SonoVue造影剂0.6ml，利用时间-强度分析软件检测34例肝弥漫性病变和20例健康志愿者的肝血流动力学参数：肝动脉到达时间、肝动脉峰值时间、肝动脉峰值强度、肝静脉到达时间、肝静脉峰值时间、肝静脉峰值强度、肝动静脉渡越时间，与血清肝纤维化标志物检查对比并以病理结果对照。结果：肝硬化组肝动静脉渡越时间与正常组比较差异具有极其显著性意义（P＜0.01），急性肝炎组肝动静脉渡越时间与正常组比较差异具有显著性意义（P＜0.05），肝动静脉渡越时间评价轻、中度肝纤维化的符合率高于血清肝纤维化标志物检查（P＜0.05）。结论：超声造影检测肝血流动力学参数诊断肝实质弥漫性病变有较高的临床应用价值。     

超声造影评价慢性病毒性肝炎肝纤维化的应用价值

目的 探讨超声造影评价慢性病毒性肝炎肝纤维化的应用价值.方法 肝纤维化组22例,肝硬化组7例,均经超声引导下肝组织活检病理证实;对照组10例,来自健康的自愿者.采用声诺维(SonoVue)造影剂,对患者实行团注法注入造影剂,实时灰阶超声造影检查.结果 肝动脉、门静脉显影时间在三组之间差异无统计学意义.肝纤维化组的肝静脉显影时间(即肝脏通过时间)较对照组延长,差异有统计学意义,时间分别为(25.50±4.25)s、(21.50±5.52)s;肝硬化组的肝脏通过时间较肝纤维化组、对照组缩短,差异无统计学意义,时间分别为(16.57±2.64)s、(25.50±5.52)s、(21.50±4.25)s;肝纤维化组、肝硬化组的肝实质增强峰值时间较对照组延长,差异有统计学意义,时间分别为(40.46±8.92)s、(40.96±12.61)s、(29.82±7.88)s.结论 本研究初步显示超声造影技术可以应用于病毒性肝炎肝纤维化的定量诊断,对临床治疗及预后有一定的帮助.     

肝纤维化动物实验超声造影评估

目的 评估灰阶超声造影在兔肝纤维化模型的诊断价值.方法 硫代乙酰胺诱导兔肝纤维化模型,自身前后对照,分成S0组(正常对照组)、S1～S3组到S4组(肝硬化组).评估参数包括肝动脉(HA),门静脉(PV),肝实质(LP)和肝静脉(HV)开始显影时间(AT),并观察肝实质的灌注均匀性.结果 HAAT、PVAT、LPAT、HVAT随纤维化程度增加,基本呈递减趋势;HAAT S4组和S1组间差异有显著性意义(P<0.05);PVAT S4组与其他组间差异均有显著性意义(P<0.05);LPAT S4组与其他组间具有非常显著性意义(P<0.01);HVAT各组间比较均具有非常显著性意义(P<0.01);并且,与其他各组相比,S4组肝实质灌注不均差异非常显著(P<0.01).结论 灰阶超声造影有望成为无创伤性诊断肝纤维化的新指标.     

异位辅助肝移植治疗急性肝功能衰竭的实验研究

目的：探讨异位辅助性部分肝移植治疗急性肝功能衰竭的可行性。方法；制作息性肝功能衰竭犬动物模型26只。分为两组：移植组20只，对照组6只。移植组切除脾脏后，于脾窝处移植同系异体60％部分肝脏，手术成功17只。观察两组实验动物的存活时间、血液生化、残肝磁共振（MRI）检查、残肝和移植肝的组织细胞形态改变。结果：对照组和移植组实验动物72h存活率分别为16．7％和82．7％。移植术后2周残肝细胞明显增生，肝功能恢复近正常，而辅助肝渐萎缩，术后5周辅助肝完全纤维化。结论：急性肝功能衰竭时，异位辅助性部分肝脏移植可为病肝提供暂时性功能支持，为残肝细胞再生、功能恢复提供机会，同时移植肝渐萎缩、纤维化。     

MR imaging of traumatic hepatic laceration: Evaluation and course of healing after surgery

Six patients with hepatic laceration underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at 0.5T. Acute hepatic laceration was slightly hypointense on T1-weighted spin-echo (SE) image, and hyperintense on T2- and proton-weighted SE images. Subacute laceration was heterogeneously intense on T1-weighted image and hyperintense on T2- and proton-weighted images. Consistent changes in signal intensity of postoperative hepatic laceration were observed. On Tl-weighted image, the signal intensity at first increased and then decreased from periphery to the center. On the T2- and proton-weighted images, the laceration was uniformly hyperintense relative to the liver prior to the appearance and growth of a hypointense ring at its periphery. The appearance of the above changes in signal intensity was also observed in postoperative recurrent hemorrhage. The postoperative biloma had none of the above changes in signal intensity. Our cases show that MRI is effective in the evaluation of hepatic laceration and in the assessment of the course of healing after operation.     

The liver as A self-organizing system. I

Summary The liver is described as a composite system consisting of a set of operative creodic microunits open to a continuous flow of matter, energy and informations. Its dynamics depend on two interactive and interrelated subsystems with actions described ashomopoiesis andhomeorhesis, making it anautoisodiasostic system. The system’s emergent (equifinal) or emergence states, operative potential, diffusion and reaction phenomena and compensation states are also formally described. For readers not familiar with the language of general system theory, of system dynamics and of categorical analysis, a glossary of some terms is provided. This paper forms part of research on pre-cancer states of the liver system, financed by theAssociazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro (AIRC), Milan and by theOspedale Maggiore — Istituto Scientifico di Ricovero e Cura — Milan.     

Does CTAP prior to hepatic resection improve patient survival rates?

The purpose of our study was to compare survival rates of colon carcinoma patients who had undergone attempted curative hepatic resection based on liver staging by computed tomographic angiography (CTA) or portography (CTAP) with previously reported survival rates of patients who underwent similar surgery without preoperative CTAP evaluations. A total of 404 CTAP studies performed at three institutions were reviewed. Of this group, 197 had colon carcinoma. Sixty-nine of the colon patients went to surgery. Actuarial adjusted yearly survival rates were calculated for the prior CTAP colon group and compared to historical controls. The control survival data were taken from reports published prior to the CTAP era. Our study demonstrated no difference in the 1-year survival data between the groups. However, the CTAP patients had greater survival in years 2–4. This greater survival may be multifactorial but in part due to better surgical selection caused by CTAP.An invited commentary on this article follows on pp. 320-324.     

Undifferentiated embryonal sarcoma of the liver treated with chemotherapy: CT imaging in four patients

Background: The purpose of this study was to describe the computed tomography (CT) findings of undifferentiated embryonal sarcoma after chemotherapy and to correlate the CT imaging findings with pathologic findings. Methods: Ten CT images obtained before and after chemotherapy in four patients with hepatic undifferentiated embryonal sarcoma were retrospectively reviewed and correlated with pathologic findings. Results: After chemotherapy, tumor volume decreased by 50–90% and initially nonresectable tumor or gross residual tumor was successfully excised in three patients. In all patients, enhancing peripheral solid portions and septations changed to low-attenuation areas, and in three patients increased or de novo calcifications were found at the periphery of the tumor. Resected pathologic specimen after chemotherapy showed well-encapsulated masses with central necrosis, fibrosis, and dystrophic calcifications. Conclusions: These CT findings will be useful in monitoring the treatment response of hepatic undifferentiated embryonal sarcoma during chemotherapy.     

Hepatocellular carcinoma with or without cirrhosis: A comparison of CT and angiographic presentations in the United States and Japan

We compared the computed tomographic (CT) and angiographic presentations of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with or without cirrhosis in the United States and Japan. Tumors in the United States were advanced and less frequently associated with liver cirrhosis (association of cirrhosis: United States) 56.2%, Japan 91.0%. In patients with cirrhosis, the size of the tumor tended to be smaller, and nodular tumors (single or multiple) were frequent. In early stage of HCCs with cirrhosis, tumors were hypovascular without a capsule. In advanced stage, tumors were hypervascular and a capsule was frequently observed around the tumor both with CT and angiography. HCCs without cirrhosis were seen in younger patients. These tumors were large at the time of diagnosis. A massive or diffuse mass without a capsule was frequently seen. Most tumors were hypodense on precontrast CT and hypervascular on angiography. Lymph node enlargement was significantly frequent. The radiological characteristics of HCC in both countries were significantly different depending upon associated cirrhosis, as well as the time of the diagnosis.     

Liver manifestations in COVID-19 patients: A review article

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) initially presented as a disease that affected the lungs. Then, studies revealed that it intricately affected disparate organs in the human body, with the liver being one of the most affected organs. This review aimed to assess the association between COVID-19 and liver function, shedding light on its clinical implication. However, its exact pathophysiology remains unclear, involving many factors, such as active viral replication in the liver cells, direct cytotoxic effects of the virus on the liver or adverse reactions to viral antigens. Liver symptoms are mild-to-moderate transaminase elevation. In some patients, with underlying liver disease, more serious outcomes are observed. Thus, liver function should be meticulously considered in patients with COVID-19.     

三维MRA技术在肝脏血管成像中的应用研究

目的：探讨三维增强MRA（3D CEMRA）技术在肝脏磁共振血管成像中的应用价值。方法：52例行肝脏磁共振血管成像患者及30例对照组病人，利用自动透视触发技术进行肝脏血管成像，造影剂到达降主动脉起始段时启动3D扫描，扫描时相包括肝动脉期、门静脉期及腔静脉期，分离各组图像并与蒙片剪影，再进行最大信号强度投影（MIP）及多平面图像重建（MPR），评价各期图像质量。结果：采用3DCEMRA技术所获肝动脉期及门静脉期图像质量满意；造影剂到达降主动脉起始段时间与造影剂流速、总量之间呈线性相关；造影剂总量和流速与肝血管信号强度呈正相关。结论：3DCEMRA技术可准确把握造影剂到达靶血管时间，结合最佳的造影剂总量和注射速度，明显提高肝脏磁共振血管成像质量。     

人工肝支持系统在肝衰竭中的应用经验和进展

人工肝支持系统对肝衰竭的治疗作用已经得到公认,可以使部分患者病情得到恢复,还可以使患者有效地过渡到肝脏移植,分为非生物型人工肝、生物型人工肝和混合型3种,包括血浆置换、血液滤过、血液/浆灌流、连续性血液透析滤过、血液透析、白蛋白透析、血浆胆红素吸附和生物型人工肝等。目前常应用的方法有血浆置换、连续性血液透析滤过和血浆胆红素吸附,其作用机制就是通过机械性的方法祛除肝衰竭患者体内的毒性物质及代谢产物,补充部分活性物质,纠正凝血物质缺乏,使患者内环境改善,利于肝细胞再生,病情恢复。     

酒精性脂肪肝和肝硬化患者各种血清酶的检测及其临床评价

目的 探讨酒精性脂肪肝血清特异性的鉴别指标，并用其来判断病程，指导临床诊断和治疗。方法 对76例酒精性脂肪肝、62例酒精性肝硬化以及70例非酒精性脂肪肝患者的血清酶和血脂进行测定及分析。结果 与非酒精性脂肪肝相比，酒精性脂肪肝的谷草转氨酶（AST）和γ-谷氨酰转肽酶（GGT）的异常率以及谷草转氨酶／谷丙转氨酶（AST／ALT〉1）的构成比的增高，差异均具有统计学意义；与酒精性脂肪肝相比，酒精性肝硬化的AST／ALT比值，AST和GGT的水平都有明显增高。结论 AST、AST／ALT（〉1）、GGT等指标对鉴别酒精性脂肪肝以及判断其病程，具有一定的临床意义。