跨血管区反流耳颞部皮瓣应用解剖学

目的:明确耳颞部颞浅动脉系统与额部及眼眶区周围血管系统之间的交通吻合情况,为临床跨血管区反流耳颞部岛状皮瓣的应用提供解剖学基础.方法:15具福尔马林保存的成人尸体头面部进行肉眼解剖;5具新鲜成人头部标本制作血管铸型,观察颞浅动脉额支与眶上及滑车上动脉的相互交通吻合状况以及颞浅动脉分支与眼轮匝肌营养血管之间的吻合情况.结果:眶上及滑车上动脉和颞浅动脉额支走行基本恒定,且三者存在众多吻合,吻合支集中区域为上界距眶上缘(4.9±0.4)cm,下界为眶上缘水平,上界内侧距离前正中线(1.0±0.2)cm,外侧距离前正中线(4.5±0.4)cm;下界内侧距离前正中线(1.4±0.2)cm,外侧(2.3±0.5)cm;颞浅动脉分支—颧眶动脉以3种分支类型与面动脉的终末支—内眦动脉在眼轮匝肌内形成稳定的交通吻合.结论:颞浅动脉额支与滑车上动脉存在吻合支集中区域;眶上动脉与颞浅动脉额支在眉外侧存在位置恒定吻合点.以眼轮匝肌为蒂的颞区皮瓣实际上是以颧眶动脉远端和眼睑动脉弓为蒂的跨区反流轴型皮瓣.     

眶上动脉蒂反流轴型耳颞皮瓣的应用解剖

目的：明确额部各供血血管系统之间的吻合情况,为临床各型额部皮瓣特别是跨血管系统反流轴型皮瓣的应用提供解剖学基础。方法：成人尸体头面部肉眼解剖,观察眶上动脉、滑车上动脉和颞浅动脉额支的口径、走行和吻合状况等；成人头部标本制作血管铸型。结果：眶上动脉、滑车上动脉和颞浅动脉额支走行基本恒定,且三者存在众多吻合,吻合支集中区域上距眶上缘(4．9±0．4)cm,下为眶上缘水平,内侧距离前正中线1．0～1．4cm,外侧距离前正中线4．5～2．3cm。结论：额部有眶上动脉、滑车上动脉和颞浅动脉额支供血,吻合支丰富且吻合区域较恒定,故可制成多种类型的跨血管的反流式皮瓣。     

眶上动脉蒂反流轴型耳颞皮瓣的应用解剖

目的:为临床各型额部皮瓣特别是跨血管系统反流轴型皮瓣的应用提供解剖学基础。方法:15具福尔马林保存的成人尸体头面部进行肉眼解剖,观察眶上动脉、滑车上动脉和颞浅动脉额支的位置、口径、走行和相互吻合状况及其与周围组织的关系;5具新鲜成人头部标本制作血管铸型。结果:眶上动脉、滑车上动脉和颞浅动脉额支走行基本恒定,且三者存在众多吻合,吻合支集中区域为上界距眶上缘(4.9±0.4)cm,下界为眶上缘水平,上界内侧距离前正中线(1.0±0.2)cm,外侧距离前正中线(4.5±0.4)cm;下界内侧距离前正中线(1.4±0.2)cm,外侧(2.3±0.5)cm。结论:额部有眶上动脉、滑车上动脉和颞浅动脉额支供血,吻合支丰富且吻合区域较恒定,故可制成多种类型的跨血管的反流式皮瓣,增大血管蒂旋转的角度和长度以及灵活性。     

颞浅动脉额支皮瓣的应用解剖学

目的：为带蒂颞浅动脉额支皮瓣转移修复眼部软组织缺损提供解剖学资料。方法：对头面部乳胶灌注的标本进行解剖，并对颞浅动脉的走行、分支、分布进行观测。结果：颞浅动脉起自颈外动脉，穿腮腺实质上行，在颧弓上方分为额、顶两终末支。额支又于外毗上方分为额顶支和额眶支。额支、额顶支、额眶支血管外径均在1mm左右，可游离血管长度符合要求。结论：以颞浅动脉额支为蒂的皮瓣可用来转位修复眶周软组织缺损。     

额顶颞区皮瓣血管的臣微解剖

在50侧成年尸体的头颅血管灌注有色填充剂,观测额顶颞区皮瓣的血管。分布于这一区域的主要血管为颞浅血管,此外耳后血管、眶上血管和滑车上血管亦参与该区的分布。颞浅动脉是最大的一支头皮动脉,分布面积占整个头皮的57.38±6.05%。额支和顶支是它的两分支。额支存在恒定,它的管径、分布面积都比顶支大,是一支优势血管。颞浅静脉是颞浅动脉的伴行静脉,静脉顶支的出现率恒定,管径比静脉额支大。统计了颞浅动脉与相邻头皮动脉间的吻合血管,为跨正中线超长皮瓣的设计提供了解剖学依据。本文讨论了以额支为血管蒂的前额瓣及以顶支为血管蒂的头皮瓣。     

逆行颞顶筋膜瓣的解剖与临床应用

目的：探讨逆行颞顶筋膜瓣临床应用的可行性。方法：①在12侧成人头颅标本上,对颞顶筋膜的形态和血供进行巨微解剖观测。②分别以颞浅动脉的额支或顶支或额、顶支双蒂设计逆行颞顶筋膜瓣应用于临床修复头颅深度软组织缺损。结果：①颞顶筋膜主要由颞浅动脉供血,额支与顶支是颞浅动脉的终末分支,颞浅动脉经额支、顶支与耳后动脉、枕动脉、眶上动脉、滑车上动脉及对侧颞浅动脉有丰富吻合。颞浅静脉由静脉额支和静脉顶支汇合而成,动、静脉额支及可动、静脉顶支基本伴行。②临床应用6例逆行颞顶筋膜瓣均获成功。结论：逆行颞顶筋膜瓣供血可靠,具有采取方便、供区隐蔽等优点,适用于额、顶、枕等处深度软组织缺损的修复。     

逆流颞顶筋膜瓣移转术

目的：报道逆流颞顶筋膜瓣移转术及临床应用效果。方法：根据颞浅动脉颞顶分支与耳后、枕动脉支，前额支与眶上、滑车上动脉支有丰富吻合或与对侧主要血管支直接交通，构筑跨血供区供血的解剖基础，设计以颞浅动脉轴型血管及其吻合支为蒂的逆流颞顶筋膜瓣，向顶枕侧或前额顶部移转覆盖骨外露缺损区加皮片移植或充填。自1996年11月开始，临床应用4例，最大筋膜瓣13cm×7cm。结果：术后筋膜瓣及植皮区完全存活，外形较为满意。癌肿病例术后三周接受放射治疗。结论：逆流供血的颞部筋膜瓣血运行可靠，是提供颞顶枕部深度组织缺损即期、简便、有效的修复方法法。     

逆行颧眶动脉蒂皮瓣的应用解剖学研究

目的：为逆行颞区皮瓣的应用提供解剖学基础。方法：成尸标本30侧头面部颧眶动脉进行肉眼解剖;15例活体行颈总动脉数字减影响血管造影（DSA）,观察颧眶动脉与眼轮匝肌营养血管的关系,将信息输入计算机图像分析仪,行图像分析。结果：眼轮匝肌有多条血管在眼睑内形成动脉网,此动脉网与供应颞区皮肤颞浅动脉分支的额支和颧眶动脉相吻合,且颧眶动脉位置较恒定,外径平均在1.0mm以上。结论：颞区皮瓣可被认为是以颧眶动脉为轴的轴型皮瓣,且在颧眶动脉远端为蒂的逆行皮瓣的存活是完全有保障的。     

带颞浅血管颅骨瓣修复颌面部缺损的应用解剖

目的：为带颞浅血管蒂颅骨外板骨瓣转位修复颌面部缺损提供解剖学基础。方法：在30侧经动脉灌注乳胶的成人尸体标本和8头颈铸型标本（5例保留骨骼）上,对颞浅动脉的走行、分支及分布进行观测,并在标本上进行模拟术式设计。结果：颞浅动脉起自颈外动脉,于外耳门前方越过颧弓根部浅出至皮下,在皮下组织和颞浅筋膜之间向前上走行,至颧弓上方分为额、顶二终支,其分支营养颅顶部大至3/4区域的软组织、骨膜和颅骨外板,颞浅动脉主干及额支、顶支动脉外径均大于1mm,浅出部位至颞线处可游离长度为8cm以上。结论：设计以颞浅动脉为蒂颅骨外板骨瓣转位修复颌面部缺损具有可行性。     

颅顶部皮瓣的血管

本文采用解剖方法及x线造影法研究15具(30侧)成人颅顶部皮瓣的血管及其吻合。供应颅顶部的动脉有滑车上动脉、眶上动脉、颞浅动脉、耳后动脉及枕动脉,这些动脉都发出许多分支相互吻合,且越过中线与对侧的动脉相互吻合。静脉均与同名动脉伴行。颅顶部血管的外径都超过1.0毫米,适用于血管吻合。     

大鱼际皮瓣的解剖学基础及临床应用

目的:介绍大鱼际皮瓣的血管解剖学基础,以及临床应用经验。方法:解剖20侧经动脉灌注红色乳胶的成人手标本,观察大鱼际皮肤的血供来源、走行、分支及吻合情况。临床切取3种不同设计的大鱼际皮瓣,修复拇指软组织缺损共计14例。结果:大鱼际皮肤的血供来源主要有4个方面:(1)由掌浅支或其发出的拇指桡侧指动脉发出的皮支;(2)来源于拇主要动脉的拇指桡侧指动脉发出的皮穿支;(3)拇指桡侧指背动脉向大鱼际桡背侧发出的皮支;(4)大鱼际深部血管发出的肌皮穿支。上述这些血管在大鱼际交织成网状,营养整个大鱼际皮肤。临床应用以掌浅支(弓)发出的拇指桡侧指动脉为血管蒂的大鱼际皮瓣4例,拇指桡侧指动脉穿支蒂皮瓣7例,大鱼际桡背侧筋膜血管蒂皮瓣4例,皮瓣全部成活,其中1例指动脉穿支皮瓣远端约4mm坏死,结痂后自行脱落。术后随访半年～2年,平均10个月,皮瓣血运、质地、弹性良好,外形美观。结论:三种皮瓣疗效可靠,是修复拇指软组织缺损的理想方法。临床上可依具体情况选择不同的方法来修复。     

Anatomy of the superficial temporal artery and its branches: its importance for surgery

The temporoparietal, parieto-occipital flaps or the forehead flaps that are used in reconstructive surgery are prepared on the superficial temporal artery (STA) and its branches. For a successful surgery and a suitable flap design, adequate anatomical knowledge is needed. In our study, the red colored latex solution was injected into the external carotid artery; the STA and its branches were dissected in 27 specimens. The mean diameter of the STA at the zygomatic arch was determined as 2.73±0.51 mm. The diameters of the frontal branch were bigger than those of the parietal branch in 15 samples out of 27. The diameters of both the frontal and parietal branches were equal in four samples. The diameter of the parietal branch was bigger than that of the frontal branch in eight samples. In 20 samples out of 27 (74.07%), the bifurcation point of the STA was above the arch. In six samples (22.22%), the STA bifurcated directly over the arch. In only one sample (3.70%), bifurcation was not observed and the STA continued only as a frontal branch (absence of the parietal branch). The absence of the frontal branch was not encountered. In one sample (3.70%), double parietal branches were observed. In six samples out of 27 (22.22%), zygomatico-orbital artery was not encountered. In 21 samples (77.77%), zygomatico-orbital arteries ran towards the face, parallel to zygomatic arch and distributed in the orbicularis oculi muscle. The transverse facial artery existed in all samples. The auricular branches running to the helix and tragus were observed in all samples. The STA was 16.68±0.35 mm at the front of the tragus. Some landmarks were chosen on the head and then the STA was observed where it crossed all of these landmarks. This paper confirms the well-known variability of the superficial temporal arterial branches and their relation to the pericranial region. Knowledge concerning the arterial features of the lateral forehead region is important for the aesthetic surgeon. STA and its branches have been found to be suitable for use in microvascular anastomoses. A better understanding of the midline forehead vascularity should allow modification of reconstructive techniques and reduce postoperative complications.     

Facial subdermal vascular network flap: anatomic study and clinical application

Despite the numerous flaps for facial reconstruction that have been described, the search for the ideal flap with good color matching and minimal donor-site morbidity continues. In the past 3 years we have repaired 13 facial defects with success using the lateral genicervical flap - a type of facial subdermal vascular network flap (SVNF) - with a pedicle located on the preauricular region. An anatomic study of the facial SVNF, including blood supply and vascular distribution of the face and anatomic characteristics of facial vessels, based on 14 cadaver dissections, was carried out. The blood supply of the facial skin basically originated from the branches of the facial, superficial temporal and infraorbital arteries. The lateral genicervical skin was supplied basically by the branches of the facial, superficial temporal and occipital arteries, but also by the terminal branches of the superior thyroid artery. The branches diverging from these arteries became superficial and formed a subcutaneous arterial network. The arterioles from the network went to the corium layer and formed a subdermal arterial network whose arterioles anastomosed with each other in a honeycomb-like structure. The vascular distribution presented certain directivity on different areas. The blood supply of the pedicle originated from the subdermal vascular network formed by the perforator branches of these arteries. The arterioles from the facial and superficial temporal arteries anastomosed in the lateral genicervical region. From the anatomic study, we think that the viability of the facial SVNF depends basically on the subdermal vascular network formed by the perforator branches of the pedicle, and that the anastomoses between the facial and superficial temporal arteries provide a solid anatomic basis to the lateral genicervical flap. The clinical data also indicated that this flap is a useful alternative for facial, especially superficial temporal, defects. But the directivity must be taken into account in its clinical application.     

表浅肌肉腱膜系统岛状瓣一期全耳廓再造的应用解剖

目的：深入探讨头部表浅肌肉腱膜系统（SMAS）的组织学结构和血管构筑特点,为全耳廓再造中SMAS岛状瓣的设计提供可靠的解剖学基础。方法：对新鲜和固定头部标本进行了显微外科解剖以及组织切片观察,并完成手术模拟。结果：头部SMAS可划分为5个区域;各分区均由一组以上的轴型血管营养,每组轴型血管可跨越不同区域并相互吻合,维持各区间血供相互连续;颞区和额眶区SMAS最为菲薄均匀,血运丰富。依据各区SMAS轴型血管的走行特点,设计出三种不同的SMAS岛状瓣模拟一期全耳廓再造。结论：头部SMAS具有多个独立连续的血供系统,可设计多种SMAS岛状瓣;以颞浅血管顶支或额支为蒂的颞区SMAS岛状瓣是一期全耳廓再造的首选方案。     

耳后皮瓣血管的显微外科解剖学基础

目的:研究颞浅动脉和耳后动脉之间的血管联系,以确定带不同血管蒂的耳后皮瓣的血供范围和皮瓣设计。方法:8具新鲜成人尸体经双侧颈总动脉灌注氧化铅-明胶混合液。掀起全层头皮和面部皮肤,将其展平摄X光片。结果:血管造影显示颞浅动脉和耳后动脉之间存在两种类型的血管吻合:一种是耳后区直接吻合,即在耳廓后面上方皮肤内可见颞浅动脉和耳后动脉发出的耳支之间存在直接吻合;另一种是头皮区网状吻合,即在耳上方头皮内可见来自颞浅动脉顶支和耳后动脉终末支之间的网状吻合。结论:本文结果有助于外科医生了解颞浅动脉和耳后动脉之间的血管联系,对耳后皮瓣的设计和改进提供可靠的解剖学基础。     

以颞浅血管为蒂的耳后乳突区皮瓣的应用解剖

在17侧防腐尸体上于颞浅动脉内推注染料,观察其对耳后乳突区皮瓣的血供。耳后乳突区皮肤的血供除来自耳后动脉外.还有颞浅动脉顶支发出的耳后支直接分布。顶支与耳后动脉之间有一血管吻合区域.临床6例活体观察证实了上述结果。应用以颞浅血管为蒂的耳后乳突区皮瓣,进行颜面器官的修复再造14例,获得良好效果。     

远端蒂腓浅神经营养血管肌皮瓣的解剖与临床应用

目的探讨腓浅神经营养血管为蒂的肌皮瓣修复小腿远端及足踝部皮肤软组织缺损伴骨缺损慢性骨髓炎的解剖学依据及其临床应用效果。方法对30侧成人下肢灌注标本进行解剖,系统观测腓浅神经及其营养血管的来源、走行、分布、吻合及外径;3侧成人新鲜下肢标本墨汁灌注,观测腓浅神经营养血管的墨染范围;在此基础上,自2009年6月以来,应用远端蒂腓浅神经营养血管肌皮瓣修复小腿远端及足踝部皮肤软组织缺损伴骨缺损慢性骨髓炎者12例。结果腓浅神经营养血管发自胫前动脉穿支,其血管在其神经束间及神经旁相互吻合构成丰富的血管网,并借分支与皮下筋膜血管网沟通,并与腓骨长肌、趾长伸肌的肌支有恒定的吻合,营养筋膜皮肤。12例肌皮瓣的肌肉面术中可见渗血活跃,血供良好,皮瓣均成活,术后3~6个月随访12例肌皮瓣均存活,慢性骨髓炎治愈,外形满意。结论腓浅神经营养血管的肌皮瓣转位修复小腿远端及足踝部特殊创面是较佳的选择,该肌皮瓣具有血供可靠,预后良好等优点。     

桡动脉掌浅支为蒂的大鱼际皮瓣的显微外科解剖

目的介绍以桡动脉掌浅支为蒂的大鱼际皮瓣的显微解剖学基础,为该皮瓣游离移植修复指腹缺损提供解剖学依据。方法解剖20只成人新鲜尸体手标本,于远侧腕横纹上方约10cm处解剖出桡动脉灌注红色乳胶,桡动脉的伴行静脉及头静脉灌注蓝色乳胶,在手术显微镜下进行解剖,观察大鱼际皮肤动脉、静脉、神经来源、分支及吻合情况。其中5只标本于桡动脉掌浅支起始处灌注墨汁,测量皮肤染色范围。结果桡动脉掌浅支起始处外径为(1.40±0.22)mm,长度为(2.0±0.5)cm,皮瓣可切取面积为2cm×3cm～4cm×5cm。静脉回流有两种途径,神经支配以正中神经掌皮支为主。结论桡动脉掌浅支起始与走行恒定,口径适当,可设计以桡动脉掌浅支及其伴行静脉或浅静脉为蒂、带正中神经掌皮支的大鱼际皮瓣游离移植修复指腹缺损。