重症监护室内洋葱伯克霍尔德菌的流行病学与药敏特点

目的分析研究洋葱伯克霍尔德菌在重症监护室(ICU)内检出的特点及细菌的耐药性,提高临床医师对感染的预防意识和指导合理选用抗生素。方法对ICU内的86例机械辅助呼吸患者检测洋葱伯克霍尔德菌的回顾性分析。结果所有患者都有严重的基础疾病,检测部位主要分布在呼吸道(77.0%)和血液(12.5%),连续3年观察86例104株菌株,菌株数呈逐年增加。药敏试验结果显示:对复方磺胺甲唑、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦(舒普深)、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、环丙沙星的敏感性超过50.0%。结论洋葱伯克霍尔德菌在ICU内的耐药现象非常严重,作者强调应防治结合、综合治疗,药物选择方面可选用复方磺胺甲唑、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦和环丙沙星等抗菌药物。     

洋葱伯克霍尔德菌临床感染特点与耐药现状

目的 了解洋葱伯克霍尔德菌(BCE)临床感染特点和耐药现状.方法 对2006-2007年从各类临床标本中分离到的洋葱伯克霍尔德菌株统一用K-B法进行体外药敏试验,并对患者资料进行统计分析.结果 分离菌株最多的标本是痰液18株(39.1%)和血液9株(19.6%);分离菌株最多的病区是ICU 28株(60.9%);药敏试验结果 表明,氮苄西林/舒巴坦全部耐药,阿米卡星等3种氨基糖苷类药物以及环丙沙星,哌拉西林和亚胺培南耐药率高达63.0%～84.8%,复方新诺明、头孢他啶、头孢吡肟、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦和美罗培南的耐药率<40.0%.结论 严重的基础性疾病,频繁的侵入性操作,抗菌药物过多、过滥使用均是引起BCE感染的主要原因,BCE感染时抗菌药物可选用美罗培南、复方新诺明、头孢他啶、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦和头孢哌酮/舒巴坦.     

洋葱伯克霍尔德菌的耐药性分析

目的:了解我院近两年分离的洋葱伯克霍尔德菌的临床分布和耐药性。方法:采用梅里埃VITEK-2全自动细菌鉴定药敏系统及纸片扩散法(K-B法)测定洋葱伯克霍尔德菌对13种抗菌药物的敏感性。结果:近两年共分离出洋葱伯克霍尔德菌127株,其中77.2%(98/127)分离于痰液,10.2%(13/127)分离于血液。药敏结果显示,多数药物耐药率均大于80%,复方新诺明、米诺环素耐药率最低,小于10%。哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、头孢他定耐药率介于20%与30%之间。结论:洋葱伯克霍尔德菌耐药性较严重,临床抗感染治疗应根据药物敏感试验结果选用敏感药物。     

洋葱伯克霍尔德菌感染的临床分布及耐药性特点

目的分析医院不同病区洋葱伯克霍尔德菌的感染特点及耐药性,为患者临床预防控制和治疗细菌感染提供依据。方法对2006-2012年医院各科室送检的标本检出的洋葱伯克霍尔德菌采用Microscan Walkaway-96SI全自动细菌鉴定及药敏分析仪进行鉴定和药敏分析;采用WHONET5.4软件对所有数据进行统计分析。结果 2 753份标本共检出洋葱伯克霍尔德菌213株,检出率为7.7%,不同病区的洋葱伯克霍尔菌检出率也有所差异,ICU、呼吸内科、康复科、血液科的检出率分别为14.6%、12.0%、8.5%、4.0%;洋葱伯克霍尔德菌的标本来源痰液占45.1%、尿液占25.8%、血液占16.4%、其他标本占12.7%;洋葱伯克霍尔德菌对左氧氟沙星、米诺环素和磺胺甲噁唑/甲氧苄啶的耐药率较低,分别为21.13%、49.30%和2.82%,其次对哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、美罗培南和环丙沙星的耐药率约65.00%,其余均>75.00%,而不同病区的耐药率也有所不同,其中ICU分离株的耐药率普遍高于其他病区,血液科中分离株的耐药率最低。结论洋葱伯克霍尔德菌在医院检出率较高,重点科室的分离率及耐药性普遍严重,应加强重点科室的预防和控制。     

ICU分离的166株洋葱伯克霍尔德菌耐药性分析

目的调查某院重症监护室（ICU）洋葱伯克霍尔德菌的分离及耐药情况。方法回顾性分析该院ICU 2008 年1月-2009 年12月检出的洋葱伯克霍尔德菌资料。结果调查期间ICU送检的各类标本共分离洋葱伯克霍尔德菌166株,占总检出菌株数的23.82%（166/697）;其中痰和咽拭子分离153株,中段尿9株,血管导管液2株,引流液2 株。药敏结果显示,洋葱伯克霍尔德菌对头孢唑林、亚胺培南、氨苄西林/舒巴坦、庆大霉素、妥布霉素、阿米卡星耐药率高,达98.19%～100.00%;对第三代头孢菌素（头孢他啶）的耐药率较低（11.45%）,对哌拉西林/他唑巴坦的耐药率最低（10.84%）。结论洋葱伯克霍尔德菌在该院ICU分离率较高,对临床常用的抗菌药物有极高的耐药性,临床医生应积极开展病原学检查,注意正确、合理使用抗菌药物。     

洋葱伯克霍尔德菌医院感染的耐药性变迁及临床对策

目的探讨洋葱伯克霍尔德菌医院感染的耐药性及其变迁，为临床合理用药提供依据。方法对医院2004年1月-2006年12月住院患者各种标本中分离到的洋葱伯克霍尔德菌859株，采用22种抗菌药物进行药敏试验。结果氨苄西林、氨苄西林／舒巴坦、阿莫西林／克拉维酸、头孢唑林、庆大霉素、妥布霉素、阿米卡星、亚胺培南、呋喃妥因的耐药率均〉90．00％；耐药率较低的有头孢他啶（23．57％）、头孢吡肟（26．95％）、环丙沙星（31．73％）、头孢哌酮／舒巴坦（33．33％）、哌拉西林／他唑巴坦（21．45％）；最敏感的是复方新诺明，总耐药率仅5．73％。结论医院感染洋葱伯克霍尔德菌的临床检出率呈逐年上升趋势，且对多种抗菌药物具有耐药性，应加强监测，根据药敏试验选用合理抗菌药物。     

127株洋葱伯克霍尔德菌感染特点及耐药性分析

目的 研究医院近两年临床标本中分离的洋葱伯克霍尔德菌感染特点、分布状况及耐药率.方法 回顾性分析2009年1月-2010年12月住院患者各种送检标本中培养鉴定的127株洋葱伯克霍尔德菌,计算标本构成比、科室分离率,并统计分析与洋葱伯克霍尔德菌同时检出的微生物,分析洋葱伯克霍尔德菌的药敏结果.结果 综合ICU、神经外科、血液内科及呼吸内科等分离出的洋葱伯克霍尔德菌,占全院检出率的79.6％;主要标本来源为痰液和支气管灌洗液,占总数的88.2％;绝大部分为洋葱伯克霍尔德菌单一感染,混合或多重感染只占7.9％;磺胺甲噁唑/甲氧苄啶、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、左氧氟沙星和头孢他啶的敏感率较高,均＞90.0％,可用于临床经验性治疗.结论 洋葱伯克霍尔德菌引起的感染,因其耐药性高而应引起临床医师的高度关注;及早进行微生物学检测,并根据药敏结果选择抗菌药物,才能有效控制该菌引起的感染.     

ICU内洋葱伯克霍尔德菌感染的高危因素和耐药分析

目的 研究重症监护病房(ICU)内洋葱伯克霍尔德菌感染的临床、药敏和危险因素. 方法对ICU内病例进行回顾性分析,21例洋葱伯克霍尔德菌感染病例作为观察组,22例非洋葱伯克霍尔德菌病例作为对照组,用SPSS10.0软件统计分析其感染的危险因素. 结果气管插管、气管切开,深静脉置管,使用抗生素≥7 d,使用抗生素≥两种是主要的危险因素.洋葱伯克霍尔德菌具有多重耐药性,对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、环丙沙星、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦敏感性较高,对丁胺卡那、亚胺培南的耐药率超过60%. 结论减少侵入性操作和广谱抗生素的长期使用,根据药敏结果选用敏感抗菌药物,以减少洋葱伯克霍尔德菌感染的发生.     

硝酸镓联合抗菌药物抑制洋葱伯克霍尔德菌生物膜形成的研究

目的研究硝酸镓单用及联合头孢他啶或(和)美罗培南对洋葱伯克霍尔德菌生物膜形成的抑制作用。 方法收集2017年1月至12月临床分离到的34株洋葱伯克霍尔德菌,微量肉汤稀释法检测其对硝酸镓及头孢他啶、复方磺胺甲恶唑、左氧氟沙星、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、替加环素、美罗培南、氯霉素、米诺环素、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦9种抗菌药物的最低抑菌浓度(minimal inhibitory concentration,MIC)。结晶紫染色法定性、定量分析生物膜形成能力,比较不同生物膜形成能力菌株对硝酸镓及这9种抗菌药物的敏感性。将1.0×MIC的硝酸镓和头孢他啶、美罗培南单独应用及联合使用,检测其对洋葱伯克霍尔德生物膜的抑制率。 结果培养48小时34株细菌均能形成稳定的生物膜。其中(弱)阳性10株,占29.4%;强阳性24株,占70.6%,生物膜(弱)阳性和强阳性菌株对头孢哌酮舒巴坦的耐药率差异具有统计学意义。加入硝酸镓前后菌株的生物膜形成光密度(optical density, OD)值、硝酸镓单用与联合头孢他啶后的OD值差异均具有统计学意义,但硝酸镓单用与联合美罗培南后的OD值差异无统计学意义。 结论洋葱伯克霍尔德菌具有较强的生物膜形成能力,硝酸镓单用及联合头孢他啶对菌株生物膜形成具有明显抑制作用。     

洋葱伯克霍尔德菌临床分离株耐药性变迁的分析

目的了解近3年洋葱伯克霍尔德菌的临床检出状况及其耐药性的变迁,以便指导临床合理使用抗菌药物。方法常规方法进行菌株分离,采用VITEK-32全自动微生物分析仪进行菌株鉴定及药敏试验,部分药敏采用K-B法,对近3年洋葱伯克霍尔德菌的耐药性及耐药谱进行回顾性调查分析。结果近3年从各种临床标本中共分离到洋葱伯克霍尔德菌126株,以下呼吸道标本为主(痰液 咽拭子)占75.14%,其次为血液占15.08%;洋葱伯克霍尔德菌对氨基糖苷类、氨苄西林、氨苄西林/舒巴坦、阿莫西林/克拉维酸、头孢唑林、呋喃妥因、亚胺培南耐药性最强,耐药率几乎为100.00%,20种常用抗菌药物中耐药率<50.00%的只有6种,分别为复方新诺明(5.10%)、头孢吡肟(16.99%)、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦(39.18%)、美罗培南(39.61%)、头孢他啶(39.65%)、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦(48.12%);对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦和美罗培南耐药率上升最快,3年分别上升了46%和34%,对头孢他啶和哌拉西林/他唑巴坦耐药率趋于稳定。结论洋葱伯克霍尔德菌在临床标本中的检出率及耐药性有逐年上升的趋势,耐药及多药耐药性严重。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.