胎儿单脐动脉临床评估及预后

目的:了解单脐动脉胎儿的转归,围生结局及处理方式。方法:回顾我院近4年170例单脐动脉胎儿的临床资料(经超声、MRI、羊水或脐血染色体检查、引产胎儿尸体解剖结果等),随访出生后婴儿情况并进行临床评估及分析。结果:单脐动脉合并其他结构畸形的发生率为49.3%,合并一种畸形的发生率为15.9%,合并多种畸形发生率为33.3%;单脐动脉胎儿合并染色体异常发生率为18.4%;行MRI检查37例,与超声结果相符29例,8例与超声结果有差异,与超声符合率为78.4%。结论:超声检查易早期诊断单脐动脉,单脐动脉具有胎儿畸形的高风险性。单脐动脉合并其他结构畸形者建议行胎儿染色体检查。超声、染色体检查诊断未发现合并畸形的胎儿出生后仍有异常可能。单脐动脉不是剖宫产指征。     

单胎产前超声诊断单脐动脉352例临床分析

目的:探讨单胎产前超声诊断单脐动脉的妊娠结局,为产前咨询和临床处理提供依据。方法:对2012年5月至2018年4月住院并分娩的352例单胎产前超声诊断为单脐动脉的病例进行回顾性分析。结果:同期单胎妊娠83238例,单胎单脐动脉发生率为0.42%。352例单脐动脉中孤立性单脐动脉(iSUA)308例,占87.5%,其中27例行染色体检查,1例染色体异常(3.7%)。308例中活产296例,死胎10例,流产1例,引产1例。活产儿中合并胎儿畸形14例,畸形率为4.7%(14/296)。非孤立性单脐动脉(niSUA)44例,占12.5%,其中29例行染色体检查,7例染色体异常(24.1%)。44例中活产14例,死胎1例,流产1例,引产28例。44例中合并单一畸形25例,以中枢神经系统及骨骼系统畸形为最常见(各5例);合并多发畸形19例,以心血管畸形及肢体骨骼畸形最常见(各10例)。产后排除单脐动脉病例15例。5例妊娠晚期首次发现单脐动脉,产后病理检查提示脐血管栓塞。结论:iSUA多数结局良好,但产后应注意排查隐匿性畸形。niSUA结局不良,染色体异常风险明显增加,应积极进行产前诊断。对于妊娠晚期首发单脐动脉的病例,应高度警惕脐血管栓塞。     

9例18三体综合征胎儿的产前诊断

目的探讨利用孕妇血清筛查和胎儿超声筛查进行18三体综合征胎儿产前诊断的有效性。方法对36例首诊主诉为产前筛查胎儿18三体高危、92例首诊主诉为胎儿超声有异常发现的孕18~32周孕妇共128例，进行羊膜腔穿刺羊水细胞培养、或脐血管穿刺脐血细胞培养染色体分析。结果128例胎儿核型中，9例为18三体综合征，2例为其它染色体异常，染色体异常发现率为8．59％（11／128）。首诊主诉为18三体高危发现18三体4例，异常发现率11．11％（4／36）；首诊主诉胎儿超声异常发现18三体5例，其它染色体异常2例，异常发现率7．61％，其中2例18三体合并有筛查高危和超声异常。结论孕妇血清生化指标筛查结合胎儿超声检查是产前检出18三体胎儿的有效筛查手段。     

92例单脐动脉胎儿的结局

目的 探讨与单脐动脉并发的其他胎儿畸形及妊娠结局,为孕期咨询和处理提供依据.方法 对2007年9月至2009年7月之间在本院诊断并分娩的92例单脐动脉胎儿的结局进行回顾分析及随访.结果 25292例分娩的孕妇中确诊单脐动脉共92例,发生率为0.36％,其中53例(57.6％)新生儿无畸形存活,14例(15.2％)带畸形生存,围产儿死亡25例(27.2％).92例单脐动脉胎儿中伴畸形者共36例(39.1％),其中单发畸形29例(占80.6％),多发畸形7例(占19.4％).心脏畸形发生率位居首位,其他畸形依次为中枢神经系统、消化系统、运动系统及泌尿系统的畸形.单脐动脉孕妇同意选择胎儿染色体检查共33例,其中3例有染色体畸形(9.1％).92例中伴发小于胎龄儿者23例(25.0％),其中78.3％(18/23)的小于胎龄儿死亡,明显高于同期非单脐动脉小于胎龄儿的病死率4.0％ (24/597)(x2=181.71,P＜0.01).结论 单脐动脉易伴发其他先天畸形,孕期B超发现单脐动脉后,需要进一步寻查其他畸形,进行胎儿超声心动、胎儿染色体核型分析等检查,伴发严重胎儿生长受限,是胎儿不良结局的重要指标.     

先天性心脏畸形的产前诊断及临床分析

目的探讨先天性心脏畸形的产前诊断及临床意义。方法本研究应用Yagel5个心脏横面和心脏长轴切面进行胎儿心脏扫描，并有效多普勒血流技术、彩色血流、M型超声等超声仪器各项功能技术，对2002至2004年982例先天心脏畸形高危患者进行胎儿心脏全方位检查，并对引产胎儿进行尸体解剖核对产前诊断的正确性，并进行胎儿染色体分析；对产前诊断未发现明显异常的胎儿进行临床随访，胎儿出生后进行新生儿或要儿心脏超声检查，判定产前诊断的正确性。结果（1）982例先天心脏畸形高危患者中，检查发现胎儿心脏结构异常为46例（4．7％）。其中应用单纯四腔心即能诊断的先天性胎儿心脏结构异常为32例，其余14例需同时结合其他心脏检测平面诊断。（2）41例引产胎儿中，32例进行尸体解剖，病理结果与产前超声检查符合率为93．8％（30／32），其中1例患者病理诊断为永存动脉干畸形，产前诊断为法洛四联症；另1例为右心室双流出道畸形，产前诊断为大动脉转位。（3）46例患者中，32例进行胎儿染色体检测，合并染色体异常8例（25．0％）。（4）5例为产前诊断右心系统略大胎儿，分娩后新生儿或要儿心脏超声检查，结果与产前基本相同，表现为单纯右心系统略大，但新生儿和要儿无任何临床症状。（5）936例产前诊断为正常胎儿心脏患者，新生儿或要儿心脏超声检查发现室间隔缺损1例，动脉导管未闭2例，房间隔缺损1例。结论（1）应用本研究方法，以先天心脏畸形高危患者为筛查对象，产前诊断先天性心脏畸形阳性率为4．7％，产前诊断与尸体解剖符合率为93．8％。（2）应用本研究方法可使高危人群产前诊断胎儿先天性心脏畸形的敏感性达92．0％，特异性达99．6％。（3）单纯左右心比例轻中度失调胎儿可能有较好的临床预后。     

产前超声诊断胎儿小眼畸形的价值

目的:探讨产前超声诊断对胎儿小眼畸形的价值。方法:回顾分析2013年4月30日至2019年4月30日四川大学华西第二医院超声科产前超声检查提示小眼畸形的胎儿超声图像及临床资料。结果:产前超声诊断小眼畸形胎儿12例,孕妇平均年龄27.92±4.50岁(高龄1例);平均孕周26.33±3.50周。12例胎儿中单侧小眼畸形8例,双侧小眼畸形4例;单纯小眼畸形3例,合并其他部位发育畸形9例(颜面部结构异常5例;颅内结构异常6例;胸部发育异常2例;心脏发育异常3例;消化系统发育异常2例;多囊性肾发育不良1例;腹腔积液1例;羊水过多4例);重度小眼畸形8例。12例胎儿中7例行羊水穿刺或引产后胎儿染色体检查,其中4例无明显异常,3例胎儿染色体异常(13-三体综合征2例;21-三体综合征1例)。2例孕妇及配偶行自身染色体检查,其中1例母亲染色体为46,XX,inv(9)(p12q13),父亲染色体未见明显异常(其胎儿染色体未见明显异常);另1例双方染色体均未见明显异常(其胎儿染色体结果为21-三体综合征)。所有产前超声诊断胎儿小眼畸形的孕妇均选择引产,引产后证实与产前诊断结果一致,产前超声诊断小眼畸形符合率为100%。结论:产前超声检查能够直观地观察胎儿眼部发育情况,对产前诊断胎儿小眼畸形具有重要的临床意义。     

37例单脐动脉胎儿的临床分析

正常情况下,脐带中有1条脐静脉及2条脐动脉,当脐带中只有1条动脉时称为单脐动脉.国内报道其发病率为0.59%[1],国外为0.63%[2],单脐动脉的发生被认为与胎儿畸形及染色体异常有关[3-4].我院2004年6月至2007年12月共产前诊断单脐动脉胎儿37例,通过对其妊娠结局的分析,旨在探讨单脐动脉胎儿与染色体及结构异常的关系,为产前咨询及分娩方式选择提供依据.     

胎儿胼胝体发育不全与合并其他异常的相关性

目的 探讨胎儿胼胝体发育不全的超声表现,及其合并其它异常及染色体异常的相关性.方法 总结2005年4月至2008年3月在中山大学附属第一医院接受产前胎儿系统超声筛查15550例,发现胎儿胼胝体发育不全共46例,分析胼胝体发育不全合并畸形类型、与染色体异常的相关性及妊娠结局.结果 46例胎儿胼胝体发育不全中,单纯性胼胝体缺失17例(37.0%),合并其他部位畸形29例(63.O%),其中19例(65.5%)为2种及2种以上畸形,以合并中枢神经系统异常(18例,62.1%)为主.23例(50.0%)接受胎儿染色体检查,3例(13.0%)合并染色体异常病例均合并畸形,1例13-三体综合征,l例18.三体综合征.1例罗伯逊易位[45,XX,der(14:22)(q1O:q1O)].分娩足月儿6例,最大者已2岁8个月,3例幼儿运动及认知能力低于同龄儿童.结论 胎儿胼胝体发育不全是特征性超声改变.了解胼胝体发育的规律,及时识别发育异常的特征性改变,可提高产前诊断率,胼胝体发育不全以合并中枢神经系统病变最为常见,合并畸形时染色体异常的可能性较大;胼胝体发育不全幼儿早期即可出现精神、运动发育迟缓.     

产前超声诊断胎儿持续性右脐静脉及其合并畸形的临床价值

目的 探讨产前超声诊断胎儿持续性右脐静脉及其合并结构畸形的临床价值.方法 回顾性分析2007年4月至2011年8月在复旦大学附属妇产科医院产前检查的38 827例孕妇中,产前超声检出的109例持续性右脐静脉胎儿及其合并结构畸形情况.结果 胎儿持续性右脐静脉的发生率为0.28％(109/38 827),其中单胎100例,双胎9例.109例产前超声诊断的持续性右脐静脉胎儿中,未合并结构畸形者95例(单胎90例,双胎5例),孕妇均正常妊娠分娩,新生儿预后良好,其中有4例行染色体检查,结果均正常.合并结构畸形者14例,发生率为12.8％(14/109),其中合并心血管系统结构畸形者10例,占71.4％(10/14).胎儿合并的结构畸形大多比较严重,例如心内膜垫缺失、右心室双流出道、单心房和单心室等,9例(64.3％,9/14)引产终止妊娠.14例合并结构畸形者仅有1例行胎儿染色体检查,结果正常.结论 产前超声检查发现胎儿持续性右脐静脉后,应仔细检查胎儿各系统结构,了解有无合并结构畸形,尤其是心血管系统.     

孕11～14周胎儿脐膨出与染色体核型异常的关系

目的:探讨孕11~14周超声检查发现胎儿脐膨出与胎儿染色体核型异常的关系。方法:回顾性分析2010年1月至2012年12月在四川大学华西第二医院就诊的单胎孕妇于11~14孕周超声筛查发现胎儿脐膨出相关资料,分析孤立性胎儿脐膨出及胎儿脐膨出合并其他异常的患者染色体核型异常情况及妊娠结局。结果:超声检查发现并获得相关资料31例。孤立性胎儿脐膨出5例,合并胎儿其他异常26例(其中合并胎儿NT增厚16例,合并胎儿其他结构异常10例)。胎儿脐膨出合并NT增厚组染色体异常发生率为87.5%(14/16),活产1例,宫内死亡3例,余终止妊娠;胎儿脐膨出合并其他结构异常组染色体异常发生率为80.0%(8/10),终止妊娠7例,宫内死亡3例;孤立性脐膨出组4例染色体均正常,1例未查,其中活产3例,终止妊娠2例。胎儿脐膨出合并NT增厚及合并其他结构异常的染色体异常发生率高于孤立性脐膨出(P=0.023)。结论:孕11~14周超声筛查发现胎儿脐膨出合并NT增厚或其他结构异常时,染色体异常发生风险高,能否作为独立筛查染色体异常指标有待进一步研究。     

Antenatal sonographic detection of single umbilical artery.

The absence of one umbilical artery of single umbilical artery (SUA) is one of the most common congenital malformations in man. This vascular anomaly of the umbilical cord is frequently associated with other congenital malformations as well as some adverse perinatal events such as intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR), premature delivery, and increased perinatal mortality. Five cases of SUA detected prenatally by ultrasound are reported here in detail, including the first reported case in a twin gestation. None of the 5 affected infants had associated anomalies, but 2 cases of intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) and 1 stillborn infant were noted in this series. An umbilical vein/umbilical artery ratio less than 2 was invariably found in all cases, making this observation another useful sonographic characteristic to use in the antenatal detection of SUA. Since the umbilical cord can be easily seen prenatally by ultrasound, and SUA is recognized as an important index for detecting congenital malformations, examination of the umbilical cord for the absence of one umbilical artery is an extremely valuable tool in prenatal diagnosis. The prenatal detection of SUA demands an extensive search for associated anomalies and a close surveillance of fetal well-being, since these fetuses have a high risk of fetal death or IUGR. Sonologists and sonographers should be aware of the possibility of SUA, especially in those cases associated with congenital malformations or IUGR.     

Single umbilical artery and its siding in the second trimester of pregnancy: relation to chromosomal defects

OBJECTIVES: To determine the possible association between single umbilical artery (SUA) in the second trimester of pregnancy and the incidence of chromosomal abnormalities. To determine whether the presence of chromosomal defects in fetuses with SUA is related to the side of the missing artery. METHODS: Color flow imaging of the fetal pelvis was used to determine the number of umbilical arteries in 2147 fetuses immediately before amniocentesis for karyotyping in the second trimester of pregnancy. RESULTS: SUA was diagnosed in 102/2147 (4.8%) cases. The left umbilical artery was absent in 60/102 (58.8%) fetuses, compared with the 42/102 (41.2%) for the right artery. The rate of chromosome abnormalities was significantly higher among fetuses with SUA than among those with 2 umbilical arteries (19/102 or 18.6% versus 109/2045 or 5.3%; OR = 4.1, 95% CI 2.3-7.1, p < 0.0001). Among fetuses with SUA, there was no significant difference in the rate of chromosome abnormalities between those with absence of the left versus the right artery (11/60 or 18.3% versus 8/42 or 19.0%, p = 0.93). There was an SUA in 5/39 (12.8%) cases with trisomy 21, 8/16 (50%) with trisomy 18, 1/4 (25%) with trisomy 13 and 5/69 (7.2%) with other chromosomal defects. There were no chromosome abnormalities in fetuses where a single umbilical artery was an isolated sonographic finding. All fetuses with SUA and chromosomal defects had associated abnormalities detected by ultrasound. CONCLUSION: A single umbilical artery (SUA) in the second trimester of pregnancy has a high association with trisomy 18, 13, 21 and other chromosomal defects, but all chromosomally abnormal fetuses had associated malformations detected by ultrasound. The absence of the left artery is more frequent than the absence of the right artery. The association with chromosomal abnormalities seems to be equal on each side.     

Single umbilical artery--consequences of prenatal diagnosis]

The authors report about the prenatal diagnosis of 34 cases of fetuses with a single umbilical artery (SUA) observed at the Perinatal Center of Charité. Between January 1989 and June 1991 the SUA has been associated with some adverse perinatal events, such as low birth weight (35%), congenital malformations (35%), perinatal mortality (11%) and placental alterations (76%). The incidence was not higher in girls than in boys. We did not find any chromosomal anomalies in our cases. An accurate ultrasonographic examination of the SUA in the 16th to 20th week is very important. The prognosis of the newborn could be improved by efficient diagnosis and optimum management of pregnancy and of delivery at a perinatal center.     

Prenatal sonographic diagnosis of single umbilical artery: Emphasis on the absent side and its relation to associated anomalies

ObjectiveTo determine the absent side of a single umbilical artery (SUA) and to evaluate whether associated anomalies are related to the side of the missing artery in a Taiwanese population.Materials and methodsWe retrospectively studied SUA fetuses from our computer database of fetal ultrasound in a tertiary medical center in Southern Taiwan. All cases were diagnosed as SUA prenatally using conventional scanners of two- and three-dimensional (2D and 3D, respectively) ultrasound, as well as color, power, and high-definition Doppler. The absent side of UA and associated anomalies were analyzed.ResultsFrom September 2006 to November 2011, 31 fetuses with SUA were diagnosed prenatally by ultrasound and all were enrolled for this series. The incidence was estimated to be 1:556 (0.18% = 31/17,086). The mean maternal age was 29.2 years (range, 15–36 years) and the mean fetal age was 30.0 weeks of gestation (range 18–36 weeks). Notably, the left-absent UA was detected in 16/31 (52%) fetuses, compared with the right-absent UA in 15/31 (48%) cases. In addition, congenital anomalies were noted prenatally in 2/16 (13%) fetuses with left-absent UA and in 3/15 (20%) fetuses with right-absent UA.ConclusionIn SUA fetuses, the absence of UA appears to occur equally at each side. Moreover, this study showed no significant difference between either side of missing UA and associated anomalies after statistical examination.     

Perinatal results following the prenatal ultrasound diagnosis of single umbilical artery

OBJECTIVE. To study the perinatal results in our population, following the prenatal ultrasound diagnosis of a single umbilical artery (SUA), as this alteration is associated with fetal malformations, chromosomal abnormality, and poor perinatal results. MATERIALS AND METHODS. A retrospective review of all obstetric ultrasounds carried out between October 2000 and December 2003 in our service, obtaining the postnatal results of the fetuses diagnosed with an SUA. RESULTS. From a total of 5,987 pregnant patients examined by ultrasound scan at 20th week, an SUA was found in 40 cases, representing an incidence of 0.7%. Of these, 84.6% were normal pregnancies at birth and 15.4% presented other malformations and/or chromosomal abnormalities. No aneuploidy was found in pregnancies where there were no other associated findings in the ultrasound scan at 20 weeks. All cases with serious congenital malformations accompanying the SUA were diagnosed prenatally. There was a 5% of perinatal mortality rate among our fetuses with SUA, which represents a mortality rate 10 times greater than the overall rate among our patients. CONCLUSIONS. The ultrasound discovery of an SUA implies the meticulous search for other associated malformations, and in the absence of these, the risk of a chromosomal abnormality is very low, unless it is a high-risk patient. However, the growth and wellbeing of the fetus must be carefully monitored in the last 3 months, although the ultrasound scan does not show any other associated alterations.     

Single umbilical artery: review of 12 cases

The umbilical cord normally consists of three vessels, two arteries and one vein. The absence of one umbilical artery or single umbilical artery (SUA) has been associated with some adverse perinatal events, such as low birth weight, prematurity, congenital malformations and perinatal mortality. The authors present 12 cases of SUA confirmed by histologic examination and the principal maternal and perinatal features of these cases are analyzed. In our study there were a prematurity rate of 58%, a low birth weight rate of 66% and a perinatal mortality rate of 580/1000. Among our patients, 42% of the infants with SUA had major congenital malformations. An accurate examination of the umbilical cord at delivery is suggested, mainly because SUA is an important index to detect associated congenital malformations.     

Prenatal diagnosis and management of congenital heart disease

Thirty-two fetuses were diagnosed as having congenital heart disease (CHD). The major indications for level II echocardiography other than suspected cardiac abnormalities were fetal malformations, nonimmune hydrops and cardiac arrhythmia. Only three patients had a previous history of fetal CHD. No false-abnormal diagnosis of severe CHD was made. Aortic arch anomalies represented the major diagnostic problem among the six correct but incomplete diagnoses. Sixty-one percent of the fetuses were growth retarded, thus confirming the severity of their CHD. Chromosomal anomalies and extracardiac malformations were associated in 19% and 44% of the fetuses, respectively. Obstetric management and fetal prognosis in cases of extracardiac malformations were greatly influenced by the diagnosis of CHD. The poorest perinatal outcome was associated with heart failure. The only intrauterine deaths occurred in that group, and only one neonate survived. The outcome was more favorable in neonates without other malformations or heart failure. Four of ten (40%) of those neonates survived, while the overall perinatal survival rate was 24%.     

Demographic and perinatal outcome data of fetuses with SUA/PRUV

Aim: Identify structural anomalies and adverse pregnancy outcomes accompanying single umbilical artery (SUA) and persistent right umbilical vein (PRUV) and to investigate whether SUA and PRUV are associated with chromosomal abnormalities and if these defects warrant invasive antenatal diagnosis.

Methods: We retrospectively analyzed pregnancies with an antenatal diagnosis of SUA/PRUV from the International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital (IPMCHH) database. Data of structural malformations, fetal karyotyping, and pregnancy outcomes were analyzed.

Results: Results revealed that 13.9 and 7% of SUA and PRUV cases, respectively, had malformations. Furthermore, 60% of the malformations accompanying SUA were isolated congenital heart disease (CHD), and 50% of the malformations accompanying PRUV were multiple malformations including CHD. All primarily diagnosed isolated PRUV (iPRUV) cases and 92.6% of primarily diagnosed iSUA cases had normal fetal echocardiography. Cases of iSUA and iPRUV with indications of invasive antenatal diagnosis showed no chromosomal abnormalities. The emergency cesarean section rate did not differ between the study population and the IPMCHH general population (p?=?.184).

Conclusion: Patients of SUA and PRUV diagnosed in secondary hospitals should be referred to tertiary medical center for further ultrasonography. SUA and PRUV are not indicators for invasive antenatal diagnosis and selective cesarean section.     

Single umbilical artery: what does it mean for the fetus?

Single umbilical artery (SUA) is the most common anomaly of the umbilical cord which affects between 0.5 and 2.5% of all pregnancies. AIM: Our purpose was to determine whether there was a significant relationship between SUA and other anatomical anomalies. MATERIAL AND METHODS: All cases of fetal single umbilical artery identified in our hospital between 2002-2005 were reviewed for other ultrasound detected abnormalities. RESULTS: 18 cases of single umbilical artery were diagnosed on the basis of initial sonograms. 17 cases formed the study population (in 10 cases the left artery and in 7 the right artery was absent). In one case we diagnosed an umbilical cord tumor. 33.3% had other anatomical anomalies. The mean of women in the study was 30.5 years, the mean gestational age at examination was 28 weeks. CONCLUSIONS: In most cases the SUA occurs to be an isolated anomaly. In cases of SUA, the detailed ultrasound examination should be performed. Left artery absence is more common and also in these cases other anatomical anomalies are more likely to be observed as well. In our study we did not find a correlation between SUA and IUGR.