情景案例式教学在外科动物实验课中的应用效果研究

目的　探讨情景案例式教学在外科动物实验课中的应用效果。方法　以内蒙古医科大学2016级临床医学专业教改班五年制学生为研究对象。教改一班为对照组，教改二班为试验组，每组36名学生。对照组采用传统教学，试验组引入情景案例式教学。课程中期进行考核，包括理论考核和外科技能操作考核；另对两组学生进行课程满意度问卷调查。应用SPSS 22.0进行t检验和卡方检验。结果　试验组理论成绩（72.44±7.91）高于对照组（60.49±8.23），外科技能操作成绩（77.69±7.13）高于对照组（60.58±8.91）；试验组课程满意度高于对照组。结论　引入情景案例式教学能明显改善外科动物实验课堂教学效果，有利于医学生对外科基本技能及相关临床医学总论理论知识的掌握。     

开放性多学科综合实训项目在提升医学影像专业学生职业胜任力中的应用研究

目的　评价在开放性综合实训室开展多学科综合实训项目对提升医学影像专业学生职业胜任力的教学效果。方法　将本校五年制医学影像专业在成都医学院第一附属医院住读的2014级122名学生按班级分为试验组和对照组。试验组开展多学科开放性综合实训项目，对照组开展开放性实训练习。比较两组综合学科理论考试成绩、临床思维考核成绩及综合技能考核成绩，以及比较两组满意度调查问卷结果。采用SPSS 23.0进行t检验。结果　①试验组综合学科理论考核成绩高于对照组（80.33±3.70 vs. 74.56±5.09），差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）；②试验组临床思维考核及综合技能考核成绩高于对照组（87.58±3.15 vs. 74.52±3.66），差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）；③在问卷调查中显示，试验组学生在提高自主学习能力、提高表达能力、提高团队协作能力、提高发现问题和解决问题的能力及自我肯定度方面高于对照组，差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论　多学科开放性综合实训项目在优化开放性实训教学中有良好的效果，学生在多学科综合性理论知识和影像技能掌握的程度方面得到了提升，职业核心能力要求的团队协作能力、解决问题能力、自主学习能力、创新能力得到了锻炼和提升，符合现代医学教育提倡的"打造医教协同、多学科融合的教育平台，培养学生创新性和自主性学习"的教学要求。     

情景模拟教学在本科见习医生医患沟通技能中的应用

目的　探索情景模拟教学在牙体牙髓专业临床见习教学中的应用效果。方法　选择新疆医科大学2015级口腔医学专业本科生,分为两组,试验组（28人）采用情景模拟教学,对照组（27人）采用传统教学。对考核成绩及教学效果进行分析评价。应用SEGUE量表评价教学效果。采用SPSS 21.0软件进行独立样本t检验。结果　试验组理论考核成绩（91.31±3.37）优于对照组（87.93±4.28）,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。SEGUE量表评分,试验组教学前后沟通能力评分分别为（9.07±3.37）和（21.86±2.47）,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;对照组教学前后沟通能力评分分别为（8.85±3.43）和（15.67±2.87）,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;试验组教学效果优于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论　通过情景模拟教学可以向学生传授良好的医患沟通技巧,从而促进理论与实践的结合,对于提高学生未来临床实践沟通技能具有积极的影响。     

人工智能辅助系统结合CBL教学在眼科住院医师斜视专业教学中的应用

目的　探讨人工智能（artificial intelligence,AI）辅助系统结合病例教学法（case-based learning,CBL）在眼科住院医师斜视专业教学中的应用。方法　将2020年1月至2021年12月在北京大学人民医院眼科规培的40名眼科住院医师作为研究对象,将其分为对照组和试验组,每组20人。对照组采用传统教学,试验组采用AI辅助系统结合CBL教学。专科培训结束时对两组学生进行理论知识、临床技能、临床思维考核,用问卷调查来评估教学效果。采用SPSS 26.0对数据进行卡方检验、单因素方差分析和独立样本t检验。结果　试验组理论知识考核成绩[（34.10±1.33）分]高于对照组成绩[（33.15±1.35）分]（t=2.24,P=0.031）,临床技能考核成绩[（24.75±1.02）分]高于对照组成绩[（23.60±0.82）分]（t=3.93,P<0.001）,临床思维考核成绩[（24.80±0.77）分]高于对照组成绩[（24.20±0.83）分]（t=2.37,P=0.023）。对教学效果的评估,试验组在提升学习兴趣（t=11.47,P<0.001）,提升临床思维能力（t=9.36,P<0.001）,提升知识与技能水平（t=17.71,P<0.001）,加大知识共享程度（t=31.17,P<0.001）,整体满意度（t=10.60,P<0.001）5方面评分均高于对照组。结论　AI辅助系统结合CBL教学能提高眼科住院医师对斜视疾病的独立诊疗能力,建立正确的临床思维路径,教学效果良好。     

动态病例情景模拟联合行为回放式教学在实习护生创伤急救教学中的应用

目的　探索动态病例情景模拟联合行为回放式教学在实习护生临床创伤急救教学中的应用效果。方法　选取2017年12月至2018年11月在广州医科大学附属第一医院急诊科实习的80名本科护生,随机分为试验组和对照组（每组40人）。试验组采用动态病例情景模拟联合行为回放式教学法,对照组采取传统的教学方法授课。两组护生创伤教学时间（8学时）和实习大纲一致。授课结束后进行创伤理论知识及操作技能考核,分析两组护生成绩、教学满意度,以及试验组的教学评价。采用SPSS 19.0进行t检验。结果　实习结束后,对照组护生的创伤理论考核成绩及临床操作技能考核成绩分别为（73.40±7.11）分和（78.69±8.71）分,试验组护生创伤理论考核成绩及临床操作技能考核成绩分别为（78.09±6.84）分和（85.34±6.43）分,两组比较差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。试验组护生对教学安排总体满意度高于对照组[（98.34±2.19）vs.（94.94±2.58）,P<0.01],且大部分[97.5%（39/40）]希望继续应用动态病例情景模拟联合行为回放式教学法进行创伤教学。结论　动态病例情景模拟联合行为回放式教学可以提高实习护生的创伤应急能力,提升教学满意度和教学效果。     

情景视频反馈联合PBL在OSBC班心脏外科临床见习教学中的应用

目的　探讨情景视频反馈联合以问题为基础的学习（problem-based learning,PBL）在以器官-系统为基础的课程（organ-systems-based curriculum,OSBC）改革实验班学生心脏外科临床见习教学中的应用效果。方法　以江汉大学2016级和2018级五年制医学本科OSBC改革实验班学生为研究对象。观察组采用情景视频反馈联合PBL的教学方法进行心脏外科见习带教;对照组采用常规带教方式。见习结束后发放自制的《见习效果满意度调查表》进行问卷调查。见习结束后进行理论考核,循环系统课程结束再进行期末考核,对比两次成绩。采用SPSS 17.0软件对数据进行t检验和卡方检验。结果　见习效果满意度调查结果显示,观察组在提高学习兴趣、提高学习效率、提高团队协作能力、提高临床思维能力、提高人际交流沟通能力、提高理论与实践相结合能力、提高主动获取知识能力、提高语言表达能力、提高知识点理解能力、提高成为医生信心10个方面的满意度均高于对照组;且在提高学习效率、提高临床思维能力、提高理论与实践相结合能力方面差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。两次理论考核成绩观察组[（77.46±4.73）（79.80±7.53）]优于对照组[（70.68±5.16）（75.94±8.16）]（P<0.05）。结论　情景视频反馈联合PBL能提高OSBC班医学生心脏外科临床见习教学的效果。     

基于卓越医师培养目标的改良式以团队为基础的学习在眼科见习课中的应用

目的 基于培养卓越医师的目标,评价改良式以团队为基础的学习（team-based learning,TBL）教学法在眼科本科生见习课带教中的应用效果。方法 参考随机数字表法将临床专业本科生进行分组,其中对照组（n=50）实施常规眼科见习带教,试验组（n=50）实施改良式TBL教学法进行眼科见习带教。对比两组临床专业学生的理论考核成绩及技能考核成绩,并比较两组学生对教学效果的主观评价。采用SPSS 23.0进行t检验和Wilcoxon’s秩和检验。结果 试验组的理论考核成绩（29.68±4.52）优于对照组理论考核成绩（27.84±4.33）,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;试验组技能考核成绩（32.88±5.05）优于对照组技能考核成绩（30.88±6.99）,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。试验组对教学效果的各项主观评价优于对照组（P<0.05）。结论 眼科本科生见习课带教过程中采用改良式TBL教学法可以提升学生的理论知识及实验技能,同时提高了学生的自学和团队合作能力,为实现卓越医师培养目标提供了可行性见习课教育改革方案。     

多媒体互动式教学对老年病科住院医师的规培效果分析

目的　探讨多媒体互动式教学对老年病科住院医师的规培效果。方法　选取2019年10月至2020年10月在吉林大学第一医院实施规培的80名老年病科住院医师作为研究对象。以随机数字表法将其分为试验组和对照组,对照组采用传统教学,试验组采用多媒体互动式教学。规培3个月,对比两组规培后理论知识和临床技能考核成绩、规培前后综合能力以及对规培模式的满意度。采用统计学软件SPSS 26.00进行t检验。结果　两组理论知识考核成绩[（92.06±4.75）vs.（87.54±4.23）]与临床技能考核成绩[（89.63±4.28）vs.（80.09±4.13）]差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）,且试验组理论知识、临床技能考核成绩均高于对照组（P<0.05）。两组规培前思维能力、临床实践能力、科研能力、创新能力、医患沟通能力评分对比差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）;规培后上述各项能力评分均有所提升（P<0.05）,且试验组各项能力评分均高于对照组（P<0.05）。试验组在提高认知速度、提高理解力、增强记忆力、提高问题分析能力、激发学习兴趣、提升课堂参与度、知识拓展、培养批判思维、提高整体性临床思维、提高临床工作熟练度等方面的满意度均高于对照组（P<0.05）。结论　使用多媒体互动教学对老年病科住院医师实施规培,能提高规培医师的理论知识和临床技能考核成绩,提升规培医师综合能力,还能提高规培医师对规培模式的满意度。     

临床医学专业学位硕士研究生胸外科轮转培养的教学实践

目的　探讨以胜任力为导向的培养模式在专业学位硕士研究生胸外科轮转培养当中的应用价值。方法　将71名在胸外科轮转培训的专业学位硕士研究生分为试验组和对照组,33名试验组学员接受包括理论知识、技能操作、临床思维、科研信息及沟通协作在内的以胜任力为导向的培训,而38名对照组学员接受传统方法培训。出科前,两组学员统一考核,对比成绩并分析结果。采用SPSS 19.0对学员各项考核成绩进行统计学分析,两组学员成绩的比较采用两独立样本t检验。结果　试验组学员的理论知识、技能操作、临床思维成绩及总分均高于对照组[（14.21±2.03）分vs.（12.97±2.06）分、（24.30±2.35）分vs.（22.37±3.10）分、（24.00±1.85）分vs.（22.71±3.17）分、（78.09±3.53）分vs.（73.34±5.25）分],差异有统计学意义（均P<0.05）。结论　临床医学专业学位硕士研究生在胸外科轮转培养当中引入以胜任力为导向的培养模式,合理利用新媒体手段及多种教学平台,充分发挥学科特点和优势,有利于提高受训学员的临床岗位胜任能力。     

临床路径教学在妇科住院医师规范化培训中的应用

目的　探讨临床路径（clinical pathway,CP）教学在妇科住院医师规范化培训中的效果及意义。方法　选取2016年6月至2019年6月在妇科轮转的60名规范化培训住院医师为研究对象,分为对照组和试验组。对照组（n=30）采用传统教学方法,试验组（n=30）采用CP教学方法。培训结束后,对两组住院医师均进行基本理论、病例分析及临床技能考核,同时对两组住院医师均进行教学满意度调查,并对试验组住院医师进行CP教学效果调查。采用SPSS 23.0软件进行描述统计、t检验及卡方分析。结果　试验组基本理论[（86.30±7.04） vs. （75.30±5.27）]、病案分析[（84.97±6.49） vs. （78.60±4.78）]、临床技能[（83.90±6.32） vs. （77.40±8.29）]考核成绩及对教学满意度均高于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。试验组住院医师认为CP教学有助于提高自学能力、临床思维能力、沟通能力、科研能力,并支持CP教学继续应用及推广。结论　CP教学有利于提高妇科住院医师规范化培训质量,建议在妇科住院医师规范化培训中推广应用。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

Development on Adjustable Calibration Marker for Shock Wave Focus

Shock wave lithotripsy （SWL） is a treatment of choice for upper urinary stones. However, this procedure is inappropriate for obese patients because the focus is often unable to reach the target owing to the limited focal distance in shock wave source. Although treating such patients in a blast path may increase the application length of shock wave source, it＇s difficult to find this path on the lithotripter monitor. For this reason, we invented an adjustable calibration marker in order to set an effective focus in the shock wave hath.     

Study on the TCM Pathogenesis of Angiopathic Complications of Type II Diabetes

Excess production of reactive oxygen species(ROS)of mitochondrion mediated by hyperglycemia is the common pathogenesis of angiopathic complications of diabetes.TCM holds that the damp from the dysfunction of spleen.kidney and liver is the causative factor of complications of diabetes.This is similar to the mechanism of Ros resulting in angiopathic complications of diabetes.When the angiopathic complications of type II diabetes mellitus(T2DM)are difierentiated as caused by turbid damp in TCM can be explained as ROS.Since the obstruction of pathogenic damp in channels and collaterals is said to be the main pathogenesis,the treating principle should be dissolving the damp to remove the obstruction.     

Leptin, Ghrelin and TNF-α before and after Hypo-caloric Traditional Chinese Diet and Auricular Acupuncture

INTRODUCTION Obesity is a complex emergent problem, which can be possibly solved not only by the diet but also by the life style and promotion of a constant physical exercise. 1, 2 No doubt careful attentions must be given to the nutritional condition of obese people, the dietary habits, the somatic build (i.e. distribution of fat mass) and the organic functions linked to formation of the fat mass. All the parameters should be constantly monitored before, during and after a diet treatment. 3, 4, 5     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

Relationship between Dysglycemia and Carotid Atherosclerosis in Tibetan Population

People with dysglycemia are at high risk for atherosclerotic diseases. This study aims at investigating the atherosclerotic vascular damage in dysglycemia and its metabolic origin in Tibetan population.     

APPLICATION OF LORNOXICAM TO PATIENT-CONTROLLED ANALGESIA IN PATIENTS UNDERGOING ABDOMINAL SURGERIES

FOR anesthesiologis s ,treatingpostoperativepainhas alwaysbeen a problem.Althoughopioidshave been provedtobe effective,theirsideeffectscouldnotbeignored.With thedevelopmentofscienceand pharmacology,many drugs with aspectsof satisfactoryanalgesicefficacyand couldbe welltoleratedby patientshave been developed.And lornoxicamisone of them, which isa non-steroidalanti-inflammatorydrug (NSAID ), with analgesic, anti-infl-ammatory,andantipyreticproperties.Itseliminationhalf-time(3 to 5 hours) isle…     

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF SERUM CYTOKINES IL-1β,sIL-2R,IL-6,TNF-α,AND IFN-v IN ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME

Objectives To explore serum cytokines levels (including IL-1 β, sIL-2R, IL-6, TNF-α, and IFN-v) and their significance in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and the subsequent follow-ups, with attempt to estimate the role of various serum inflammatory markers in the diagnosis and assessment of ACS.Methods The study population include 40 patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI), 40 patients with unstable angina pectoris (UAP), and 40 controls. Among the 80 patients, 60 patients attended a follow up 4 months later. Serum inflammatory markers including IL-1 β, sIL-2R, IL-6, TNF-α, and IFN-v were measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay.Results Serum IL- 1 β, sIL-2R, IL-6, TNF-α were significantly higher in AMI group or UAP group compared to the control group and became significantly lower 4 months later in the follow-up patients. Serum levels of IFN-v shows no significant difference between AMI group or UAP group and controls, also showing no significant change when measured in follow up patients. There was no correlation between serum creatine kinase-MB isoenzyme levels and serum inflammatory markers either in UAP or AMI group. Furthermore, when divided into two subgroups using Wagner's QRS scoring system in the AMI group, there is no difference of each serum inflammatory marker between ≤ 6 scores group and ＞ 6 scores group.Conclusion Serum levels of certain inflammatory markers may have some diagnostic value for ACS, and can be a useful marker reflecting disease stability.     

Possible Spread of adenovirus type 3 from poultry to humans ：indirect evidence from an outbreak in China

Objective:To explore the epidemiology and etiology for an outbreak of acute respiratory tract infection that occurred in one county of Jiangsu Province, China 2004. Methods: Only cases meeting the case definition were included in the study. We reviewed the medical records of the cases who were admitted to the local hospitals, interviewed cases by a standard questionnaire, and then described the epidemiotogic features and analyzed risk factors by means of a case-control study. We collected pharyngeal swab specimens and sent them to different laboratories for isolation and culture. The laboratory used different detection methods such as DIP, PCR, electron microscope examination and microneutralization assay, to identify and then type the positive specimens. Results:A total of 871 cases were reported during the period from April 18 to July 4,2004. The distribution of onset times presented two peaks, one in late May and another in middle June. The epidemic occurred mainly in the elementary and junior high schools in ten townships of one county, and the mean age of the cases was 12 years (range 7 months to 18 years). The course of the disease was acute, and was characterized by fever accompanied with sore throat and tonsillitis. The WBC count of cases was normal or elevated. The mean duration of illness was 5 days (range 2 to 12 days). No fatalities from illness were reported. A case-control study indicated that the possible risk factors were close contact with a case and/or poultry before onset and sharing of towels among members of the family. The typical CPE was observed through inoculating pharyngeal swab specimens into the HEP-2 cell cultures in different laboratories. An infection of adenovirus type 3 was verified by detecting positive specimens in different methods. Conclusion:This investigation demonstrated that the acute respiratory infection in cases was caused by adenovirus type 3. Cases occurred in over 70 schools in ten townships in 2004, and the route of transmission was possibly close contact with cases or droplet transmission.