国产与进口阿那曲唑片在健康人体生物等效性研究

目的：研究国产阿那曲唑片在人体内的生物利用度,并与参比制剂比较,评价两者生物等效性。方法20名健康男性志愿者随机口服国产阿那曲唑片（受试制剂）或进口阿那曲唑片（参比制剂）1 mg后,采用高效液相色谱串联质谱法测定不同时刻血浆中阿那曲唑的浓度,用WinNonlin 5.2.1数据统计软件计算药代动力学参数,并评价其生物等效性。结果单次口服国产阿那曲唑片1 mg或参比制剂1 mg后,受试制剂和参比制剂的Tmax分别为（1.45±0.5） h和（1.50±0.63） h,Cmax分别为（16.962±4.291） ng·mL-1和（15.928±3.799） ng·mL-1,T1/2分别为（40.00±7.27） h和（42.50±10.81） h,用梯形法计算,AUC0-t分别为（722.7±139.6） ng·h·mL-1和（730.3±138.6） ng·h·mL-1, AUC0-∞分别为（791.8±149.3） ng·h·mL-1和（807.5±156.6） ng·h·mL-1。经方差分析、双单侧t检验和[1-2α]%置信区间法进行生物等效性评价。结果表明,受试制剂与参比制剂间各药动学参数的差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论国产与进口阿那曲唑片在人体内具有生物等效性。     

盐酸特拉唑嗪片人体药动学及生物等效性研究

目的:建立人血浆中特拉唑嗪药物浓度的 HPLC-UV 测定法,研究健康受试者口服盐酸特拉唑嗪受试制剂和参比制剂的生物等效性,并估算其药代动力学参数。方法:18名健康男性志愿受试者单剂量随机交叉口服2 mg 盐酸特拉唑嗪受试制剂或参比制剂,采用高效液相色谱法测定给药后不同时间血浆中特拉唑嗪的浓度,估算药动学参数,并作方差分析和双单侧 t检验。结果:受试者口服盐酸特拉唑嗪受试制剂和参比制剂后的 T_(max)分别为(1.08±0.19)h和(1.08±0.19)h,C_(max)分别为(320.49±44.82)ng·mL~(-1)和(316.03±45.40)ng·mL~(-1),t_(1/2)分别为(12.68±0.92)h和(12.97±1.33)h,AUC_(0→48)分别为(2648.00±316.85)ng·h·mL~(-1)和(2618.67±334.38)ng·h·mL~(-1),AUC_(0→∞)分别为(3002.46±322.25)ng·h·mL~(-1)和(2979.85±341.96)ng·h·mL~(-1)。结论:本方法操作简便,专属性强。盐酸特拉唑嗪受试制剂和参比制剂具有生物等效性。     

亮菌甲素片在健康人体的药代动力学和相对生物利用度

目的 研究亮菌甲素片(利胆药)在健康人体的药代动力学和相对生物利用度.方法 用随机交叉给药自身为对照法,20名健康受试者单次口服亮菌甲素参比和受试制剂各40 mg;用液相色谱-串联质谱法测定血浆中亮菌甲素的浓度,计算两种制剂的药代动力学参数和相对生物利用度.结果 受试制剂和参比制剂主要药代动力学参数,tmax分别为(0.35±0.09)、(0.36±0.08)h;Cmax分别为(32.94±11.52)、(31.15±8.23)ng·mL-1;t1/2分别为(0.42±0.19)、(0.37±0.11)h;AUC0-t分别为(12.92±3.91)、(12.80±4.03)ng·h·mL-1;AUC0-∞分别为(13.10±3.93)、(12.95±4.07)ng·h·mL-1.受试制剂与参比制剂的平均相对生物利用度为(102.00±16.19)%.结论 亮菌甲素片参比制剂与受试制剂生物等效.     

盐酸特拉唑嗪片在中国健康受试者中的生物等效性研究

目的 研究盐酸特拉唑嗪片仿制药与原研药在中国健康受试者中单剂量空腹条件下给药的生物等效性。方法 用单中心、随机、开放、单次给药、两制剂、两周期、双交叉试验设计，共纳入24例成年男性和女性受试者随机交叉给药。分别单次口服盐酸特拉唑嗪片受试制剂和参比制剂2 mg,用液相色谱串联质谱法测定血浆中特拉唑嗪的浓度。用Phoenix WinNonlin 8.0软件计算主要药代动力学(PK)参数。结果 空腹组的盐酸特拉唑嗪片受试制剂和参比制剂主要PK参数：C_max分别为(53.79±9.77)和(57.62±14.18)ng·mL^-1,AUC_0-t分别为(519.90±179.49)和(551.99±143.15)ng·mL^-1·h, AUC_0-∞分别为(565.59±161.15)和(576.91±149.43)ng·mL^-1·h,t_max分别为1.00 (0.28, 2.02)和0.75 (0.50, 1.67) h,t_1/2     

佐米曲普坦片及胶囊的人体生物等效性研究

目的:比较受试佐米曲普坦片和胶囊与阿斯利康公司生产的参比佐米曲普坦片在健康人体内的药代动力学过程,并评价其生物等效性.方法:24名健康男性志愿者按体重配对、随机三交叉单剂量口服佐米曲普坦 5 mg,用高效液相色谱质谱选择性离子检测的内标法,测定血浆中药物浓度.结果:单剂量口服佐米曲普坦参比制剂和2种受试制剂 5 mg 后,三者的主要药代动力学参数:参比制剂、受试片剂、受试胶囊的AUC0-14分别为46.13±15.41 ng·h·mL-1,45.94±17.56 ng·h·mL-1,45.73±15.24 ng·h·mL-1;AUC0-∞分别为48.30±15.93 ng·h·mL-1,47.85±18.22 ng·h·mL-1,47.91±16.10 ng·h·mL-1;cmax分别为8.84±2.86 ng·mL-1,8.90±3.23 ng·mL-1,8.42±2.53 ng·mL-1;tmax分别为2.2±1.4 h,2.3±1.0 h,2.7±1.2 h;t1/2(Kel)分别为2.92±0.62 h,2.85±0.61 h,2.88±0.38 h;MRT分别为4.94±0.72 h,4.88±0.67 h,4.97±0.54 h.由AUC0-14计算2种受试制剂相对生物利用度分别为99.6%±17.5%,100.8%±15.9%.结论:2种受试制剂与参比制剂生物等效.     

泊沙康唑肠溶片在健康受试者的生物等效性研究

目的 研究健康受试者中泊沙康唑肠溶片的药代动力学,评估国产受试制剂与原研参比制剂的生物等效性。方法 用单中心、随机、开放、单剂量、两周期、两序列、双交叉、空腹或餐后给药试验设计,空腹组和餐后组分别入组44例和34例健康受试者口服泊沙康唑肠溶片受试制剂或参比制剂100 mg。用LC-MS/MS法测定血浆中泊沙康唑的浓度,用WinNonlin^? 8.0版计算药代动力学参数,SAS^? 9.4版对主要药代动力学参数进行了生物等效性分析评价。结果 空腹试验受试制剂和参比制剂的泊沙康唑C_max分别为（174.28±71.34）和（169.41±63.43） ng·mL^-1,AUC_0-t分别为（5 972.47±2 118.29）和（5 685.16±2 054.80） h·ng·mL^-1,AUC_0-∞分别为（6 222.48±2 304.83）和（5 912.98±2 165.39） h·ng·mL^-1。餐后试验受试制剂和参...     

瑞格列奈片在健康人体的生物等效性

目的 研究健康受试者单剂量口服2种瑞格列奈片(治疗2型糖尿病药)的药代动力学和生物等效性.方法 采用开放、双周期随机交叉给药方案,24名健康男性受试者单剂量口服2种瑞格列奈片2 mg,用LC-MS/MS法测定血浆中瑞格列奈浓度,计算其主要药代动力学参数.结果 单剂量口服瑞格列奈片受试制剂和参比制剂的主要药代动力学参数:AUC0-tn分别为(28.78±10.32)和(28.29±10.76)ng·h·mL-1;AUC0-∞分别为(31.09±11.91)和(31.10±12.18)ng·h·mL-1;Cmax分别为(11.89±4.99)和(11.38±5.44)ng·mL-1;tmax分别为(0.92±0.62)和(1.08±0.58)h,t1/2分别为(1.32±0.46)和(1.42±0.67)h;F为(104.3±21.9)%.结论 2种制剂具有生物等效性.     

盐酸曲美他嗪片在中国健康受试者中的生物等效性研究

目的 评价2种盐酸曲美他嗪片在中国健康受试者体内的生物等效性及安全性。方法 采用单中心、单剂量、随机、开放、两制剂、两周期、两序列交叉试验设计。空腹试验入组20例健康受试者,餐后试验入组28例健康受试者,每周期单次空腹或餐后口服盐酸曲美他嗪片受试或参比制剂20 mg,用液相色谱-串联质谱法(LC-MS/MS)检测人血浆中曲美他嗪的浓度,非房室模型法计算药代动力学参数,(1-2α)置信区间法进行生物等效性评价。结果 空腹试验曲美他嗪受试制剂和参比制剂的主要药代动力学参数：C_max分别为(52.38±13.99)和(55.04±18.45)ng·mL^-1,AUC_0-t分别为(490.40±127.60)和(474.41±125.76)ng·h·mL^-1,AUC_0-∞分别为(507.47±137.40)和(489.47±134.74)ng·h·mL^-1。餐后试验曲美他嗪受试制剂和参比制剂的主要药代动力学参数：C_max分别为(60.27±12...     

枸橼酸托法替布片在健康中国受试者体内的生物等效性研究

目的评价2种枸橼酸托法替布片在中国健康受试者中的生物等效性和安全性。方法按单次给药、随机、开放、两周期、双交叉试验设计。空腹、餐后条件下各入组30例受试者,随机交叉单次口服枸橼酸托法替布受试制剂和参比制剂各5 mg,用HPLC-MS/MS法检测血浆中托法替布的浓度,用Phoenix WinNonlin 7.0软件计算药代动力学参数,并进行2种制剂的生物等效性评价。结果受试者服用受试制剂和参比制剂后,空腹组血浆中枸橼酸托法替布的主要药代动力学参数如下:C_max分别为（69.02±21.25）和（66.64±17.48）ng·mL^-1,AUC_0-t分别为（167.69±47.42）和（167.34±45.92）ng·mL^-1·h, AUC_0-∞分别为（168.75±47.50）和（168.40±46.26） ng·mL^-1·h。餐后组血浆中枸橼酸托法替布主要药代动力学参数如下:受试制剂和参比制剂的C_max分别为（50.51±18.01）和...     

盐酸托烷司琼口崩片人体生物等效性研究

目的本试验旨在研究由广州莱泰制药有限公司研制的盐酸托烷司琼口崩片的相对生物利用度,评价其生物等效性。方法采用双周期随机自身交叉试验设计,18名男性健康受试者口服受试制剂或参比制剂的盐酸托烷司琼5mg,采用LC-MS法测定给药后不同时间点盐酸托烷司琼的血药浓度,用DASVer2.01计算药动学参数。结果盐酸托烷司琼参比制剂（R）与受试制剂（A）的主要药代动力学参数分别为（均数±标准差）Cmax15.37±7.62和15.58±8.46ng·mL-1;Tmax2.58±0.81和2.92±1.10h;AUC0-48179.39±123.59和172.33±96.49ng·h·mL-1和AUC0→∞204.85±156.26和190.16±112.03ng·mL-1。受试制剂对参比制剂的平均相对生物利用度F（以AUC0-48作为评价依据）为105.3%（92.3%～120.0%）。结论受试制剂与参比制剂具有生物等效性。     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Lung disease and PKCs

The lung offers a rich opportunity for development of therapeutic strategies focused on isozymes of protein kinase C (PKCs). PKCs are important in many cellular responses in the lung, and existing therapies for pulmonary disorders are inadequate. The lung poses unique challenges as it interfaces with air and blood, contains a pulmonary and systemic circulation, and consists of many cell types. Key structures are bronchial and pulmonary vessels, branching airways, and distal air sacs defined by alveolar walls containing capillaries and interstitial space. The cellular composition of each vessel, airway, and alveolar wall is heterogeneous. Injurious environmental stimuli signal through PKCs and cause a variety of disorders. Edema formation and pulmonary hypertension (PHTN) result from derangements in endothelial, smooth muscle (SM), and/or adventitial fibroblast cell phenotype. Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer are characterized by distinctive pathological changes in airway epithelial, SM, and mucous-generating cells. Acute and chronic pneumonitis and fibrosis occur in the alveolar space and interstitium with type 2 pneumocytes and interstitial fibroblasts/myofibroblasts playing a prominent role. At each site, inflammatory, immune, and vascular progenitor cells contribute to the injury and repair process. Many strategies have been used to investigate PKCs in lung injury. Isolated organ preparations and whole animal studies are powerful approaches especially when genetically engineered mice are used. More analysis of PKC isozymes in normal and diseased human lung tissue and cells is needed to complement this work. Since opposing or counter-regulatory effects of selected PKCs in the same cell or tissue have been found, it may be desirable to target more than one PKC isozyme and potentially in different directions. Because multiple signaling pathways contribute to the key cellular responses important in lung biology, therapeutic strategies targeting PKCs may be more effective if combined with inhibitors of other pathways for additive or synergistic effect. Mechanisms that regulate PKC activity, including phosphorylation and interaction with isozyme-specific binding proteins, are also potential therapeutic targets. Key isotypes of PKC involved in lung pathophysiology are summarized and current and evolving therapeutic approaches to target them are identified.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.