中国社区肺结核主动筛查循证指南

为实现终止结核病流行策略目标,迫切需要实施更强有力的措施来改善结核病患者的发现和治疗管理,而主动筛查作为实现目标的重要组成部分,旨在确保结核病患者的早期诊断。中国防痨协会结核病控制专业分会和老年结核病防治专业分会与《中国防痨杂志》编辑委员会共同组织专家,在解读吸收世界卫生组织2021年最新指南证据和建议的基础上,补充了后续新发表的文献和我国国内的相关文献和研究证据,结合中国结核病防治实践和研究结果制订了本指南。本指南系统总结了症状筛查、胸部影像学检查、C反应蛋白检测等筛查技术的特点,提出了在肺结核患者密切接触者、既往结核病患者、HIV/AIDS者、老年人、糖尿病患者和高疫情地区的一般人群等社区人群中开展肺结核主动筛查的方式,为国家和各地完善和优化重点人群肺结核主动筛查策略提供循证依据。     

江油市农村结核病患者主动发现效果分析

目的评价在四川省江油市实施的主动发现结核病患者研究效果,探索西部农村地区开展结核患者主动发现对策与措施。方法通过对研究现场居住、工作和学习6个月以上的全部常住人口进行结核病可疑症状筛查,15岁及以下人群进行结核菌素(PPD)试验,对具有肺结核可疑症状者、PPD试验强阳性者及研究重点人群进行胸部X线摄片检查和痰涂片、痰培养检查并确诊,采用χ~2检验、Fisher确切概率法,非参数检验等方法比较主动发现和被动发现方式效果,分析患者特征。结果研究期间共调查32 071人,发现结核病可疑症状者497人、活动性结核病患者117人,期间患病率为363. 15/10万,显著高于当地前3年报告发病率,男性、65岁及以上、外来人口、农民的结核病可疑症状出现风险分别是其他人群的3. 44倍、4. 69倍、3. 85倍和3. 03倍;患病风险分别是其他人群的3. 39倍、9. 36倍、1. 72倍和2. 78倍。检出的活动性患者中有52例(44. 44%)没有咳嗽、咳痰超过2周等结核病可疑症状,菌阳患者中也有7例(28. 00%)无结核病可疑症状。对6 074名肺结核患者的密切接触者、≥65岁老年人、糖尿病患者及HIV/AIDS患者、既往结核病患者进行了胸部X线检查,确诊活动性结核病患者87人,占全人群活动性结核病患者的74. 36%,人群患病率为1 401/10万。其中既往肺结核患者患病率最高,是全人群患病率的30. 18倍。结论仅开展结核病可疑症状筛查不能发现近一半活动性患者,而开展结核病主动筛查能显著提高结核病发现水平,在既往结核病患者和65岁以上老年人中开展主动筛查效率较高。     

高危人群结核分枝杆菌潜伏感染检测及预防性治疗专家共识

主动发现和预防性治疗是全球终结结核病流行策略下,结核病防治行动的重要举措。我国是全球结核病高负担国家之一,要实现全球终止结核病目标,加强结核分枝杆菌潜伏感染(latent tuberculosis infection,LTBI)者的主动发现,对结核病患者密切接触者进行筛查,对新近感染和免疫力低下LTBI人群给予预防性治疗,是降低LTBI者发病的重要措施。然而,当前业内人士对预防性治疗的适用对象、化学药物预防性治疗方案和预防性治疗效果尚存在较多疑虑和争议,同时,新的诊断技术和预防性治疗方法也在不断研究和应用。有鉴于此,中国防痨协会组织专家编写了《高危人群结核分枝杆菌潜伏感染检测及预防性治疗专家共识》,从LTBI检测原理,以及预防性治疗对象、诊断方法、化学预防和免疫预防等方面进行论述,以供我国结核病防治工作者借鉴和参考。     

张掖市新涂阳肺结核病患者密切接触者的感染现状

目的了解甘肃省张掖市涂阳肺结核病患者密切接触者感染发病情况,及早发现活动性特别是传染性肺结核病患者,早期治疗,达到控制结核病传播的目的。方法对家庭密切接触者,15岁及以下人群做PPD试验、15岁以上人群胸透检查,对于PPD强阳性反应和胸透异常者拍后前位胸片一张,并要求送检3份痰标本,对发现的肺结核病患者,按照《中国结核病防治规划实施工作指南》的要求进行治疗管理。结果 2011—2015年张掖市登记的5 443例涂阳肺结核病患者,家庭密切接触者20 394人,平均每例新涂阳肺结核病患者有家庭密切接触者3.6例,接受检查的家庭密切接触者19 342人、受检率94.8%,接受检查的家庭密切接触者中检出涂阳肺结核病患者212例、检出率1.1%,差异有统计学意义(χ2=1.202,P0.01);家庭密切接触者中15岁及以下和55岁及以上年龄组患者最多,涂阳检出率分别为2.1%和1.8%,均高于其他年龄组,差异有统计学意义(χ2=38.131,P0.01)。结论对新涂阳患者家庭密切接触者进行痰涂片筛查,有助于提高涂阳患者发现率,特别是痰涂片"3+"以上的密切接触者,以及在家庭密切接触者中15岁及以下和55岁及以上年龄组的痰涂片筛查,可发现更多的涂阳患者。     

铜陵市某精神疾病专科医院结核病聚集性疫情调查处置

目的调查处置铜陵市某精神疾病专科医院聚集性疫情,为今后类似疫情处置提供参考。方法对2015年安徽铜陵市某专科医院发生的结核病聚集性疫情开展现场流行病学调查和密切接触者筛查,诊断方法包括结核菌素(PPD)皮肤实验、X线胸片、痰涂片检查。结果疫情共发现肺结核病例12例,均为菌阴肺结核,A病区6例,罹患率6.12%; B病区6例,罹患率8.11%; A病区密切接触者PPD强阳性率为8. 70%,B病区密切接触者PPD强阳性率为24.66%,预防性服药率19.04%。结论此次疫情发生由于未早期发现、隔离并治疗肺结核患者,专科医院未及时开展密切接触者筛查及消毒措施,未做好患者管理控制工作。早期发现、隔离并治疗结核病患者,把好患者进出关口,加强结核病相关知识的培训等措施,是预防控制精神疾病专科医院发生的结核病疫情的关键。     

关于完善我国糖尿病患者肺结核筛查政策的思考

糖尿病不仅增加结核病的发病风险,还会增加结核病患者治疗的失败、复发和死亡风险。基于现有的研究发现,在我国糖尿病患者中大规模开展结核病筛查总体收益不高,在高负担地区或存在高危因素的糖尿病患者中开展结核病筛查或许是一个更佳的选择,具有较高的成本-效益。本文中,笔者指出了目前我国糖尿病患者结核病筛查存在的问题,并介绍了相应的对策与建议。     

学校结核病突发疫情处置的思考

近年来,学校结核病疫情总体呈现下降趋势,但聚集性疫情仍时有发生。2006年至今,全国共报告近80起学校结核病聚集性疫情。发生结核病聚集性疫情的学校多为寄宿制学校,约70%发生在高中或中专,约20%发生在民办学校。学校结核病聚集性疫情处置常见误区:(1)缩小或盲目扩大密切接触者筛查范围。疫情处置初期多存在筛查范围不足,造成患者发现不及时;疫情加重后又盲目扩大筛查范围,造成资源的浪费。(2)密切接触者筛查方法不规范。《学校结核病防治工作规范》要求,对密切接触者采取症状筛查、结核菌素皮肤试验和胸部X线摄影检查相结合的筛查方法。部分疫情现场对15岁以上人群不进行X线摄影检查或仅进行X线胸部透视(简称“胸透”)检查,造成患者发现不及时。有的现场因资源丰富或疫情压力,采用胸部CT检查方法进行密切接触者筛查,由于敏感度增加而发现了许多非活动或活动性不易鉴别的小结节病变,造成人群恐慌,也增加了疫情处置的压力。(3)结核菌素皮肤试验强阳性密切接触者干预不力。多数地区未对结核菌素皮肤试验强阳性者进行抗结核药物预防性治疗,部分现场出现疫情反复。(4)不规范抗结核药物治疗及不必要的辅助治疗。不合理地选用二线抗结核药物治疗现象常有发生;低剂量或超限剂量给儿童结核病患者用药;医生迷信静脉用药;患者无并发其他感染依据情况下,滥用抗生素进行抗感染治疗;不必要的免疫增强治疗,过度的护肝治疗。学校结核病防控工作应以教育系统和学校作为责任主体,在教育和卫生行政部门的领导下,按照《学校结核病防控工作规范(2017版)》的要求开展。     

基层结核病“三位一体”工作中政策效果分析

目的了解2013年6月新疆吉木乃县＂三位一体＂新型结核病防治服务体系启动以来的工作情况,为指导今后工作提供科学依据。方法回顾性分析吉木乃县＂三位一体＂新型结核病防治服务体系工作启动以来,定点医院患者诊断治疗过程中遇到的困难和问题,评价所采取的措施及获得的效果。结果 2013年6—11月吉木乃县人民医院发现结核病可疑患者88人,胸片检查83人,胸片检查率94.3%,发现活动性结核病患者33例；6月份“三位一体”工作正式启动后定点医院患者发现率下降,9月份后通过协调农牧区结核病患者纳入慢性病系统并免去门诊所有费用后,结核病患者发现率明显提高。结论充分调动和提高医务人员的工作积极性,努力解决医患双方的利益矛盾,开发制定相关政策,解决定点医院所需的疑似患者和密切接触者筛查经费,制定社保部门把结核病纳入特殊门诊报销范畴的医保政策,是保障＂三位一体＂工作正常运转和可持续发展的关键。     

2018年济南市学校肺结核患者密切接触者筛查结果分析

目的调查2018年济南市学校肺结核患者密切接触者的筛查情况,对全市学校肺结核疫情和处置情况进行分析。方法建立2018年济南市学校肺结核的发病情况和处置结果数据库,包括济南市市、县两级监测到《传染病报告信息管理系统》中报告的患者、学校方告知患者及外地单位反馈的学校患者。2018年全市共发现学生或教师肺结核患者197例,除去实习、毕业或近期接受过筛查等原因的10例患者,对187例肺结核患者开展个案流行病学调查,确定密切接触者共11617名。对其中24例病原学阳性肺结核患者确定密切接触者2138名,实际筛查2104名;163例病原学阴性及无病原学结果的肺结核患者确定密切接触者9479名,实际筛查9384名。密切接触者采用全市统一配发的卡介菌纯蛋白衍生物(BCG-PPD)试剂进行结核菌素皮肤试验(简称"PPD试验")筛查。结果2018年济南市学校肺结核患者以大学生为主81.28%(152/187)。11488名密切接触者的PPD试验结果中,阴性8898名(77.45%),一般阳性1434名(12.48%),中度阳性651名(5.67%),强阳性505名(4.40%)。24例病原学阳性患者的密切接触者PPD试验强阳性率(7.41%,156/2104)明显高于163例非病原学阳性患者密切接触者PPD试验的强阳性率(3.72%,349/9384),差异有统计学意义(χ^2=55.84,P<0.001)。通过筛查共发现肺结核患者31例。结论通过对学校肺结核患者密切接触者的筛查,可发现部分结核病患者;落实肺结核患者密切接触者的结核病筛查工作,可减少结核病在学校中的传播。     

2018—2022年四川省病原学阳性肺结核患者密切接触者筛查情况分析

目的:分析2018—2022年四川省病原学阳性肺结核患者密切接触者的结核病筛查情况,为密切接触者的筛查和管理工作开展提供理论依据。方法:选取“结核病管理信息系统”中登记日期在2018年1月1日至2022年12月30日期间的病原学阳性肺结核患者及其密切接触者(与病原学阳性肺结核患者在确诊3个月至开始抗结核治疗后14 d内直接接触的人员)作为调查对象,其中,2018年1月1日至2022年12月30日登记的病原学阳性肺结核患者的密切接触者均为筛查对象;2022年登记的病原学阳性肺结核患者的密切接触者为随访对象。分析不同时间、不同类型密切接触者结核病筛查及活动性肺结核检出情况。结果:2018—2022年四川省共报告病原学阳性肺结核患者99 273例,登记其密切接触者260 661名,其中260 291名密切接触者进行了结核病可疑症状筛查,症状筛查率为99.86%,共检出活动性肺结核患者2623例,平均检出率为1.01%。有结核病可疑症状的密切接触者的结核病检查率(98.50%,6425/6523)和检出率(4.54%,292/6425)均明显高于无结核病可疑症状密切接触者的结核病检查率(86....     

Philippine guidelines on the screening for tuberculosis prior to the use of biologic agents

Aim: To develop practice guidelines in tuberculosis screening of patients and their households and close contacts, prior to the use of biologic agents. Method: A technical research committee formulated an evidence‐based draft, based on existing literature regarding the tests used in tuberculosis screening among immunocompromised patients. The evidence‐based draft was then circulated to an expert panel. An en banc meeting of the panelists was held and a consensus was declared if more than 50% agreed on a recommendation. Issues not resolved by consensus were discussed by correspondence and voted upon. The guidelines were presented in a public forum and feedback by stakeholders were reviewed and integrated into the final draft. Recommendations: 1. Patients for biologic therapy should be screened for latent and active tuberculosis prior to initiating treatment. 2. All patients who are candidates for biologic agents should be screened by tuberculin skin test for latent TB, and a chest radiograph for active tuberculosis. 3. Household and close contacts of candidate patients should be screened for active tuberculosis. 4. All household and close contacts of candidate patients should be screened for active TB using chest radiograph. 5. Treat latent and active tuberculosis according to local guidelines. 6. Delay treatment with biologic agents in patients with latent or active tuberculosis. 7. Administer tuberculosis prophylaxis to the patient for biologic therapy exposed to household contacts with active tuberculosis. Conclusion: These recommendations emphasize the importance of screening patients, household and close contacts for latent and active tuberculosis prior to initiating biologic therapy.     

Cost-Effectiveness of a Tuberculosis Active Case Finding Program Targeting Household and Neighborhood Contacts in Cambodia

In many high-risk populations, access to tuberculosis (TB) diagnosis and treatment is limited and pockets of high prevalence persist. We estimated the cost-effectiveness of an extensive active case finding program in areas of Cambodia where TB notifications and household poverty rates are highest and access to care is restricted. Thirty operational health districts with high TB incidence and household poverty were randomized into intervention and control groups. In intervention operational health districts, all household and symptomatic neighborhood contacts of registered TB patients of the past two years were encouraged to attend screening at mobile centers. In control districts, routine passive case finding activities continued. The program screened more than 35,000 household and neighborhood contacts and identified 810 bacteriologically confirmed cases. The cost-effectiveness analysis estimated that in these cases the reduction in mortality from 14% to 2% would result in a cost per daily adjusted life year averted of $330, suggesting that active case finding was highly cost-effective.     

涂阳肺结核患者密切接触者的结核病检出情况分析

目的 了解涂阳肺结核患者密切接触者中肺结核的发病情况,为结核病防控策略的制定提供科学依据。 方法 通过对1-138例涂阳肺结核患者的家庭密切接触者的X线和痰涂片检查来分析他们的结核病患病情况。同时,分析涂阳肺结核患者的密切接触者中患者配偶、父母和子女以及有无结核可疑症状者的家庭密切接触者和不同排菌程度肺结核患者的密切接触者中肺结核患者的检出情况。 结果涂阳肺结核患者家庭密切接触者中活动性肺结核患者的检出率为3.3%;涂阳肺结核患者家庭密切接触者中活动性肺结核患者的检出率配偶最高,分别是患者父母的1.9倍和患者子女的16倍;有结核可疑症状者的活动性肺结核患者检出率是无结核可疑症状者的活动性肺结核患者检出率的6.4倍,2者差异有统计学意义（μ＝7.8,P＜0.01）;涂片3+患者的密切接触者中活动性肺结核患者的检出率比涂片2+患者和涂片1+患者的密切接触者分别高出1.8和2.4个百分点。 结论 涂阳肺结核患者家庭密切接触者的结核病患病情况明显高于普通人群,特别是对患者的配偶、家庭密切接触者中有结核可疑症状者和排菌严重肺结核患者的家庭密切接触者应重点关注。因此,应加强对涂阳肺结核患者家庭密切接触者的监测和检查,尽早发现患者,缩短肺结核患者对正常人群的感染传播。     

涂阳肺结核病人家庭密切接触者X线胸片筛检情况分析

目的了解涂阳肺结核病人家庭密切接触者中活动性肺结核检出情况。方法接受检查的家庭密切接触者771人,年龄＜15岁儿童进行结核菌素纯蛋白衍生物试验,对结核菌素反应≥10mm或虽＜10mm但伴有水泡等强反应的儿童,和≥15岁人群均摄X线胸片,对X线胸片提示肺部有异常阴影者进行痰涂片和痰培养检查。结果涂阳肺结核病人家庭密切接触者中活动性肺结核病人检出率为3.8%,涂阳肺结核检出率为0.8%。肺部病灶有空洞和排菌量大的病人其家庭密切接触者活动性肺结核检出率高。家庭密切接触者中年龄＞60岁组其活动性肺结核检出率高于其他组,经统计学处理,与15～60岁组比,差异有统计学意义。结论对涂阳肺结核病人家庭密切接触者摄X线胸片筛查,有助于提高肺结核病人发现率,是发现肺结核病例的一种有效手段。     

Cost-effectiveness of interferon-gamma release assay testing for the treatment of latent tuberculosis.

The aim of the present study was to assess the cost-effectiveness of the new T-SPOT.TB assay versus the tuberculin skin test (TST) for screening contacts for latent tuberculosis (TB) infection in Switzerland. Health and economic outcomes of isoniazid treatment of 20- and 40-yr-old close contacts were compared in a Markov model over a 20-yr period following screening with TST only (at three cut-off values) and T-SPOT.TB alone or in combination with the TST. T-SPOT.TB-based treatment was cost-effective at (Euro)11,621 and (Euro)23,692 per life-year-gained (LYG) in the younger and older age group, respectively. No TST-based programmes were cost-effective, except at a 15-mm cut-off in the younger group only, where the cost-effectiveness ((Euro)26,451.LYG(-1)) fell just below the willingness-to-pay threshold. Combination of the TST with T-SPOT.TB slightly reduced the total cost compared with the T-SPOT.TB alone by 4.4 and 5.0% in the younger and older groups respectively. The number of contacts treated to avoid one case of TB decreased from 50 (95% confidence interval 32-106) with the TST (10-mm cut-off) to 18 (95%CI 11-43) if T-SPOT.TB was used. Using T-SPOT.TB alone or in combination with the tuberculin skin test for screening of close contacts before latent tuberculosis infection treatment is highly cost-effective in reducing the disease burden of tuberculosis.     

Tuberculosis infection in children who are contacts of immigrant tuberculosis patients.

The present study aimed to determine what proportion of children who are in close contact with immigrant tuberculosis (TB) patients are infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. For 1.5 yrs, 14 municipal health services in The Netherlands collected data from all non-Dutch TB patients and their contacts. Close contacts aged < 16 yrs received a tuberculin skin test (TST). A positive TST was defined as an induration of > or = 10 mm among nonvaccinated children, and > or = 16 mm among bacille Calmette-Guérin-vaccinated children. In total, 244 patients had 359 close contacts aged < 16 yrs. Nine out of the 359 (2.5%) had TB. A TST test was given to 298 out of the 359 (83%). Of the 115 contacts of 44 extrapulmonary TB patients, three (3%) had a positive TST. Of the 186 contacts of 58 positive pulmonary TB patients, 30 (16%) had a positive TST. Contacts of sputum smear-positive patients significantly more often had a positive TST (25%), compared with the contacts of sputum smear-negative patients (7%). Children born abroad significantly more often had a positive TST (20%) than children born in The Netherlands (5%). In conclusion, the prevalence of active tuberculosis and latent tuberculosis infection among children who are close contacts of immigrant tuberculosis patients is high and warrants an expansion of contact investigation.     

活动性肺结核患者居家治疗感染控制的意见和建议

活动性肺结核患者在没有进行抗结核药物治疗前具有传染性,住院治疗是患者及其家庭的理想选择。《北京市朝阳区涂阳肺结核患者住院隔离治疗的影响因素研究》显示,76.83%的涂阳肺结核患者没有选择住院治疗,对其共同居住和生活的密切接触者造成健康威胁。近年来,我国在结核感染控制方面做了一些工作,开展了一系列培训和调查研究,但是针对居家治疗的肺结核患者如何进行感染控制,目前无论国外还是国内尚无系统性的指南或文件。2018年受北京市科学技术委员会委托资助,本课题组组织国家和地方肺结核预防控制、临床、管理、护理等领域专家撰写《活动性肺结核患者居家治疗感染控制的意见和建议》,经过三轮会议专家咨询、一轮电子邮件专家咨询形成此文。作者简要介绍了活动性肺结核患者及其密切接触者居家治疗管理感染控制的要求和建议,包括患者居家治疗的隔离、咳嗽礼仪、口罩的佩戴、外出感染控制、洗手、居所设置与通风、日常消毒等;对本建议不足之处进行了说明,对未来发展前景进行了展望。     

Factors associated with the household contact screening adherence of tuberculosis patients

A cross-sectional study was conducted to explore factors associated with the adherence of tuberculosis patients in bringing their household contacts to a TB clinic in Bangkok, Thailand. During the study period, May to December 2003, 325 sputum-smear-positive tuberculosis patients were recruited into the study. Of the 325 eligible tuberculosis patients, 169 (52.00%, 95% Cl = 47.00-57.00) brought their household contacts to the TB clinic. Psychosocial and cues to action factors were examined as indicators of the household contact screening adherence of tuberculosis patients. The results reveal that the household contact screening adherence of tuberculosis patients was significantly associated with a higher perceived susceptibility (Adjusted OR = 2.90, 95% Cl = 1.18-7.16), lower perceived barriers (Adjusted OR = 4.60, 95% CI = 1.99-10.60), a higher intention to bring the contacts to the TB clinic (Adjusted OR = 3.35, 95% Cl = 1.44-7.76), and a short distance from home to the TB clinic (Adjusted OR = 11.47, 95% Cl = 4.57-28.79). The results from this study provide information for TB clinic staff for developing an appropriate intervention program. Through effective intervention and active policy enforcement, a higher percentage of household contact screening adherences can be achieved.     

结核潜伏感染者对12周预防性治疗方案的接受意愿研究

目的 了解确定为结核潜伏感染的肺结核密切接触者对12周预防性治疗方案的接受意愿及影响因素,为在我国潜伏感染的肺结核密切接触者中逐步推广预防性治疗措施提供参考依据。方法 选取2018年1月1日至2020年1月15日“十三五”国家科技重大专项课题(肺结核患者密切接触者潜伏感染干预技术研究)中纳入的病原学阳性肺结核患者1087例,对上述患者密切接触者中5~65周岁确定为潜伏感染者1033例,在知情同意的基础上进行问卷调查,以了解其对12周预防性治疗方案的接受意愿及其影响因素。问卷主要内容包括潜伏感染的肺结核密切接触者社会人口学基本信息、结核病防治知识知晓情况、结核病接触史、其指示病例的结核病症状,以及是否愿意进行预防性服药等。一共发放1033份问卷,收回有效问卷1033份,有效率100%。对1033例潜伏感染的肺结核密切接触者预防性服药接受意愿进行χ²检验和非条件二分类logistic回归分析。结果 在1033例潜伏感染的肺结核密切接触者中,788例(76.28%)愿意接受预防性服药。不愿意接受服药的因素是家庭人均年收入≥16000元(OR=0.42;95%CI:0.27~0.67),愿意接受服药的因素是与指示病例不共同居住(OR=1.89;95%CI:1.32~2.67)。结论 潜伏感染的肺结核密切接触者对12周预防性治疗方案的接受意愿较高,其接受意愿受家庭经济水平和与指示病例接触程度影响。     

Passive versus active tuberculosis case finding and isoniazid preventive therapy among household contacts in a rural district of Malawi.

SETTING: Thyolo district, rural Malawi. OBJECTIVES: To compare passive with active case finding among household contacts of smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) patients for 1) TB case detection and 2) the proportion of child contacts aged under 6 years who are placed on isoniazid (INH) preventive therapy. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. METHODS: Passive and active case finding was conducted among household contacts, and the uptake of INH preventive therapy in children was assessed. RESULTS: There were 189 index TB cases and 985 household contacts. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevalence among index cases was 69%. Prevalence of TB by passive case finding among 524 household contacts was 0.19% (191/100000), which was significantly lower than with active finding among 461 contacts (1.74%, 1735/100000, P = 0.01). Of 126 children in the passive cohort, 22 (17%) received INH, while in the active cohort 25 (22%) of 113 children received the drug. Transport costs associated with chest X-ray (CXR) screening were the major reason for low INH uptake. CONCLUSIONS: Where the majority of TB patients are HIV-positive, active case finding among household contacts yields nine times more TB cases and is an opportunity for reducing TB morbidity and mortality. The need for a CXR is an obstacle to the uptake of INH prophylaxis.