低频重复经颅磁刺激治疗精神分裂症慢性幻听的疗效及随访研究

目的研究低频重复经颅磁刺激（rTMS）对精神分裂症难治性慢性幻听症状的疗效。方法将46例精神分裂症伴慢性幻听患者随机分为研究组（23例）和对照组（23例）。研究组在原有抗精神病药物种类及剂量不变的同时给予经左侧颞顶叶的2周共10次低频（1Hz）rTMS刺激,对照组采用假rTMS刺激。治疗前后对两组分别进行AHRS听幻觉量表及临床疗效总评量表（CGI）评定幻听症状的变化,并对治疗有效者于3个月后随访。结果研究组治疗前、后AHRS评分分别为（8．1±2．5）和（3．5±1．5）;对照组为（7．8±2．6）和（6．5±2．1）,研究组疗效明显优于对照组（F=20．3,P〈0．05）。所有患者均完成试验,未见有严重的副反应出现。结论低频rTMS治疗精神分裂症难治性慢性幻听症状,疗效肯定且安全性好。     

重复经颅磁刺激治疗精神分裂症顽固性幻听对照研究

目的研究重复经颅磁刺激治疗精神分裂症幻听的临床疗效和安全性。方法伴顽固性幻听的精神分裂症患者随机分为研究组(n=60)和对照组(n=60)。在维持原抗精神病药物治疗基础上,研究组给予6周左侧颞顶叶的rTMS治疗,对照组给予伪刺激治疗。采用幻听量表(AHRS)、阳性症状和阴性症状量表(PANSS)、幻听量表(AHRS)评定临床疗效,采用不良反应量表(TESS)评估不良反应。结果 6周治疗后,研究组治疗幻听的有效率高于对照组(P<0.01),研究组AHRS、PANSS的总分和分量表评分均低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05或0.01)。治疗中未见明显不良反应。结论左侧颞顶叶rTMS治疗能减轻精神分裂症患者的顽固性幻听。     

单纯药物与药物联合重复经颅磁刺激治疗首发精神分裂症幻听症状的随机对照研究

目的：探讨单纯药物与药物联合重复经颅磁刺激（rTMS）治疗首发精神分裂症患者幻听症状的疗效及安全性。方法将80例具有幻听症状的首发精神分裂症患者随机分为研究组和对照组,每组各40例。研究组在药物（利培酮）基础上联合rTMS治疗,对照组采用单纯药物（利培酮）治疗。分别于治疗前及治疗1,2,4周末应用阳性和阴性症状量表（PANSS）评定临床疗效,通过不良反应评价其安全性。结果治疗4周末,两组患者PANSS总分及各因子分均较治疗前显著下降（P＜0．01）;治疗4周末,研究组PANSS阳性症状因子显效率（30％）高于对照组（10％）,差异有统计学意义（P＜0．05）;研究组PANSS总分和阳性症状因子分在第2周和4周末均低于对照组（P ＜0．05）。两组患者各不良反应发生率的差异无统计学意义（P ＞0．05）。结论 rTMS可以缩短药物治疗精神分裂症幻听症状的起效时间,并可提高药物的疗效,且安全性好。     

重复经颅磁刺激对军人慢性精神分裂症患者阴性症状及认知功能的疗效分析

目的研究高频重复经颅磁刺激（rTMS）对军人慢性精神分裂症患者阴性症状及认知功能的疗效。方法将42例以阴性症状为主的住院军人慢性精神分裂症患者随机分为研究组（21例）和对照组（21例）。研究组在原有抗精神病药物种类及剂量不变的同时给予经左侧背外侧前额叶的4周共20次高频（15Hz）rTMS刺激,对照组采用假rTMS刺激。治疗前后对两组分别进行阳性和阴性症状量表（PANSS）、17项汉密尔顿抑郁量表（HAMD17）、治疗中出现的不良反应量表（TESS）评定及事件相关电位P300测定。结果研究组治疗后PANSS量表阴性症状因子分由（35.1±4.5）降至（25.5±4.1）,治疗后较治疗前显著下降（t=2.92,P〈0.05）,而对照组治疗前后则无变化（P〉0.05）,研究组疗效明显优于对照组（F=21.6,P〈0.05）;其它因子分及HAMD17治疗前、后均无变化。与治疗前比较,治疗后在CZ点,研究组P300的P2、P3波幅升高（P均〈0.05）;而对照组P300各项指标治疗前后变化均无统计学意义（P均〉0.05）。结论高频rTMS能有效治疗慢性精神分裂症患者的阴性症状,并改善认知功能。     

不同部位低频重复经颅磁刺激治疗顽固性幻听起效时间和安全性的双盲对照研究

目的 初步探讨背外侧前额叶和左侧颞顶叶低频重复经颅磁刺激(repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation,rTMS)治疗精神分裂症顽固性幻听的疗效(起效时间)和安全性.方法 36例伴有顽固性幻听的精神分裂症患者随机分为三组,分别为背外侧前额叶rTMS治疗组(n1 =12)、左侧颞顶叶rTMS治疗组(n2=14)及对照组(假性刺激)(n3=10),背外侧前额叶rTMS治疗组、左侧颞顶叶rTMS治疗组分别给予10次1 Hz rTMS真性刺激,对照组给予假刺激,治疗期间维持原有抗精神病药种类及剂量不变.采用阳性和阴性症状量表(Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale,PANSS)评定临床症状,不良反应症状量表(Treatment Emergent Symptom Scale,TESS)、纯音听力测试评估副反应.结果 两个真性治疗组疗效均明显优于假性治疗组,与基线比较,背外侧前额叶组第4次评估、左侧颞顶叶组第7次评估出现统计学差异,两个治疗组比较差异无统计学意义.无论治疗组、对照组均未观察到明显的副反应.结论 1 Hz背外侧前额叶、左侧颞顶叶低频重复经颅磁刺激治疗精神分裂症顽固性幻听均有效,且安全性高.     

多元化治疗对首发精神分裂症患者疗效及认知功能改善的对照研究

目的探讨多元化治疗对首发精神分裂症患者疗效及认知功能改善的效果。方法将80例首发精神分裂症患者随机分为研究组40例（接受多元化治疗）和对照组40例（仅接受药物治疗）,共干预12周。在基线及治疗后第12周末分别进行阳性和阴性综合征量表（PANSS）、韦氏成人智力量表（WAIS．RC）、韦氏记忆量表（WMS）、威斯康星卡片分类测验（WCST）及治疗中需处理的不良反应症状量表（TESS）测定以评定疗效及不良反应。结果治疗后第12周末研究组PANSS总分、WCST的总测验数、持续错误数、随机错误数评分显著低于对照组（P〈0．05,P〈0．01）,WAIS—RC的语言智商量表、操作智商量表、总智商量表、WMS总分评分显著高于对照组（P〈0．05,P〈0．01）。两组TESS评分差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论多元化治疗可明显改善首发精神分裂症患者的精神症状及认知功能,安全性较高。     

化身治疗对精神分裂症患者幻听的临床疗效

目的 探讨化身治疗对精神分裂症患者幻听的影响。方法 采用随机对照研究方法,将 80 例伴有顽固性幻听的精神分裂症患者随机分为两组,每组40 例。研究组患者在药物治疗的同时合并 化身治疗（干预6 周）,对照组予以药物维持治疗和伪化身治疗。采用阳性与阴性症状量表（PANSS）和精 神病性症状评定量表-幻听子量表（PSYRATS-AH）分别于干预前后来评定患者精神症状及幻听的严重 程度。结果 干预后,对照组PANSS 总分、PANSS 幻听分、PSYRATS-AH幻听频率和声音造成的痛苦总 分较基线无明显变化（P＞ 0.05）;研究组PANSS 幻听分、PSYRATS-AH幻听频率和声音造成的痛苦总分 较干预前显著下降（P＜ 0.05）,且低于对照组,但PANSS 总分评分改善不明显（P＞ 0.05）。结论 化身治 疗能够改善精神分裂症患者的幻听。     

高频重复经颅磁刺激治疗精神分裂症强迫症状对照研究

目的探讨高频率10 Hz重复经颅磁刺激(repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation,rTMS)治疗精神分裂症强迫症状的疗效和安全性。方法选择伴强迫症状的精神分裂症患者共60例,按随机数字表法分为两组,每组30例。在原抗精神病药基础上,研究组予以10 Hz rTMS联合舍曲林治疗,对照组口服舍曲林治疗,观察4周。采用阳性与阴性症状量表(positive and negative syndrome scale,PANSS)和耶鲁—布朗强迫量表(Yale-Brown obsessive compulsive scale,Y-BOCS)评估疗效,并对不良反应发生情况进行记录。结果治疗前两组间PANSS和Y-BOCS评分差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗4周后,研究组PANSS总分、PANSS阴性因子分较治疗前下降(P0.05);对照组治疗前后PANSS总分差异有统计学意义(P0.05);治疗后研究组PANSS阴性因子分较对照组低,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗4周后,两组Y-BOCS评分较治疗前均下降(P0.05),其中研究组Y-BOCS评分更低于对照组(P0.05)。研究期间,两组不良反应轻微,不良反应发生率组间无统计学差异(P0.05)。结论 rTMS联合舍曲林治疗精神分裂症强迫症状的疗效优于单用舍曲林治疗,rTMS治疗还可以改善精神分裂患者的阴性症状以及一般精神病理症状,且安全性好。     

计算机游戏训练对慢性精神分裂症患者认知功能的影响

目的探讨计算机游戏训练对慢性精神分裂症患者认知功能和社会功能的影响。方法80例慢性精神分裂症患者随机分为对照组（常规治疗组）和研究组（常规治疗＋计算机游戏训练组）,各40例,干预6个月。应用阳性与阴性症状评定量表（PANSS）、重复性神经心理状态测验（RBANs）、威斯康星卡片分类测验（WCST）、社会功能缺陷评定量表（SDSS）在干预前后进行评估。结果干预后,研究组的PANSS总分、阴性量表分与对照组比较改善明显,研究组RBANs总分及各项因子分均较对照组改善,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,但研究组WCST各项因子分与对照组相比无明显改善,差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）;研究组的SDSS量表总分及职业和工作、社会性退缩、家庭外的社会活动、对外界的兴趣和关心、责任心和计划性较对照组有改善,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论计算机游戏训练能改善慢性精神分裂症患者的阴性症状、认知功能和社会功能,但对执行功能改善不明显。     

重复经颅磁刺激治疗对精神分裂症认知功能影响的对照研究

目的观察和评价重复经颅磁刺激（rTMS）治疗对精神分裂症患者认知功能的影响。方法收集精神分裂症患者，并随机分为rTMS真刺激组和rTMS伪刺激组，进行4周治疗。应用注意网络测验（ANT）和威斯康星卡片分类测验（WCST），在rTMS治疗前后评估患者的注意和执行功能。共23例患者完成治疗，rTMS真刺激组12例，rTMS伪刺激组11例。结果rTMS干预前后，两组的注意网络测验各项指标没有显示明显差异（P〉0．05）。与rTMS干预前相比，rTMS干预结束时，rTMS真刺激组的WCST测试总时间缩短（干预前536S±217S，干预后405S±174S；t=2．69，P〈0．05），错误思考时间缩短（干预前335S±148S，干预后233S±128S；t=3．19，P〈0．01）和选择错误率降低（干预前58．1％±14．8％，干预后51．6％4-15．3％；t=2．16，P：0．05）；rTMS伪刺激组WCST测试的正确思考时间也有缩短（P〈0．01）。结论重复经颅磁刺激rTMS治疗没有引起精神分裂症患者的认知功能损害。同时，有改善患者部分认知功能损害倾向，值得进一步研究。     

Low frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation improves source monitoring deficit in hallucinating patients with schizophrenia

Auditory hallucinations have been associated with a disruption in monitoring one's own speech suggesting an autonoetic agnosia in schizophrenia. This deficit can be measured by a source monitoring task. Low frequency transcranial magnetic stimulations (rTMS) applied to the left temporoparietal cortex can inhibit cortical areas involved both in autonoetic agnosia (which means 'the inability to identify self-generated mental events') and in auditory hallucinations (AH) phenomena. Although improvements in AH have been repeatedly reported following rTMS treatment, effects on autonoetic agnosia measured by source monitoring have never been investigated. We aimed to investigate the relation between improvements in AH and source monitoring performance after rTMS treatment. Twenty four right-handed refractory schizophrenic patients with hallucinations randomly received sham or active 10.0001-Hz rTMS to the left temporoparietal cortex and performed 2 source monitoring tasks requiring discrimination between silent- and overt-reading words before and after rTMS sessions. Compared to sham, active rTMS significantly improved AH. Source monitoring performances and the improvements tended to correlate, which would support a specific relation between autonoetic agnosia and auditory hallucinations.     

A pilot double-blind sham-controlled trial of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for patients with refractory schizophrenia treated with clozapine

Schizophrenia is a complex and heterogeneous psychiatric disorder. Auditory verbal hallucinations occur in 50-70% of patients with schizophrenia and are associated with significant distress, decreased quality of life and impaired social functioning. This study aimed to investigate the effects of active compared with sham 1-Hz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) applied to the left temporal-parietal cortex in patients with schizophrenia treated with clozapine. Symptom dimensions that were evaluated included general psychopathology, severity of auditory hallucinations, quality of life and functionality. Seventeen right-handed patients with refractory schizophrenia experiencing auditory verbal hallucinations and treated with clozapine were randomly allocated to receive either active rTMS or sham stimulation. A total of 384 min of rTMS was administered over 20 days using a double-masked, sham-controlled, parallel design. There was a significant reduction in Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) scores in the active group compared with the sham group. There was no significant difference between active and sham rTMS on Quality of Life Scale (QLS), Auditory Hallucinations Rating Scale (AHRS), Clinical Global Impressions (CGI) and functional assessment staging (FAST) scores. Compared with sham stimulation, active rTMS of the left temporoparietal cortex in clozapine-treated patients showed a positive effect on general psychopathology. However, there was no effect on refractory auditory hallucinations. Further studies with larger sample sizes are needed to confirm these findings.     

Temporoparietal transcranial magnetic stimulation for auditory hallucinations: safety, efficacy and moderators in a fifty patient sample.

BACKGROUND: Auditory hallucinations are often resistant to treatment and can produce significant distress and behavioral difficulties. A preliminary report based on 24 patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder indicated greater improvement in auditory hallucinations following 1-hertz left temporoparietal repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) compared to sham stimulation. Data from the full 50-subject sample incorporating 26 new patients are now presented to more comprehensively assess safety/tolerability, efficacy and moderators of this intervention. METHODS: Right-handed patients experiencing auditory hallucinations at least 5 times per day were randomly allocated to receive either rTMS or sham stimulation. A total of 132 minutes of rTMS was administered over 9 days at 90% motor threshold using a double-masked, sham-controlled, parallel design. RESULTS: Hallucination Change Score was more improved for rTMS relative to sham stimulation (p = .008) as was the Clinical Global Impressions Scale (p = .0004). Hallucination frequency was significantly decreased during rTMS relative to sham stimulation (p = .0014) and was a moderator of rTMS effects (p = .008). There was no evidence of neurocognitive impairment associated with rTMS. CONCLUSIONS: Left temporoparietal 1-hertz rTMS warrants further study as an intervention for auditory hallucinations. Data suggest that this intervention selectively alters neurobiological factors determining frequency of these hallucinations.     

Right prefrontal rTMS treatment for refractory auditory command hallucinations - a neuroSPECT assisted case study

Auditory command hallucinations probably arise from the patient's failure to monitor his/her own 'inner speech', which is connected to activation of speech perception areas of the left cerebral cortex and to various degrees of dysfunction of cortical circuits involved in schizophrenia as supported by functional brain imaging. We hypothesized that rapid transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), by increasing cortical activation of the right prefrontal brain region, would bring about a reduction of the hallucinations. We report our first schizophrenic patient affected with refractory command hallucinations treated with 10 Hz rTMS. Treatment was performed over the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, with 1200 magnetic stimulations administered daily for 20 days at 90% motor threshold. Regional cerebral blood flow changes were monitored with neuroSPECT. Clinical evaluation and scores on the Positive and Negative Symptoms Scale and the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale demonstrated a global improvement in the patient's condition, with no change in the intensity and frequency of the hallucinations. NeuroSPECT performed at intervals during and after treatment indicated a general improvement in cerebral perfusion. We conclude that right prefrontal rTMS may induce a general clinical improvement of schizophrenic brain function, without directly influencing the mechanism involved in auditory command hallucinations.     

The treatment of recurring auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia with rTMS.

BACKGROUND: Auditory hallucinations are a common and disabling problem for many patients with schizophrenia and often fail to respond to optimal antipsychotic therapy. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) has recently been trialled as an alternative treatment option for these patients. These studies have generally been positive, but treatment has only been provided for short periods of time and little is known about the longer-term impact of TMS on the course of hallucinations. METHOD: We describe two cases in which rTMS was provided to patients upon relapse of hallucinations following initial successful rTMS treatment in a clinical trial. RESULTS: A repeat course of rTMS resulted in a marked improvement in the symptoms experienced by these two patients. CONCLUSIONS: rTMS appears to have potential as a long-term treatment for patients with auditory hallucinations, but requires ongoing systematic investigation.     

MRI-targeted repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of Heschl's gyrus for refractory auditory hallucinations

BackgroundRepetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) has shown promise as a treatment for refractory auditory hallucinations (AH) in Schizophrenia. Most previous studies have examined the effect of low frequency, left-sided stimulation (LFL) (1 Hz) to the temporoparietal cortex (TPC). Priming stimulation (6 Hz) prior to LFL stimulation (hereby simply referred to as priming) has been shown to enhance the neurophysiological effects of LFL rTMS alone and, as such, may lead to greater attenuation of AH.ObjectiveTherefore, this study evaluated the efficacy of priming rTMS and LFL rTMS compared to sham rTMS using MRI targeting of Heschl’s gyrus (HG) within the TPC of subjects with SCZ experiencing refractory auditory hallucinations (AH).MethodsSubjects between the ages of 18 and 65 were recruited from a tertiary care university hospital. Fifty-four subjects with medication resistant AH were randomized to receive LFL, priming, or sham rTMS for 20 treatments. The primary outcome was reduction of hallucinatory symptoms as indexed by response rates on the Psychotic Symptoms Rating Scale (PSYRATS).ResultsThe response rates did not differ among the three treatment groups using an intention to treat analysis. The response rates did not differ in any of the secondary outcome measures. The treatment was well tolerated with minimal adverse effects including no changes in cognition during the study.ConclusionThese findings suggest that neither priming nor LFL rTMS of Heschl’s gyrus are effective at ameliorating refractory AH in schizophrenia.ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01386918     

Stimulation magnétique transcrânienne répétée (rTMS) et schizophrénie : vers de nouvelles opportunités thérapeutiques ?

For the last 15 years, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) was gradually used in 2 indications in resistant schizophrenic symptoms: Negative symptoms and auditory verbal hallucinations (HAV). Although efficiency of rTMS in the treatment of negative symptoms needs further investigations, the impact of rTMS on HAV is better known and is reported in several controlled studies. This article reviews these various works and proposes attitudes to help practitioners.     

重复经颅磁刺激联合拉莫三嗪对精神分裂症顽固性幻听辅助治疗作用的对照研究

目的:探讨重复经颅磁刺激(r TMS)联合拉莫三嗪辅助治疗精神分裂症患者顽固性幻听的临床疗效。方法:90例精神分裂症患者随机分为观察组、对照1组和对照2组,每组各30例。观察组给予r TMS和拉莫三嗪治疗,对照1组给予伪r TMS和拉莫三嗪治疗,对照2组则给予r TMS和安慰剂治疗,连续观察8周。采用阳性和阴性症状量表(PANSS)、听幻觉量表(AHRS)和治疗中出现的症状量表(TESS)于治疗前和治疗后4、8周评定疗效和不良反应。结果:治疗8周,观察组PANSS及AHRS总分均显著低于对照1组和对照2组,组间主效应明显(F=6.739,P0.01;F=3.898,P0.05);各组PANSS总分及AHRS总分具有时间主效应(F=30.383,F=18.232;P均0.001),但组间与时间均无交互作用(F=1.607,F=1.568;P0.05)。观察组与对照组不良反应发生率差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.752,P0.05)。结论:r TMS联合拉莫三嗪辅助治疗能够显著地改善精神分裂症患者顽固性幻听症状,其疗效优于单用r TMS或拉莫三嗪。