腹腔镜活体供肾切取术(附16例报告)

目的 总结腹腔镜活体供肾切取技术。方法 对16例腹腔镜活体供肾切取术资料进行分析。活体供。肾者16例，男7例，女9例，年龄36～53岁，平均46岁，均为左侧供。肾。受者原发病均为慢性肾小球肾炎。供受者血型相同，淋巴细胞毒性试验均为阴性。结果 手术成功15例，1例因术中出血改开放手术。手术时间3．1～5．2h，出血56～270ml，平均热缺血时间3．5min，住院时间9～12d。16例受者中移植。肾功能延迟恢复1例，术后第5周移植肾功能恢复正常；余15例受者血清肌酐均在10d内降至正常（SCr〈146μmol／L），其中出现急性排斥反应1例，应用激素冲击治疗后逆转。结论 腹腔镜活体供肾切取手术损伤小，术后恢复快，不影响肾功能。     

亲属活体肾移植供肾多支动脉变异的血管重建

目的多支动脉供肾是亲属活体供肾移植手术的难点，探讨多支动脉供肾手术中的血管重建方法。方法2006年4月-2008年3月，实施亲属活体肾移植77例，其中单支动脉型供肾组63例，多支动脉型供肾组14例。14例多支动脉型供肾，左肾9例，右肾5例，其中2支动脉变异者11例，3支动脉变异者3例。所有供、受者手术前常规行淋巴细胞毒交叉试验、人类白细胞抗原配型等检查。供者取肾手术采取经12肋腰部切口取肾，对多支动脉型右侧供肾，采取在腔静脉后方游离肾动脉。受者植肾手术采取经典的下腹部大L型切口将移植肾置于髂窝内。多支动脉型供肾组移植肾动脉采取分别与髂内动脉和／或髂外动脉吻合。结果多支动脉型供肾组14例供肾者术中均未输血，术后7～9d出院，无任何并发症。随访3个月～1年，肾功能、血压及尿常规完全正常。术后受者均无急性肾小管坏死、肾血管栓塞、肾动脉狭窄、尿瘘、输尿管坏死等并发症，彩色超声检查示移植肾血供均良好。与单支动脉供肾组比较，多支动脉型供肾组受者吻合血管开放后开始泌尿时间、术后第1周的平均血肌酐、平均动脉压、住院时间差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论正确处理活体供肾多支动脉是活体肾移植安全的保证。     

腹腔镜活体亲属供肾切取术临床疗效观察(附5例报告)

目的：总结腹腔镜技术行活体亲属供肾切取术的临床经验，探讨其安全性及临床效果。方法：分别采用经腹腔及经后腹腔途径的腹腔镜技术行活体亲属供肾切取术5例。结果：手术平均用时4h 45min，出血50～1000ml，热缺血时间1min 55s～3min 10s；开放血流后10-30s供肾泌尿，供者术后肾功能正常，7天拆线出院，无手术并发症。结论：与传统手术切取供肾相比，腹腔镜活体亲属供肾切取术使供肾者损伤小，恢复快，且供肾质量仍可得到保障。     

后腹腔镜下活体供肾切取术在亲属肾移植中的应用（附22例报告）

目的探讨后腹腔镜下活体供肾切取术在亲属。肾移植中的临床应用。方法对22例后腹腔镜下活体供肾切取术的供受体均随访3～12个月，对临床资料进行分析总结。结果腹腔镜下活体供肾切取术均较顺利，手术时间（气腹时间）为（65±16）min，术中出血约（110±40）ml，供肾热缺血时间（107±34）sec。肾移植术中血管开放后供肾均泌尿，未出现排斥反应及与操作技术相关的并发症。供者术后7d伤口拆线后出院。22例受者中有1例出现肾功能恢复延迟，术后2周恢复正常，其余21例术后7天血清肌酐恢复正常。1例术后2个月出现急性排斥反应，经甲强龙冲击治疗3天后治愈。结论后腹腔镜活体供肾切取术具有安全、可靠、创伤小、恢复快、不影响。肾功能等优势，能促进亲属肾移植的开展，增加供肾来源。     

经腹腔及后腹腔腹腔镜活体亲属供肾切取术(附2例报告)

目的：探讨利用腹腔镜及后腹腔镜技术行活体亲属供肾切取的手术方法，评价其安全性、可行性及临床效果。方法：术前对供、受者进行全面的免疫学检查，并对供者作详细的安全性评价，行SPECT检查了解两侧肾功能，DSA了解肾血管的变异情况。分别采用经腹腔及后腹腔的腹腔镜技术行活体亲属供肾切取，并用常规方法移植给受者。结果：2例均成功切取左肾并移植给受者，热缺血时间分别为6min及5min，血管开放后5min及10min供肾泌尿，无排斥反应及与操作技术有关的并发症，供者术后7d及5d出院，生活能自理，无并发症发生。结论：利用腹腔镜技术行活体亲属供肾切取对供者损伤小，术后康复快，对供肾功能无明显影响，技术上安全和可行。     

手辅助后腹腔镜下活体供肾切取术的安全性及疗效分析

目的 探讨后腹腔镜下供肾游离终末阶段,手辅助活体供肾切取术的安全性、实用性.方法 回顾性分析2010年5月至2011年7月手辅助后腹腔镜下行活体供肾切取术16例资料,均取左肾.活体供肾关系为:父→子7例,母→子9例.供肾者年龄45 ～ 63岁,平均56岁;体质指数22.8 ～31.1 kg/m2,平均(26.3±2.4) kg/m2.群体反应性抗体及淋巴细胞毒试验阴性.供肾者取右侧卧位,选3个穿刺点,经后腹腔游离供肾,于肋弓下第3个穿刺点为起点,沿11肋延长线走行方向延长切口长3～5 cm,术者左手置入辅助,予Hem-o-lok夹闭动静脉并离断血管、输尿管,自手辅助切口取出肾脏.同时随机选取传统开放活体左侧供肾切取术16例进行对比.两种方法供肾植于受者髂窝.常规应用三联免疫抑制剂预防排斥反应.结果 16例手辅助腹腔镜下供肾肾移植均获成功.手术时间70 ～150 min,平均(101.3±21.2)min,出血量20～100 ml,平均(53.8±25.5) ml,热缺血时间1.5～3.5 min,平均(2.4±0.6) min,下床时间2～4d,平均(2.8±0.7)d.肾移植受者术后第1天尿量3500～ 6500 ml,平均5036 ml;SCr 227 ～ 1170 μmol/L,平均598 μmol/L.术后1个月时平均SCr值为129 μmol/L.肾移植后随访3～9个月肾功能正常.开放手术组手术时间85 ～ 115 min,平均(95.8±10.5) min,手术出血量30～100 ml,平均(65.4±23.7)ml,热缺血时间1.2～2.7 min,平均(1.9±0.5)min,下床时间2～7(5.0±1.2)d.两组切口长度、术后下床时间比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 手辅助后腹腔镜下活体供肾切取术安全、对供体创伤小、对移植肾损伤小、可以获得更长的移植肾血管,与传统开放手术及腹腔镜取肾手术比较,具有较多优势.     

手助腹腔镜活体供肾切取术21例报告

目的评价手助腹腔镜活体供肾切取术(HLDN)的手术效果和近期疗效。方法回顾性分析2004年4月至2005年7月采用HLDN方法获取活体供肾21例的临床资料。供者男13例,女8例。年龄31～60岁,平均43岁。其中18例供者为血缘关系亲属供肾,3例为非血缘关系夫妻供肾。通过受者移植后肾功能恢复情况,评价HLDN的效果。结果手术皆取左肾,手术时间100～150 min,失血量30～100 ml。供肾热缺血时间2～3 min,冷缺血时间45～60 min。平均供肾动脉长度2.3 cm,静脉长度3.5 cm。HLDN手术全部成功,无中转开放,无手术并发症,术后6～7 d出院。21例受者肾移植后未发生肾功能延迟恢复,术后1周内肾功能均达到正常值。结论HLDN结合了腹腔镜活体供肾切取术和开放手术活体供肾切取术的优点,既保证了对供者的微创,又保证了供肾质量,有利于推动活体供肾移植的开展。     

改良后腹腔镜下活体供肾切取术八例报告

目的 介绍后腹腔镜下活体供肾切取术的初步经验，探讨其临床价值及可行性。方法 术前对供受体进行血型、HLA配型及群体反应性抗体（PRA）检查，并对供体行IVU、彩超检查了解双肾功能、肾血管情况。采用经后腹腔途径对8例活体亲属供。肾者行腹腔镜取肾术。右侧卧位，后腹腔操作通过腰部置入的3个套管完成，阻断。肾血管前延长腋前线穿刺孔至6～7cm，左手伸入后腹腔内，手助下离断。肾血管并迅速取出供肾标本。结果 8例手术均取得成功。手术时间96～128min，平均112min；术中出血25～56ml，平均42ml；热缺血时间126—245s，平均152s；肾动脉长度2.8～3．2cm，平均3.0cm；。肾静脉长度3．2—3．5cm，平均3．3cm；输尿管长15—18cm，平均16cm。血管吻合顺利，开放血流后供。肾均在1min内开始泌尿。受体肾功能均在5d内恢复正常．住院时间14—15d。供体伤口引流管2～3d内拔除，住院时间4—5d。供受体均无外科并发症。结论 后腹腔镜活体供肾切取术对患者创伤小、恢复快、供肾质量好、扩大了供肾来源。在离断肾血管及取出供肾时辅以手助可缩短热缺血时间，增加动静脉长度，提高取肾的安全性。     

少数民族亲属活体肾移植22例分析

目的总结少数民族亲属活体肾移植的经验。方法对少数民族尿毒症患者22例行亲属活体供肾肾移植。其中男性受体17例，女性受体5例，年龄17～66岁，平均43．2岁。男性供体18例，女性供体4例，年龄21～52岁，平均28岁。除1例为夫妻供肾外，其余均为血缘亲属供肾。人类白细胞抗原（HLA）全配1例，HLA完全错配1例，单倍体相同11例，5个抗原错配9例。均采用开放手术取肾。术后采用环孢素、霉酚酸酯、泼尼松预防排斥反应。结果所有供者平安度过围手术期，未发生任何并发症，随访6～24个月，血肌酐正常。受者术后1例因心源性疾病猝死；21例存活，其中1例发生移植肾功能延迟恢复，2例术后1周内发生急性排斥反应，给予抗淋巴球蛋白冲击后正常。随访24个月，肾功能正常。结论亲属活体肾移植组织配型好，冷热缺血时间短，发生排斥反应少，免疫抑制剂用量小，移植肾存活率高，可改善不同种族阃移植肾存活率低的状况。     

活体亲属供肾的肾移植5例报告

目的 探讨活体亲属供肾移植及术前特异性输供体血的安全性及可行性,并评价其临床效果。方法 总结5例活体亲属供肾移植的临床效果和供肾者术后的恢复情况。结果 5例活体亲属供肾者经随访10～24月全部健康,正常工作,术后无明显的并发症,5例肾移植受者目前移植肾功能(血肌酐及内生肌酐清除率)均正常,且已恢复正常的学习和工作,术后的免疫抑制剂使用量较同期的尸体肾移植受者低10％～15％。结论 活体亲属供肾是扩大供肾来源的较好途径,移植术后人/肾存活率优于尸体肾移植人/肾存活率。术前特异性输供体血有利于诱导受者产生免疫耐受。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.