桡神经深支的体表定位及其临床意义

目的:建立桡神经深支的体表定位方法。方法:取成人尸体标本48具(96侧上肢标本),显露桡神经深支,在前臂中立位,分别测量桡神经深支发出点与肱桡关节线的距离、桡神经深支穿出旋后肌的部位与肱桡关节线的距离及其与肱骨外上髁和Lister结节连线的水平距离、桡骨茎突与肱桡关节线的距离,并作统计学分析。结果:桡神经深支自桡神经主干发出的位置在肱桡关节上方平均为(15.4±2.5)mm。桡神经深支穿出旋后肌的部位均位于肱骨外上髁与桡骨Lister结节连线的尺侧,与连线的水平距离平均为(6.1±2.1)mm,与肱桡关节线的平均距离为(61.3±17.6)mm。结论:桡骨小头正前方或略偏外侧可作为桡神经深支近端的定位标志,肱桡关节线下方约6cm,肱骨外上髁与桡骨Lister结节连线尺侧约0.6cm可作为桡神经深支远端的定位标志。     

桡骨交锁髓内钉近端锁钉3种不同入路与桡神经深支的关系

目的：研究桡骨交锁髓内钉近端锁钉在3种不同入路的情况下与桡神经深支的解剖关系，确定安全入路及桡神经深支的安全区域。方法：将9个成人上肢标本随机分成3组，按照标准锁钉方法(距肱桡关节面1．5cm)，在不暴露桡神经深支的情况下分别于前臂过度旋前位、中立位和过度旋后位从前侧入路、外侧入路和后侧入路拧入近端锁钉。然后解剖出桡神经深支，测量和观察锁钉与桡神经深支的关系。结果：本组有2例桡神经深支损伤，其中1例在前臂中立位，后侧入路锁钉拧破对侧皮质所致。在前臂中立位，外侧入路锁钉与桡神经深支的最短距离为8．9mm。并且在外侧入路前臂过度旋前时，桡神经深支跨越桡骨干轴线距离肱桡关节面的最短距离为37mm，平均为50．8mm。结论：桡骨交锁髓内钉近端锁钉于前臂过度旋前位，从外侧入路进钉损伤桡神经深支的可能性较小。其进钉的安全区域为离肱桡关节面3cm以内。     

桡神经深支的应用解剖学研究

目的通过前臂桡神经深支的解剖学研究,探索更为安全的桡骨手术入路。方法防腐成人尸体30具,解剖桡神经深支的发出点,进、出旋后肌点,分别测量神经发出点与桡骨头的距离（L1）、神经发出点与进入旋后肌的距离（L2）、神经穿出旋后肌的部位与桡骨头的距离（L3）、桡骨茎突与桡骨头的距离（L4）、神经穿出旋后肌的部位与肱骨外上髁和Lister结节连线的水平距离（L5）、神经从旋后肌穿出处至尺骨内缘的距离（L6）、神经与桡骨颈外侧中线交叉点至桡骨小头的距离（L7）、神经在旋后肌出入点连线和桡髁线的夹角（A）。结果 L1为（15.2±5.6）mm,L2为（32.1±1.9）mm,L3为（64.5±2.7）mm,L4为（231.0±6.8）mm,L5为（6.1±3.0）mm,L6为（23.1±3.2）mm,L7为（43.1±2.0）mm,L3/L4为（0.28±2.4）,A为（31.0°±2.7°）。结论桡神经深支准确的定位对桡骨手术入路选择有良好的指导意义。     

桡神经深支出旋后肌管后的解剖学特点及临床意义

目的:探讨桡神经深支出旋后肌管后的解剖学特点,为临床手术提供定位方法。方法:在44侧上肢标本上观测桡神经深支出旋后肌管后其主干和各肌支的走行、各肌支发出顺序及体表定位。结果:各肌支的发出顺序不恒定,存在交叉;其主干和各肌支均位于肱骨外上髁、尺骨茎突、桡骨Lister结节三点连成的“骨间后三角”内,其起点距肱骨外上髁(6.7±0.5)cm;主干与“骨间后三角”的中线远侧3/4基本吻合。结论:骨间后三角”远侧3/4可作为桡神经深支管后段的体表定位区,该部位深达肌层的损伤均应行手术探查。     

前臂后外侧穿支皮瓣游离移植修复手指皮肤缺损的应用解剖

目的　介绍前臂后外侧穿支皮瓣游离移植修复手指皮肤缺损的应用解剖。 方法　解剖观测40侧成人尸体上肢标本,在手术显微镜下进行局部解剖。观测前臂后外侧皮肤的营养动脉、回流静脉、神经支配。 结果　自桡骨Lister结节及肱骨外侧髁连线中点附近指伸肌和桡侧伸腕肌肌间隙内有一恒定的皮支动脉营养前臂后外侧皮肤,该动脉有两条伴行静脉,神经支配为前臂后皮神经分支,血管蒂长度为（4.12±0.26）cm,血管起始处外径为（0.91±0.07）mm,管径与指动脉相仿。 结论　前臂后外侧可以形成以桡骨lister结节及肱骨外侧髁连线中点附近的指伸肌和桡侧腕伸肌肌间隙穿支为蒂的穿支皮瓣游离移植修复手指皮肤缺损。     

内窥镜下微创治疗肘管综合征的相关解剖学研究

目的　为内窥镜下进行肘管尺神经减压并前移术提供临床应用解剖基础。 方法　10例新鲜尸体标本、20例临床病例传统手术中尺神经在臂部、前臂游离长度,尺神经第1肌支距离肱骨内上髁的距离、尺神经前移距离。在4例新鲜尸体标本上模拟手术。 结果　此术式尺神经前臂、臂部游离距离为（3.90±0.145）cm（3.64~4.23 cm）、（4.21±0.18）cm（3.80~4.53 cm）,前移距离（1.49±0.05）cm（1.39~1.57 cm）,尺神经第1肌支距离肱骨内上髁距离（2.18±0.38）cm（1.13~2.72cm）。此术式入路点、轴线、层面：肱骨内上髁与尺骨鹰嘴间长约2 cm纵行切口;肱骨内上髁与尺骨鹰嘴之间中点与豌豆骨连线上约7cm长的轴线,肱骨内上髁与尺骨鹰嘴之间中点与肱二头肌内侧肌间隔中点连线上长8cm的轴线;奥本斯韧带、前臂尺侧腕屈肌之间纤维弓形组织表面,臂部深筋膜表面。模拟手术成功。 结论　研究证实此术式可行,达预期效果。     

臂部外固定支架的置钉点与桡神经和腋神经的安全范围

目的 观察成年男性外支架置钉点与臂部桡神经及腋神经行程的解剖关系,探讨制定置钉点的安全范围。方法 成年男性尸体26具,按身高分为150～160 cm组（A组）和161～170 cm组（B组）。设定肱骨外上髁与大结节连线为臂外侧线、内上髁与喙突连线为臂内侧线、肩峰与尺骨鹰嘴连线为臂后线,解剖暴露臂部腋神经和桡神经全程;找到其与3条线的垂直交点,测量骨性标志与神经交点的垂直距离,计算肱骨上、中、下段置钉的安全范围。结果 A、B组肱骨外上髁至桡神经近端距离分别为（13.7±1.36）cm和（13.4±1.27）cm,肱骨外上髁至桡神经远端的距离（7.7±0.98）cm和（7.5±0.90）cm,肩峰顶点至腋神经后支的距离为（6.4±0.70）cm和（7.1±0.94）cm,肱骨内上髁距离桡神经近端的距离分别为（20.4±1.36）cm和（21.4±1.35）cm。A、B组于肱骨上、中、下段外固定置钉的安全距离分别为身高的2.2%～6.0%、2.5%～6.7%（上段）,3.1%～5.0%、3.0%～4.4%（中段）,3.9%～6.5%、3.4%～6.0%（下段）。结论 应用外固定支架治疗肱骨骨...     

桡神经浅支的应用解剖

在３０例成人上肢标本上观测了桡神经浅支浅出处、分支处的位置和距桡骨茎突的距离，结果表明：８３．３％的桡神经浅支在前臂中下１／３处浅出，临床上对桡神经浅支卡压症采取局部封闭治疗或手术松解时，应在桡骨茎突近侧８．８±１．２ｃｍ，肱骨外上髁最突出点与桡骨茎突连线内侧０．４±０．３ｃｍ处进行为宜。为临床探讨桡神经浅支卡压症的病因和治疗提供应用解剖学资料。     

肘关节镜三种远端前外侧入路对周围神经损伤风险比较

目的：比较肘关节镜3 种远端前外侧入路穿刺后对前臂外侧皮神经及桡神经（ 深支）的影响。 方法：选用 新鲜冰冻的成人肘关节标本,关节镜下对3 种入针点（ 肱骨外上髁远端3 cm,前方1 cm ;肱骨外上髁远端2 cm, 前方2 cm ;肱骨外上髁远端1 cm,前方1 cm）进行定位、穿刺克氏针,并在肘关节屈曲90°时,解剖、测量与 前臂外侧皮神经及桡神经（ 深支）的最短距离。结果：3 种入路距前臂外侧皮神经的最短距离分别为（18.51±2.07） mm、（19.14±1.53）mm、（21.95±1.83）mm,距桡神经（ 深支）的最短距离分别为（7.18±1.17）mm、（7.59±0.88） mm、（9.22±1.51）mm。后一入路点（ 肱骨外上髁远端1 cm,前方1 cm）距2 条神经的距离为最短,且与前2 者 的差异具有统计学意义。结论：肘关节镜前外侧入路（ 肱骨外上髁远端1 cm,前方1 cm）距前臂外侧皮神经及桡 神经（ 深支）的最短距离最远,建立远端前外侧入路时选此入路穿刺比较安全。     

前臂近中段Thompson入路中桡神经深支医源性损伤的解剖学因素及对策

目的　探讨前臂近中段Thompson入路中容易发生桡神经深支损伤的解剖学因素并提出对策。 方法　教学用成人尸体标本48具,按照Thompson入路显露,观察前臂伸肌与桡神经深支及其肌支的位置关系;测量桡神经深支穿出旋后肌的位置距离桡侧腕短伸肌的横向距离;观察指伸肌和桡侧腕短伸肌在前臂近段的愈着情况,测量二者在肱桡关节线以远的愈着长度。 结果　指伸肌和桡侧腕短伸肌在前臂近段相愈着,愈着长度在肱桡关节以远(7.1±2.1)cm;桡神经深支在旋后肌下缘的穿出点与桡侧腕短伸肌尺侧缘的水平距离为(1.3±0.3) cm,与肱桡关节线距离为(6.1±1.8) cm。 结论　前臂近中段Thompson入路中容易发生桡神经深支损伤存在着解剖学因素,了解桡神经深支的解剖特点及其与前臂伸肌的位置关系可以避免桡神经深支损伤。     

桡神经浅支皮下段的解剖学特点及临床意义

目的报道桡神经浅支皮下段的解剖学特点及临床意义。方法选用福尔马林固定的成人上肢标本42例,解剖观察桡神经浅支的走行及分支分布特点。结果桡神经浅支距桡骨茎突(8.33±1.16)cm处自肱桡肌深层浅出,沿肱桡肌和桡侧腕屈肌之间于皮下前行,在桡骨茎突近端(4.58±1.06)cm处分为内、外侧支。外侧支在桡骨茎突掌侧面前行至拇指桡背侧成为拇指的感觉神经,内侧支则在桡骨茎突的近侧段绕向背侧,于桡骨茎突远侧(1.32±0.26)cm处在1、2掌骨中段水平分为第1、2掌背皮神经,进而成为手背桡侧半的感觉神经。桡神经浅支浅出处和肱桡肌的夹角为(20.7±3.16)°,桡神经浅支分为内、外两侧支间的夹角为(18.0±4.4)°,桡骨茎突水平内、外侧支的间距为(1.4±0.23)cm。结论(1)根据桡神经浅支的解剖学特点,在不同的损伤平面进行修复,以最大限度的恢复手部的感觉;(2)在应用含有桡神经浅支的皮瓣修复创面时,尽可能以神经为轴线,将神经置于皮瓣中央位置,以提高皮瓣的成活率和手术的质量。     

前臂桡侧头静脉-皮神经的营养血管的解剖学

目的：为前臂桡侧头静脉-皮神经营养血管远端蒂复合瓣设计提供解剖学基础。方法：动脉灌注红色乳胶成人上肢标本,解剖观测头静脉-前臂外侧皮神经下1/3段营养血管的来源、分支及其与桡骨膜血管的关系。结果：头静脉-前臂外侧皮神经下1/3段的营养血管来自：桡动脉皮支,掌浅支皮支,桡骨茎突返支皮支和桡动脉肌间隙骨皮支。上述诸支血管发皮支、筋膜支、骨膜支、神经-浅静脉营养血管,形成皮神经-头静脉血管链以及深、浅筋膜和骨膜血管网。结论：前臂桡侧缘头静脉-皮神经营养血管与肌、骨、皮营养血管同源,以桡骨茎突返支为蒂的远端蒂复合瓣,旋转轴点在腕关节平面,可用于手部远处组织缺损修复。     

Applied anatomy of the superficial branch of the radial nerve

The superficial branch of the radial nerve (SBRN) is highly vulnerable to trauma and iatrogenic injury. This study aimed to map the course of the SBRN in the context of surgical approaches and identify a safe area of incision for de Quervain's tenosynovitis. Twenty-five forearms were dissected. The SBRN emerged from under brachioradialis by a mean of 8.31 cm proximal to the radial styloid (RS), and remained radial to the dorsal tubercle of the radius by a mean of 1.49 cm. The nerve divided into a median of four branches. The first branch arose a mean of 4.92 cm proximal to the RS, traveling 0.49 cm radial to the first compartment of the extensor retinaculum, while the main nerve remained ulnar to it by 0.64 cm. All specimens had branches underlying the traditional transverse incision for de Quervain's release. A 2.5-cm longitudinal incision proximal from the RS avoided the SBRN in 17/25 cases (68%). In 20/25 specimens (80%), the SBRN underlay the cephalic vein. In 18/25 (72%), the radial artery was closely associated with a sensory nerve branch near the level of the RS (SBRN 12/25, lateral cutaneous nerve of the forearm (LCNF) 6/25.) A longitudinal incision in de Quervain's surgery may be preferable. Cannulation of the cephalic vein in the distal third of the forearm is best avoided. The close association between the radial artery and first branch of the SBRN or the LCNF may explain the pain often experienced during arterial puncture. Particular care should be taken during radial artery harvest to avoid nerve injury.     

Medial transposition of the radial nerve for anterolateral plate fixation of the humerus: Cadaveric study

In the operative treatment of humeral shaft fractures the radial nerve may be injured during the reduction of fracture fragments or the application of plate and screws. Also, secondary surgical explorations due to delayed or non-union carry a high risk of radial nerve injury because of the scarring of the neighboring tissue and proximity of the nerve to the implants. Consequently, the need for the transposition of the radial nerve to a safer position arises. A total of 22 (11 right, 11 left) cadaveric upper extremities were studied to evaluate the medial transposition of the radial nerve during the open reduction and anterolateral plate fixation of humeral fractures. The radial nerve was transposed medially in a distal plate fixated humeral fracture model. Distance measurements of the radial nerve and the division points of its branches were carried out in the transposed position and in the original course of the nerve. There was no statistically significant difference between the original course and medially transposed measurements. The distances from the reference point to the division points of other branches (posterior antebrachial cutaneous nerve, motor branch to brachioradialis, most distal motor branch to triceps) were not altered. The mean length of the radial nerve was 185.2 +/- 14.3 mm in its original course and 183.7 +/- 13.8 mm in the medially transposed course. In conclusion, the present study shows that medial transposition of the radial nerve through the fracture line does not increase the nerve's length and may be utilized in cases in which anterolateral plate fixation is indicated.     

The innervation of deep muscles of the human forearm extensors]

The innervation of four deep muscles of the human forearm extensors (the abductor pollicis longus, the extensor pollicis brevis, the extensor pollicis longus, and the extensor indicis muscles) were investigated in 24 bodies (48 sides) from those used in the 1989 and 1990 student courses in gross anatomy dissection at the Iwate Medical University School of Medicine. The forearm extensor muscles and the deep branch of the radial nerve were dissected intensively in the student courses in gross anatomy and were removed afterwards. The four deep muscles of the human forearm extensors and the nerves innervating the muscles were observed while they were immersed in the water and with use of a stereomicroscope--with the assistance of which they were drawn. In six sides the intramuscular nerve supply was also examined carefully and drawn. The results were as follows. 1. The nerves to the four deep muscles of the forearm extensors arose usually from the deep branch of the radial nerve after emerging the supinator muscle and sending branches to superficial forearm extensors. In some cases a nerve or nerves to the superficial forearm extensors were observed arising from the deep branch of the radial nerve after sending one or more branches to the deep forearm extensor muscles, or from the branches to the deep muscles themselves. However they were split easily from the deep branch of the radial nerve and from the branches to the four deep forearm extensors proximally near to the emerging of the deep branch from the supinator muscle. Therefore, it was considered to be constant that the nerves to the four deep forearm extensors arose from the deep branch of the radial nerve after branching to the superficial forearm extensors. 2. The radial group of the deep forearm extensors (the abductor pollicis longus and the extensor pollicis brevis muscles) was innervated usually by one branch that arose from the deep branch of the radial nerve just after emerging from the supinator and giving off branches to the superficial forearm extensors. This branch ran on the dorsal (extensor) surface of the abductor pollicis longus muscle distally, sending many twigs to this muscle, and entered into the muscle at various distances from the origin (Figs. 1-6). The abductor pollicis brevis muscle was innervated by some twigs that ran usually inside but occasionally outside of the abductor pollicis longus muscle (Figs. 7-10).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)     

Mandibular landmarks as an aid in minimizing injury to the marginal mandibular branch: A metric and geometric anatomical study

Iatrogenic injury to the marginal mandibular branch is an important reason for medicolegal actions. The aim of this study was to determine the distance of the marginal mandibular branch to the inferior border of the mandible as well as variation of nerve position in relation to this border. The marginal mandibular branch was dissected carefully in a number of 36 facial halves. Three points were identified on the inferior border of the mandibular ramus: Point A at the angle of the mandible, Point B just anterior to the facial artery, and Point C, 2 cm anterior to Point B. A metric and geometric morphometric analysis, including thin-plate spline and relative warp analysis was done to determine the variation of nerve position in relation to these three bony landmarks. The metric study indicated a median distance from Point A to the nerve 2.3 mm inferior to Point A, 2.4 mm superior to Point B, and 10.7 mm superior to Point C. The shape analysis indicated that variation in the position of the nerve occurs most commonly at Points A and B. We conclude that these mandibular landmarks may assist surgeons in minimizing marginal mandibular branch injury and patient discomfort.     

Quantified relationships of the radial nerve with the radial groove and selected humeral landmarks

Anatomical relationships between the radial nerve, the deltoid muscle insertions and several bony landmarks have been investigated to assess the feasibility of surgical transfer of the deltoid transfer during humeral osteotomy. Eleven embalmed human specimens were dissected. Each specimen included the whole thorax, both shoulders and upper limbs. Spatial position of the radial nerve along the radial groove, the deltoid muscle, and several anatomical landmarks was digitised using a three-dimensional (3D) digitiser. Sixteen distances and one angle characterizing the relationships between the path of the radial nerve and the landmarks were processed. Results showed that the average distance between the emergence of the radial nerve from the lateral intermuscular septum and the most distal insertion point of the deltoid muscle on the humeral bone shaft was 47.6 ± 18.5 mm. The angle between a line extending from the entry of the radial nerve into the radial sulcus and its point of emergence (REN–REM line), and on the other hand a line running from the radial emergence and the deltoid muscle tip (REM–DELTIP line) was in average 23.5 ± 6.7°. The length of four lines running perpendicular to REM–DELTIP and crossing each quarter of the REN–REM line were interpolated. The length of these four lines was, from proximal to distal, 31.3 ± 11.5 mm; 23.0 ± 7.8 mm; 16.5 ± 6.2 mm; and 7.6 ± 2.6 mm, respectively. These results described in a quantitative way the path of the radial nerve in respect to the humeral bone and the deltoid muscle. These data will be used for further development of a humeral osteotomy protocol taking into account the spatial position of the radial nerve to orientate safely the surgical tools used to cut the humeral shaft.