产前诊断指征在胎儿染色体异常诊断中的价值探讨

目的:探讨产前诊断指征在胎儿染色体异常诊断中的价值及其对妊娠结局的指导意义.方法:对439例有产前诊断指征的孕妇,在超声引导下经腹羊膜腔穿刺抽取羊水检查染色体核型,比较不同产前诊断指征的胎儿染色体异常检出率,分析各组染色体异常类型与妊娠结局的关系.结果:①胎儿染色体异常检出15例,总的异常检出率3.42%.夫妇平衡易位组胎儿染色体异常检出率最高为66.67%,与高龄组、唐氏高危组、不良孕产史(夫妇染色体检查正常)组比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);而高龄组、唐氏高危组、不良孕产史组和超声检查异常组的胎儿染色体异常检出率分别为5.22%、2.28%、1.54%、16.67%、,组间两两比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05).②15例染色体异常中.高龄组占40.00%,唐氏高危组占33.33%.染色体数目异常6例,5例行孕中期引产;结构异常7例,1例行孕中期引产,1例流产;嵌合体2例均行孕中期引产;余6例足月分娩.结论:对具有产前诊断指征的孕妇进行羊水细胞培养及染色体核型分析,不仅能及时发现胎儿染色体异常,为孕妇是否继续妊娠提供科学依据,而且有利于降低出生缺陷发生率.     

羊水细胞染色体产前诊断3495例结果分析

目的 探讨各种细胞遗传学产前诊断指征与胎儿染色体异常的关系。方法 2011年1月至2013年4月于重庆医科大学附属第一医院妇产科在知情同意的前提下,由超声引导对3495例孕中期高危孕妇（孕16~21+6周）行羊膜腔穿刺术,抽取适量羊水进行细胞培养及染色体核型分析。比较不同产前诊断指征与胎儿染色体异常核型检出率的关系。 结果 羊水培养成功3494例,成功率99.97%。检出异常核型120例,异常率为3.43%（120/3494）,其中染色体数目异常70例,结构异常31例,其他异常19例。各种产前诊断指征中,单纯高龄（分娩时孕妇年龄≥35岁）1498例,检出异常核型47例,异常检出率为3.14%;母血清学筛查高风险1560例,异常核型38例,检出率2.44%;无创产前DNA检测高风险38例,异常核型30例,检出率78.95%,后者检出率分别与前两者相比差异有统计学意义（P<0.05)。结论 掌握好各种产前诊断指征,对高危孕妇进行羊膜腔穿刺及染色体核型分析可有效提高胎儿染色体病的检出率,减少出生缺陷的发生。     

妊娠中期胎儿染色体病的产前诊断

目的 通过对妊娠中期高危孕妇羊水细胞染色体的核型分析，了解胎儿染色体核型异常发生情况。方法抽取1983年3月至2003年8月河南省人民医院342例符合产前诊断指征的妊娠中期孕妇羊水细胞进行培养，制备中期细胞染色体，用C、G、Q、R带等多种显带技术，进行染色体分析。结果在342例孕妇羊水中发现23例染色体异常，占6．7％，其中数目异常5例(21．8％)，嵌合体3例(13．0％)，结构异常15例(65．2％)。结论产前诊断胎儿染色体病最终仍需羊水染色体核型分析来确诊。     

妊娠中期羊水染色体检查662例临床分析

目的 分析妊娠中期染色体病高危胎儿染色体病的发生状况.方法 对2003年9月至2007年3月间中国医科大学附属盛京医院662例染色体病高危孕妇进行羊膜腔穿刺,采取羊水细胞培养,制备中期染色体,分析胎儿核型,进行产前诊断.结果 发现染色体异常21例,异常率3.2%,其中数目异常11例,结构异常10例,不同产前诊断指征分组中的异常率不同,以夫妇双方之一为平衡易位携带者组异常率最高,为53.8%.结论 妊娠中期对染色体病高危孕妇进行羊水细胞培养染色体核型分析是产前诊断的重要手段,孕母血清筛查阳性、高龄、超声检查异常及染色体平衡易位携带者是羊水染色体检查的指征.     

产前诊断指证与胎儿的染色体核型分析

目的:探讨胎儿染色体异常频率及与产前诊断指证的关系。方法:对有产前诊断指证的125例妊娠16-36周的孕妇进行羊膜腔穿刺或脐静脉穿刺术,取羊水细胞或脐血细胞培养进行胎儿染色体核型分析。结果:125例中,胎儿染色体异常7例,占5.60%(7/125)。其中高龄和唐氏高危孕妇44例中胎儿异常染色体检出率为2.27%(1/44);曾经生产过染色体病儿或孕妇本人或丈夫染色体结构异常携带者13例中,胎儿染色体异常检出率为38.46%(5/13);B超示胎儿畸形7例中,异常染色体检出率为14.29%(1/7)。结论:在各类产前诊断指证中,依次以父/或母为染色体结构异常携带者、B超检查胎儿畸形的胎儿染色体异常频率为高。     

荧光原位杂交技术及染色体核型分析在产前诊断中的应用价值

目的探讨与羊水细胞染色体核型分析相比,荧光原位杂交(fluorescence in situ hybridization,FISH)技术在产前诊断中的优缺点及临床应用价值。方法对2009年1月至2010年2月华中科技大学同济医学院附属同济医院208例孕妇抽取羊水体外培养后进行染色体核型分析,其中53例同时应用FISH技术直接对间期核细胞进行13、18、21、X、Y的染色体数目检测。结果 (1)208例中,共完成羊水细胞核型分析199例,诊断成功率为95.7%(199/208),其中异常染色体核型占8.04%(16/199),报告时间平均为(22.49±6.12)d。(2)同时进行核型分析和FISH检测的53例患者,核型分析及FISH诊断成功率均为100%,共发现染色体异常4例,占7.55%(4/53);其中结构异常3例(经核型分析诊断)、数目异常1例(核型分析及FISH均诊断成功)。(3)在染色体数目的诊断上,53例的FISH检测与染色体核型分析的一致率为100%,平均报告时间为2～4d。结论 (1)FISH技术应用于产前诊断染色体数目异常,成功率高,准确可靠,较常规核型分析方法有效缩短报告时间。(2)对于可...     

247例妊娠中期孕妇羊水细胞染色体核型分析

目的 分析妊娠中期进行产前诊断的孕妇羊水细胞染色体核型，了解此期异常核型发生的频率、类型及与各种产前诊断指征的关系。方法 对247例妊娠中期孕妇行羊膜腔穿刺术抽羊水作羊水细胞培养检查染色体核型。结果 发现异常核型14例，异常核型出现频率为5．67％，其中三体型7例，占异常核型的50％，分别为21三体4例，18三体2例，13三体1例；其次为平衡易位6例，占42．86％。高龄孕妇中21三体检出率为5．56％(1／18)，非高龄组为1．31％(3／229)，P=0．235，差异无显著性。15例产前常规B超检查发现胎儿发育异常的孕妇中，检出三体儿3例。结论 在有各种产前诊断指征的妊娠中期孕妇中，胎儿染色体异常发生率为5．67％，染色体三体为主要的异常核型。孕中期B超检查做为产前常规筛查可提高胎儿染色体异常的检出率。     

应用荧光原位杂交产前诊断染色体异常的临床价值

目的:探讨应用荧光原位杂交(HSH)产前诊断染色体非整倍体的临床价值.方法:收集120例产前诊断孕妇的新鲜羊水进行FISH检测和染色体核型分析,并将结果与临床追踪确诊结果(随访的新生儿或引产的死胎脐血或外周血的染色体核型)作比较,同时根据FISH的检测效能和分析产前诊断方案,评价HSH的临床应用价值.结果:①HSH检测全部成功,其结果与临床追踪确诊的核型分析一致,并且染色体非整倍体检出率100%;1例孕晚期羊水细胞培养失败,2例羊水培养为四倍体镶嵌体胎儿经临床追踪确诊后为正常染色体.②产前诊断指征中,高龄、多项指征及其他因素的孕妇临床上对FISH及核型分析这两种方法的选择比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);而血清唐氏筛查异常和超声筛查异常的孕妇分别倾向选择FISH(P=0.029)及核型分析(P=0.000).结论:HSH技术能快速准确检测染色体非整倍体的异常.母血清唐氏筛查异常孕妇产前诊断倾向选择FISH检测.FISH可作为孕晚期高危孕妇首选的产前诊断方法.     

234例羊膜腔穿刺诊断胎儿染色体异常的研究

目的评价羊水穿刺术在产前诊断胎儿染色体异常中的应用。方法对234例有产前诊断指征的孕妇在超声引导下经腹羊膜腔穿刺抽取羊水检查染色体核型,并比较不同产前诊断指征分组的异常染色体检出率。结果全部病例穿刺均成功,羊水细胞培养成功率97.86%,染色体异常检出率5.68%。其中超声示胎儿异常组染色体异常检出率(33.33%)明显高于21-三体高风险组(4.54%)、不良孕产史组的检出率(9.09%)(P<0.05)。结论超声引导下经腹羊膜腔穿刺抽取羊水在产前诊断中是成熟有效的操作技术,孕妇血清学筛查异常、不良孕产史、超声示胎儿异常是有效的穿刺指征,其中胎儿异常的超声监测对产前诊断提示胎儿染色体异常具有较好的预测性。     

联合细菌人工染色体微珠技术和染色体核型分析在二孩高龄孕妇产前诊断中的应用研究

目的:探讨联合细菌人工染色体微珠技术(BoBs)和染色体核型分析在二孩高龄孕妇产前诊断中的应用。方法:选择2016年8月至2018年8月在本院遗传咨询门诊、胎儿医学门诊及孕产妇保健门诊就诊的1291例二孩高龄孕妇为研究对象,对羊水细胞的染色体进行核型分析和BoBs分析,对胎儿染色体异常及常见微缺失综合征进行诊断。结果:1291例二孩高龄孕妇羊水样本中,染色体核型分析和产前BoBs均检出染色体异常47例。产前BoBs技术共检测出61例染色体异常,包括30例21-三体,14例18-三体,3例13-三体,14例染色体微缺失/微重复,总体检出率为4.73%,漏检13例,检测失败7例;染色体核型分析检测出60例染色体异常,比BoBs额外检出10例胎儿染色体结构异常,2例低比例的嵌合型染色体以及1例标记染色体,染色体核型分析染色体异常检出率为4.65%;经两者联合检出异常81例,联合检出率为6.27%。染色体核型分析和产前BoBs共同检出的47例二孩高龄孕妇选择了终止妊娠;BoBs漏检的13例胎儿染色体结构异常均为平衡易位或倒位,经遗传咨询后均选择了继续妊娠。BoBs检测失败的7例,经遗传咨询后继续妊娠。染色体核型分析漏检的14例经遗传咨询后均选择了终止妊娠。1291例二孩高龄孕妇均获得随访,其中经染色体核型分析和BoBs检测显示正常的1210例二孩高龄孕妇,胎儿分娩后均为正常健康胎儿;BoBs漏检的13例胎儿染色体结构异常在随访中均未见异常。结论:"核型分析+BoBs"产前诊断模式可以应用于二孩高龄孕妇的产前诊断,值得临床推广和应用。     

3405例产前诊断的指证及其结果评价

目的:分析产前诊断指证与胎儿染色体检测结果的关系。方法:3405例有产前诊断指证的孕妇,进行羊膜腔穿刺或脐静脉穿刺术,取羊水细胞或脐血细胞培养,作胎儿染色体核型分析。结果:3405例孕妇共检出胎儿染色体异常88例,染色体异常率为2.6%,显著高于一般人群的异常率(P<0.01)。其中夫妇一方为染色体平衡易位携带者组的胎儿染色体异常率达25.9%(7/27),产前胎儿超声异常标记组、孕母血清唐氏筛查阳性组和高龄孕妇组的异常率分别为6.2%(49/778)、1.7%(22/1283)和1.1%(7/664)。18-或21-三体儿妊娠史组、体外受精组、本次妊娠有先兆流产史组和孕期不良因素接触组,均未检出胎儿染色体异常。结论:出现胎儿染色体异常率最高的指证,依次为夫妇一方染色体平衡易位携带者、产前超声发现胎儿异常标记、孕母血清唐氏筛查阳性和高龄孕妇。有针对性地进行产前诊断,可有效地控制和减少出生缺陷的发生。     

孕中期羊水细胞染色体核型分析及其异常核型发生率的比较

目的：分析孕中期羊水细胞染色体核型及比较不同异常核型的发生率,并对各种异常核型的临床意义进行探讨。方法1998年9月至2010年11月在复旦大学附属妇产科医院集爱遗传与不育诊疗中心行羊水细胞染色体检查的孕妇共13 648例,抽取并培养成功的羊水标本共计13 795份,即13 795个胎儿获得核型诊断,对上述胎儿根据其母亲（孕妇）不同检查指征进行分组：当孕妇年龄≥35岁时为高龄孕妇组（4065个）;血清学筛查提示高危时为血清筛查高危组（6462个）;超声筛查出现异常征象时为超声异常征象组（1539个）;已知夫妇中有一方为染色体异常时为夫妇染色体异常组（108个）;除此之外,其他胎儿列为其他因素组（1621个）。采用羊水细胞培养法对各组胎儿进行染色体核型分析,并用荧光原位杂交技术对78个≥26孕周的胎儿行常见非整倍体快速诊断,对153个核型异常胎儿的父母进行淋巴细胞核型分析。结果 (1)各组异常核型分类及其构成：13 795个胎儿中共发现异常核型388个,异常核型发生率为2.813％(388/13 795)。388个异常胎儿中,非整倍体最多,为59.8％ (232/388);常染色体结构异常为24.7％( 96/388);嵌合体为12.4％( 48/388);其他较少见的异常核型包括标记染色体为1.3％ (5/388),性染色体结构异常为1.0％(4/388),三倍体为0.8％(3/388)。除了夫妇染色体异常组,其他各组均以非整倍体占绝大多数,有4例罕见的非整倍体,分别出现在高龄孕妇组、超声异常征象组及血清筛查高危组。超声异常征象组异常核型种类最多,而夫妇染色体异常组其胎儿染色体异常种类最集中（常染色体结构异常）。嵌合体主要分布在血清筛查高危组,占该组异常核型的20.0％ (29/145)。(2)异常核型种类及发生率：异常核型种类中以21三体最为常见,占全部异常核型的35.6％( 138/388),其次为常染色体平衡性结构重排为20.6％ (80/388)、嵌合体为12.4％ (48/388)、18三体为11.3％ (44/388),其他较常见的异常核型包括常染色体非平衡性结构重排和45,X0,各为4.1％(16/388),47,XXY为3.9％(15/388)。(3)父母淋巴细胞核型分析：153个胎儿进行了其父母淋巴细胞的核型分析,并最终确定了胎儿异常核型来源：家族性异常58个,新发生的异常95个。78个胎儿的荧光原位杂交技术诊断结果与G显带核型全部一致,其中2个为21三体。结论不同检查指征孕妇的胎儿异常核型的构成不同;孕中期胎儿异常核型种类繁多,致畸风险与异常核型种类有关。     

Rapid prenatal diagnosis of trisomy 21 in 5049 consecutive uncultured amniotic fluid samples by fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH).

OBJECTIVES: This was a retrospective study on the results of interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), performed routinely for chromosome 21 and on ultrasonographic indications for chromosomes 13, 18, X and Y in a series of 5049 amniotic fluid samples. METHODS: Interphase FISH for chromosome 21 was performed in 5049 consecutive amniotic fluid samples for the rapid prenatal diagnosis of Down syndrome. Aneuploidy for four other chromosomes (13, 18, X and Y) was tested following ultrasonographic indications. Karyotypes from standard cytogenetic analysis were compared to the FISH results. RESULTS: Using conventional cytogenetics 3.6% (183/5049) chromosomal anomalies were detected. After exclusion of familial chromosome rearrangements, i.e. balanced autosomal reciprocal or Robertsonian translocations (30/5049) and inversions (19/5049), 2.65% chromosomal anomalies (134/5049) were diagnosed. Of this group 0.18% (9/5049) were chromosomal rearrangements not detectable by FISH and 2.47% (125/5049) were numerical chromosomal anomalies detectable by interphase FISH for chromosomes 13, 18, 21, X and Y. With routine interphase FISH for chromosome 21 and FISH on echographic indication for the other four chromosomes we detected 107/125 of these numerical chromosomal anomalies, i.e. 85.6%. All 70 cases of trisomy 21 were detected by FISH and confirmed with conventional cytogenetics (sensitivity=100%) and there were no false-positive results (specificity=100%). Maternal cell contamination of amniotic fluid samples occurred in 1.27% (64/5049) of samples; 0.26% (13/5049) of these samples were uninformative by FISH due to maternal cell contamination (12/5049) or absence of nuclei in one sample (1/5049). CONCLUSION: In this group of 5049 samples we found that FISH is a reliable technique for the rapid prenatal diagnosis of trisomy 21. The number of uninformative cases due to maternal cell contamination was low. The strategy to perform FISH for chromosome 21 in all samples and only on ultrasonographic indication for the four other chromosomes (13, 18, X and Y) followed by standard cytogenetics is effective.     

无创DNA检测在诊断高龄孕妇胎儿非整倍体中的应用

目的:探讨高龄妊娠胎儿染色体异常的风险以及无创DNA产前检测(NIPT)在诊断高龄孕妇胎儿非整倍体染色体病中的应用价值。方法:选择≥35岁的高龄孕妇2714例,按年龄分为35~39岁,≥40岁两组,采用NIPT高通量测序检测孕妇血浆游离DNA,并对检测结果提示21-三体、18-三体、13-三体及性染色体高风险者行羊膜腔穿刺术及胎儿染色体核型分析,对检测结果阴性者通过电话随访进行验证。计算NIPT检测的敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值及Youden指数。结果:2714例高龄孕妇NIPT检测结果提示胎儿非整倍体染色体异常高风险47例,6例高风险孕妇拒绝侵入性产前诊断,余41例高风险孕妇行羊膜腔穿刺术及羊水细胞染色体核型分析,结果显示21-三体19例,18-三体1例,13-三体2例,性染色体异常7例。与现有的金标准羊膜腔穿刺术核型分析相比较,NIPT对高龄孕妇除外性染色体异常的胎儿非整倍体染色体异常检出敏感度为100.00%,特异度为99.93%,阳性预测值为90.91%,阴性预测值为100.00%,Youden指数为0.99。进一步通过年龄分组发现,40岁及以上年龄组异常率显著高于35~39岁年龄组(P=0.011)。结论:高龄孕妇可通过NIPT快速、安全地筛查出胎儿非整倍体染色体异常,减少侵入性产前检测比例,降低胎儿出生缺陷率。     

羊水细胞培养用于染色体病产前诊断64例分析

目的探讨用羊水细胞培养对孕中期孕妇进行产前诊断的可行性及必要性,防止染色体病患儿出生。方法2003年3月至2004年12月北京大学深圳医院采用羊水细胞培养G显带技术,对64例具有产前诊断指征的孕妇进行检查。结果发现1例世界罕见染色体异常核型46,XY,der(11)t(8;11)(q24;q25),58例正常核型,5例核型为多态,诊断结果与随访情况一致。结论羊水细胞培养进行产前诊断是十分安全而可靠的。     

Recurrent pregnancy losses and parental chromosome abnormalities: a review

Summary. A compilation of the cytogenetic results taken from 79 published surveys of couples with two or more pregnancy losses (comprising 8208 women and 7834 men) showed an overall prevalence of major chromosome abnormalities of 2.9%. This is five to six times higher than that of the general adult population. In every group of chromosome abnormalities in the parents a predominance of female to male affected was noted (2:1). Approximately 50% of all chromosome abnormalities detected were balanced reciprocal translocations, 24% were Robertsonian translocations, 12% were sex chromosomal mosaicisms in females, and the rest consisted of inversions and other sporadic abnormalities. Parents with two or more idiopathic pregnancy losses should be karyotyped to aid in management and counselling. When a translocation or other abnormality (e.g. X chromosomal mosaicism) predisposing to an abnormal zygote is found, prenatal diagnosis is indicated in future pregnancies. Even when parental karyotypes are normal, prenatal diagnosis should be considered in subsequent pregnancies of parents with two or more pregnancy losses because of the high incidence of chromosome abnormalities in spontaneous abortions. For the same reason, if a single previous pregnancy loss is known to have been chromosomally aneuploid, parental karyotypes may have to be examined (depending upon the finding in the pregnancy loss), and prenatal diagnosis should also be considered in subsequent pregnancies.     

Recurrent pregnancy losses and parental chromosome abnormalities: a review

A compilation of the cytogenetic results taken from 79 published surveys of couples with two or more pregnancy losses (comprising 8208 women and 7834 men) showed an overall prevalence of major chromosome abnormalities of 2.9%. This is five to six times higher than that of the general adult population. In every group of chromosome abnormalities in the parents a predominance of female to male affected was noted (2:1). Approximately 50% of all chromosome abnormalities detected were balanced reciprocal translocations, 24% were Robertsonian translocations, 12% were sex chromosomal mosaicisms in females, and the rest consisted of inversions and other sporadic abnormalities. Parents with two or more idiopathic pregnancy losses should be karyotyped to aid in management and counselling. When a translocation or other abnormality (e.g. X chromosomal mosaicism) predisposing to an abnormal zygote is found, prenatal diagnosis is indicated in future pregnancies. Even when parental karyotypes are normal, prenatal diagnosis should be considered in subsequent pregnancies of parents with two or more pregnancy losses because of the high incidence of chromosome abnormalities in spontaneous abortions. For the same reason, if a single previous pregnancy loss is known to have been chromosomally aneuploid, parental karyotypes may have to be examined (depending upon the finding in the pregnancy loss), and prenatal diagnosis should also be considered in subsequent pregnancies.     

Prenatally diagnosed balanced chromosome rearrangements: eight years' experience

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the incidence and pregnancy outcome of prenatally diagnosed balanced chromosome rearrangements from amniocentesis. STUDY DESIGN: Between January 1996 and December 2003, we collected cases with balanced chromosome rearrangements from amniocentesis specimens submitted to our cytogenetics laboratory for fetal karyotyping. Data on maternal age, indication for amniocentesis, detailed anatomic sonographic findings, gestational age at delivery, newborn birth weight and infant anomalies, if any, were obtained by chart review. RESULTS: A total of 66 cases of balanced chromosomal translocations or inversions were identified from the 12,468 amniocentesis specimens. Specifically, 0.256% had a reciprocal translocation, 0.080% had a Robertsonian translocation, and 0.192% had an inversion. The incidences of de novo reciprocal translocations, Robertsonian translocations and inversions were 0.080%, 0.016% and 0.024%, respectively. Abnormal prenatal sonographic findings occurred in 2 cases, 1 in an inherited case and 1 in a de novo case. Abnormal postnatal findings occurred in 5 cases, 3 in inherited cases and 2 in de novo cases. Excluding the cases with minor congenital anomalies, the major congenital anomaly rates of inherited and de novo chromosome rearrangements were 1.96% and 6.66%, respectively. CONCLUSION: The incidences of prenatally diagnosed de novo reciprocal translocations, de novo Robertsonian translocations and de novo inversions were higher than those reported in previous, larger series. The major congenital anomaly rates for inherited and de novo chromosome rearrangements were higher than the 1.4% congenital anomaly rate in our general population. Consequently, detailed ultrasound examination and parental karyotyping should be viewed as essential measures in dealing with prenatally diagnosed balanced chromosome rearrangements.