慢性非流畅性失语患者语言加工特征的脑磁图研究

目的:研究慢性非流畅性失语患者大脑在图片命名过程中神经网络活动特征及与受损语言功能的关系.方法:非流畅性失语患者及年龄、性别、学历相匹配的健康成年人各5例,分别作为实验组和对照组.使用西方失语症成套测验评估受试者的言语功能,应用脑磁图(MEG)对受试者图片命名过程中大脑语言加工活动进行检测.结果:比较两组受试者在图片命名过程中相关大脑感兴趣区域(ROIs)在不同时间窗内的激活强度后发现:在图片命名的400-600ms时间窗内非流畅性失语症患者左脑Broca区的激活强度较对照组显著下降(P＜0.05),右脑的Broca同源区、Wemicke同源区、顶下小叶激活强度显著高于对照组(P＜0.05),右Broca同源区的激活强度与患者的失语商(AQ)正相关(r=0.886,n=5,P=-0.045).结论:慢性非流畅性失语患者存在右脑神经网络活动广泛上调,这种泛化在言语输出准备时期最为明显,提示与受损后大脑自发低水平的言语代偿有关.     

经颅直流电刺激对脑卒中恢复期Broca失语患者图命名能力的影响

目的探讨经颅直流电刺激（tDCS）对脑卒中恢复期Broca失语患者图命名能力的影响。 方法选取5例左侧额叶或基底核区脑卒中恢复期Broca失语患者,采用自身对照方式,对患者分别进行左侧Broca区阳极、阴极、伪刺激tDCS,同时对患者进行图片命名检查,记录正确率,每次间隔时间≥24h。 结果在左侧Broca区实行tDCS阳极刺激、阴极刺激和伪刺激时,患者的图命名平均正确数分别为13.13、9.80和10.15。与阴极刺激和伪刺激下的平均正确数比较,左侧Broca区tDCS阳极刺激可以显著提高脑卒中恢复期Broca失语患者的图命名能力（P<0.05）。 结论左侧Broca区tDCS阳极刺激可显著改善脑卒中恢复期Broca失语症患者的图命名能力,其作用机制可能是tDCS阳极刺激增强了左侧Broca区皮质的兴奋性,提示左侧Broca区及其周围区对于脑卒中恢复期Broca失语症患者的语言恢复非常重要。     

运动性及感觉性失语患者语言功能区血流量变化：磁共振灌注成像分析

目的：通过功能磁共振揭示运动性、感觉性失语患者的语言功能区血流量变化，探讨失语症可能的发病机制。 方法：对2004-02／2005-02在北京天坛医院神经内科住院的经CT或MRI证实为脑梗死患者，且第1次发病、有明确的失语征候群、神志清晰、无其他认知功能障碍的患者58冽，采用西部失语成套测验评定标准判断失语症类型。评定结果为运动性或感觉性失语的患者，对病变町能波及的Broca区、Wemicke区进行磁共振灌注成像分析，主要测量Broca区或Wemicke区的局部脑血流量、局部脑血容量、对比剂平均通过时间、达峰时间，并与对侧镜像区进行对比。 结果：58例患者均完成磁共振灌注成像检测，全部进入结果分析。①在纳入的58例脑梗死患者中，经西部失语成套测验评定为Broca失语（运动性失语）12例，Wemicke失语（感觉性失语）21例，其他失语症类型25例。②Broca失语患者左侧Broca区的对比剂平均通过时间较对侧镜像区延长，差异有显著性（P〈0．05）；Broca区的局部脑血流量、局部脑血容量与对侧镜像区相比差异无显著性（P〉0．05）；Broca区的达峰时间与对侧镜像区的相比差异无显著性（P=0．05）。③Wemicke失语患者左侧Wemicke区的局部脑血流量、局部脑血容量较对侧镜像区的减少，差异有显著性（P〈0．01）；对比剂平均通过时间、达峰时间较对侧镜像区延长，差异有显著性（P〈O．01）；提示Wemicke失语患者左侧Wemicke区与对侧镜像区相比存在低灌注的现象。 结论：Broca失语（运动性失语）、Wernicke失语（感觉性失语）患者的磁共振灌注成像结果提示失语症患者受累语言功能区的处于低灌注的状态。这可能为失语症的发病机制之一。     

双额叶在线经颅直流电刺激对失语症图命名的作用

摘要 目的：探查左侧Broca区阳极和Broca右侧对应区阴极经颅直流电刺激（tDCS）对脑卒中后失语症患者图命名是否有促进作用,两者的促进作用是否有差异。 方法：对29例额叶及基底核区脑卒中后（2—12个月）失语症患者进行图命名检查的同时,实施在线左侧Broca区阳极、Broca右侧对应区阴极tDCS,其检查结果与假刺激图命名检查结果对照。三种实验条件间隔时间≥24h。左右侧tDCS随机实施。 结果：尽管部分患者显示右侧对应区阴极tDCS可以提高图命名成绩,但是只有左侧Broca区阳极tDCS可以显著改善失语症患者的图命名能力（P＜0.05）。 结论：增强左Broca区皮质的兴奋性,可以促进失语症患者图命名能力的改善;左Broca区及其周围区在脑卒中后失语症患者的语言恢复中仍起着重要作用。     

脑卒中后运动性失语的功能磁共振成像研究

目的：探讨脑卒中后运动性失语症患者的语言功能恢复机制。方法：应用3T MR扫描仪对6例脑卒中患者失语后及康复后分别进行两次图片命名任务的BOLD fMRI扫描。实验采用组块设计方案,利用SPM5软件的总体线性模型（General linear model, GLM）进行后处理产生激活脑区图像。并对所有患者在发病后与康复后的脑内激活分布、大小、强度进行分析与比较。结果：所有患者在失语后左侧大脑半球语言相关脑区激活部分出现激活,其中3例右侧Broca’s镜像区出现激活。而在康复后所有患者的左侧大脑半球语言相关脑区激活增多,激活强度增加,其中左侧Broca’s区均出现激活,右侧Broca’s镜像区激活减弱。结论：失语后优势半球丧失功能的语言区移至对侧镜像区和优势半球未受累语言区的功能重组这两种机制都参与了语言功能恢复的过程,近期以右侧半球为主,远期左侧半球发挥更重要作用。     

运动性失语发病机制探讨:附25例fMRI分析

目的 探讨运动性失语症可能的发病机制。方法 对25例伴运动性失语的脑梗死患者，采用磁共振波谱分析（MRS）及磁共振灌注成像（PWI）分析对病变波及的Broca区进行检测，并与对侧镜像区进行对比。结果 MRS显示，受累语言功能区的N-已酰天门冬氨酸、胆碱的代谢较对侧镜像区降低（P〈0．05）；PWI显示，多数患者受累语言功能区的局部脑血容量、局部脑血流量较对侧明显减少（P〈0．01），对比剂平均通过时间、达峰时间较对侧镜像区延长（P〈0．05）。结论 运动性失语症患者急性期语言功能区呈低灌注、低代谢表现，可能是运动性失语症的发病机制之一。     

运动性及感觉性失语患者语言功能区血流量变化:磁共振灌注成像分析

目的:通过功能磁共振揭示运动性、感觉性失语患者的语言功能区血流量变化,探讨失语症可能的发病机制。方法:对2004-02/2005-02在北京天坛医院神经内科住院的经CT或MRI证实为脑梗死患者,且第1次发病、有明确的失语征候群、神志清晰、无其他认知功能障碍的患者58例,采用西部失语成套测验评定标准判断失语症类型。评定结果为运动性或感觉性失语的患者,对病变可能波及的Broca区、Wernicke区进行磁共振灌注成像分析,主要测量Broca区或Wernicke区的局部脑血流量、局部脑血容量、对比剂平均通过时间、达峰时间,并与对侧镜像区进行对比。结果:58例患者均完成磁共振灌注成像检测,全部进入结果分析。①在纳入的58例脑梗死患者中,经西部失语成套测验评定为Broca失语(运动性失语)12例,Wernicke失语(感觉性失语)21例,其他失语症类型25例。②Broca失语患者左侧Broca区的对比剂平均通过时间较对侧镜像区延长,差异有显著性(P<0.05);Broca区的局部脑血流量、局部脑血容量与对侧镜像区相比差异无显著性(P>0.05);Broca区的达峰时间与对侧镜像区的相比差异无显著性(P=0.05)。③Wernicke失语患者左侧Wernicke区的局部脑血流量、局部脑血容量较对侧镜像区的减少,差异有显著性(P<0.01);对比剂平均通过时间、达峰时间较对侧镜像区延长,差异有显著性(P<0.01);提示Wernicke失语患者左侧Wernicke区与对侧镜像区相比存在低灌注的现象。结论:Broca失语(运动性失语)、Wernicke失语(感觉性失语)患者的磁共振灌注成像结果提示失语症患者受累语言功能区的处于低灌注的状态。这可能为失语症的发病机制之一。     

卒中后Broca失语症的DTI研究

目的应用弥散张量成像分析卒中后失语症语言功能区白质的改变。方法Broca失语患者30例,正常对照组17例,均为右利手,运用DTI对比研究Broca区白质纤维及FA值、DCavg值的变化。结果正常对照组左侧Broca区纤维数大于右侧镜像区,左右半球FA值及DCavg值无显著差异。病例组左侧Broca区FA值及纤维数小于正常对照组左侧Broca区,但DCavg值无显著差异。结论正常右利手Broca区白质纤维有左半球优势,但弥散参数无左半球优势。Broca失语患者左侧Broca区FA值降低,纤维数减少,但DCavg值变化不显著。     

扩散张量纤维束成像技术对Broca失语症语言功能区及纤维结构的活体分析

背景:磁共振扩散张量成像和纤维素成像技术是惟一能在活体上进行白质纤维结构分析的方法.目的:通过扩散张量纤维束成像技术观察Broca失语症时语言功能区及其纤维结构的变化.设计、时间和地点:对比观察临床实验,于2003-11/2005-02在昆明医学院第一附属医院和首都医科大学北京天坛医院完成.对象:选择不同程度Broca失语症患者30例,女9例,男21例,年龄17～63岁.经北京医科大学附属一院神经心理研究室汉语失语成套测验确诊失语症,以不同亚项测试作出失语症分类诊断.方法:应用3T超高场强磁共振扫描仪及工作站对患者完成全脑的数据采集和处理.选定Brodmann 45、44区和22区、39区及右侧半球相应脑区为语言功能区,脑内与语言功能区密切相关的主要联合、连合纤维束为纤维追踪的兴趣区,分别进行神经纤维束的追踪显示.主要观察指标:观察从语言功能区发出的神经纤维束的走行、分布及其与其它脑区间的联系和病理情况下的改变,并与文献资料中的正常人进行对比.结果:30例Broca失语症患者全部进入结果分析.①Broca失语症患者的左侧45区和44区纤维束及其平均各向异性阈值少于正常人,差异有显著性意义(t=-2.683 65,-5.300 55,P＜0.05).②Broca区向下穿行的纤维束中断或移位,与弓状纤维束前部的联系松散或分离,到中央前回及额叶内侧面的纤维减少.③Broca失语症的弓状纤维束的改变主要是前端的纤维束完整性破坏和纤维束移位所致Broca区与弓状纤维束的分离,左侧弓状束的纤维束数量和平均各向异性阈值也均少于正常人,差异有显著性意义(P＜0.05).结论:脑Broca区皮质及其纤维环路结构的损伤均可导致Broca失语症的发生.     

急性脑梗死后失语症的MRI研究

目的：本研究通过对急性胰梗死后失语症的临床表现与MRI脑成像的研究，观察失语症的临床特征及它们之间的相互关系。方法：对33例主侧急性脑梗死患者使用西部失语症成套测验（West Aphasia Battery,WAB)及MRI检查，分析失语症临床特征与病变部位之间的关系。结果：33例急性脑梗死后失语症患者中，失语症临床分型包括各种临床类型，以完全性失语症、Broca失语症及Wernicke失语症多见。失语症的病变部位与临床特征之间并不完全符合经典的失语症模式。皮质下结构病损也可以引起失语症，但临床表现复杂多种。结论：急性脑梗死后失语症并不完全符合经典的失语症模式，病损部位并不局限于Broca和Wernicke语言区，失语症可能是由于大脑皮质下结构组成的语言神经网络的破坏所引起的。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Modified micro-superior percutaneously-assisted total hip: early experiences & case reports

Because of the extensile nature and familiarity of the standard posterior-lateral approach to the hip, a family of "micro-posterior" approaches has been developed. This family includes the Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (PATH) approach, the Supercapsular (SuperCap) approach and a newer hybrid approach, the Supercapsular Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (SuperPATH) approach. Such approaches should ideally provide a continuum for the surgeon: from a "micro" (external rotator sparing) posterior approach, to a "mini" (external rotator sacrificing) posterior approach, to a standard posterior approach. This could keep a surgeon within his comfort zone during the learning curve of the procedure, while leaving options for complicated reconstructions for the more practiced micro-posterior surgeons. This paper details one author's experiences utilizing this combined approach, as well as permutations of this entire micro-posterior family of approaches as applied to more complex hip reconstructions.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.