薄层短翻转恢复成像技术在臂丛神经磁共振成像中的应用

目的探讨薄层短翻转恢复成像（Short Tau Inversion Recovery,STIR）序列在臂丛神经成像的可行性。方法对6名接受颈部MR检查的患者（男3例,女3例,17-46岁）在1.5T磁共振设备上行臂丛神经冠状位常规层厚T2WI序列及STIR序列扫描。对STIR原始图像行多平面重组（Multi-Plane Reconstruction,MPR）及最大信号投影（Maximum Intensity Projection,MIP）重建。观察常规层厚T2WI图像与薄层STIR成像,可清晰显示的臂丛神经根、神经干的数目及显示平均长度。结果 12侧臂丛神经中（60支神经根,36支神经干）,STIR冠状位薄层扫描重建图像能清晰显示神经根及神经干分别为56支和33支,显示平均长度为168mm,常规层厚T2WI扫描显示神经根及神经干分别为51支和24支,显示平均长度109mm。结论 STIR能满意地显示臂丛神经。     

磁共振成像技术应用于臂丛神经损伤中的临床疗效

目的探究在治疗臂丛神经损伤中磁共振成像技术的诊断价值。方法运用磁共振技术对25例健康的自愿者和14例臂丛神经损伤的患者进行双侧臂丛常规的快速自旋回波序列T1加权横轴位（T1W/TSE）、快速自旋回波序列T2加权斜冠状位和横轴位（T2W/TSE）、重T2WI反转恢复脂肪抑制技术成像序列冠状位扫描（STIR/long TE）、弥散加权背景抑制成像序列轴位扫描（DWIBS）成像。结果 T1WI轴位、T2WI轴位与斜冠位用于显示臂丛神经的椎间孔段和椎管内段成像具有较大优势;STIR/long TE和DWIBS用于显示臂丛神经干成像较好;T1WI可用于特异性显示血肿信号、局部或者脊髓内软组织的内出血;冠状位STIR/long TE、DWIBS可用于显示节后神经损伤或病变,可显示出神经干的信号异常或增粗,准确定位神经损伤。结论磁共振常规的扫描序列加以结合磁共振神经成像技术在对臂丛神经损伤的定性定位诊断方面应用前景广阔。     

Fast-FLAIR序列在椎管内病变中的应用及价值

目的 :探讨磁共振快速液体衰减翻转恢复脉冲序列 (Fast- FL AIR)在椎管内疾病的诊断和鉴别诊断中的价值。方法 :用 2 .0 T超导磁共振仪对 2 3例疑有椎管内病变的患者进行 T1 WI、T2 WI和 Fast- FL AIR扫描 ,5例患者进行了 Gd- DTPA增强扫描。结果 :脊髓肿瘤 6例 (髓内肿瘤 1例 ,髓外硬膜下肿瘤 5例 ) ,脊髓血管畸形 2例 ,椎管内囊肿 2例 ,脊髓局灶性水肿 2例 ,白血病 1例 ,脊髓炎症 3例 ,脊髓空洞 7例。Fast- FL AIR序列可以清晰的显示髓外病变范围 ,优于 T2 WI;显示髓内病变范围不如 T2 WI;对于椎管内病变的定性诊断有一定的优势 ,尤其是鉴别 T2 WI均为高信号的病变 (脊髓炎症、空洞、水肿、肿瘤 )。结论 :对于椎管内疾病诊断和鉴别诊断 ,Fast- FL AIR序列是一种非常有用的序列 ,特别是对 T2 WI为高信号的病变的定性诊断 ,应在 MR检查时选择应用。     

背景信号抑制弥散加权成像在臂丛神经影像诊断的应用

[目的]探讨背景信号抑制弥散加权成像（DWIBS）序列臂丛神经成像的可行性,及其用于臂丛神经病变的诊断价值及影像学特点。[方法]对32位自愿者及14例臂丛神经病变患者行臂丛神经DWIBS及常规序列（T1WI、T2WI及STIR/long TE）MR扫描。观察DWIBS与STIR/long TE序列获得的臂丛神经图像,计算32位自愿者共64侧可清晰显示的臂丛神经根、神经节、锁骨上神经及锁骨下神经的数目,对两者臂丛神经的显示率进行配对资料的χ^2检验。分析臂丛神经病变患者的MR图像,描述臂丛神经病变的MR影像学特征。[结果]32位自愿者总共64侧臂丛神经中在DWIBS序列上能清晰显示的臂丛神经根、神经节、锁骨上神经及锁骨下神经的数目分别为60、57、56、50;在STIR/longTE序列为37、28、52、44。DWIBS序列对臂丛神经根及神经节的显示率高于STIR/longTE序列（P〈0.05）。14例臂丛神经病变患者中,臂丛神经创伤4例,臂丛神经转移性病变7例,炎症3例。DWIBS序列臂丛神经显示为高信号影,臂丛神经节前、节后部分得到清晰显示,臂丛神经病变则呈现更高信号影。[结论]DWIBS序列与常规序列相比,能更清楚显示臂丛神经解剖形态,而且对准确判断病变累及范围更有优势。     

背景信号抑制弥散加权成像在臂丛神经影像诊断的应用

 [目的]探讨背景信号抑制弥散加权成像（DWIBS）序列臂丛神经成像的可行性,及其用于臂丛神经病变的诊断价值及影像学特点。[方法]对32位自愿者及14例臂丛神经病变患者行臂丛神经DWIBS及常规序列（T1WI、T2WI及STIR/long TE）MR扫描。观察DWIBS与STIR/long TE序列获得的臂丛神经图像,计算32位自愿者共64侧可清晰显示的臂丛神经根、神经节、锁骨上神经及锁骨下神经的数目,对两者臂丛神经的显示率进行配对资料的χ^2检验。分析臂丛神经病变患者的MR图像,描述臂丛神经病变的MR影像学特征。[结果]32位自愿者总共64侧臂丛神经中在DWIBS序列上能清晰显示的臂丛神经根、神经节、锁骨上神经及锁骨下神经的数目分别为60、57、56、50;在STIR/longTE序列为37、28、52、44。DWIBS序列对臂丛神经根及神经节的显示率高于STIR/longTE序列（P〈0.05）。14例臂丛神经病变患者中,臂丛神经创伤4例,臂丛神经转移性病变7例,炎症3例。DWIBS序列臂丛神经显示为高信号影,臂丛神经节前、节后部分得到清晰显示,臂丛神经病变则呈现更高信号影。[结论]DWIBS序列与常规序列相比,能更清楚显示臂丛神经解剖形态,而且对准确判断病变累及范围更有优势。     

磁共振不同成像序列检查子宫内膜癌的比较

目的探讨子宫内膜癌磁共振成像(Magnetic Resonance Imaging,MRI)检查中不同序列的诊断价值。材料和方法回顾分析30例经病理证实的子宫内膜癌患者的MRI图像,采用(FSE)横轴位T1W1、T2WI脂肪抑制(fs)、EPI—DWI;矢状位、冠状位T2WI脂肪抑制(fs)和矢状面子宫容积超快速的三维成像序列(LAVA)多期动态增强扫描,比较不同序列在子宫内膜癌检查中的应用价值。结果 30例患者的图像质量满意,达到诊断要求。T1WI、T2WI-fs、DWI和3D-LAVA动态增强序列对子宫内膜癌的总检出率分别为77%、86%、93%和100%。动态增强扫描能清晰显示子宫的形态、内膜厚度、结合带的完整性和肌层的浸润程度。结论在子宫内膜癌MRI检查中FSE T1WI、T2WI-fs是常规序列,DWI是必不可少的序列,3D-LAVA动态增强扫描序列对子宫内膜癌的检出和诊断起决定性作用。     

增强SPACE序列扫描技术在臂丛神经成像中的应用观察

目的：寻求一种更加清晰高效的臂丛神经成像技术。方法在行臂丛神经检查的患者中,先常规序列扫描后,再行增强SPACE序列扫描。结果增强SPACE臂丛神经成像经过最大密度投影（MIP）或者多平面重建（MPR）处理后,能更加立体、清晰地显示臂丛神经,为诊断臂丛神经是否存在病变提供依据。结论充分结合常规扫描序列与及增强SPACE序列,能更全面、清晰地显示臂丛神经。     

T_2Flair增强序列及三维快速扰相梯度回波T_1WI增强序列对儿童脑膜炎的诊断价值对比

目的对比T2Flair增强序列及三维快速扰相梯度回波(3D FSPGR)T1WI增强序列对儿童脑膜炎的诊断价值。方法收集我院自2012年6月至2014年9月间经临床证实患有脑膜炎的儿童22例,常规磁共振成像(MRI)扫描后行增强T2Flair序列及3D FSPGR T1WI序列扫描。结果 22例病例中,增强T2Flair序列发现所有病例均有不同程度的脑膜强化,未显示0例;3D FSPGR T1WI序列对脑膜强化显示15例,未显示7例。2种序列对显示病变差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 T2Flair增强序列可清晰显示儿童感染性脑膜炎脑膜强化,应作为儿童脑膜炎MRI检查的首选扫描序列。3D FSPGR T1WI增强序列可作为T2Flair增强序列的补充。     

兔坐骨神经急性挤压伤的MRI成像序列优选

目的:探讨兔坐骨神经急性挤压伤的MRI成像最佳序列及其可行性,为MRI研究动物外周神经损伤提供客观基础.方法:24只新西兰白兔左下肢作为损伤侧,建立坐骨神经急性挤压伤模型,右下肢为假手术侧,于损伤后1周对所有动物坐骨神经进行MRI扫描,扫描序列包括:T1WI、3DT2WI、T2WI/SPIR、STIR、T2WI/SPAIR,观察各序列对损伤侧坐骨神经近、远段显示情况.结果:损伤侧坐骨神经术后1周在T1WI上未见异常变化,3DT2WI、T2WI/SPIR、STIR、T2WI/SPAIR上挤压伤远段神经明显增粗,信号增高,挤压伤近段所有序列未见异常改变.3DT2WI、T2WI/SPIR、STIR、T2WI/SPAIR对损伤神经远段的显示分别为95.65%(23/24)、60%(15/24)、70.83%(17/24)、60%(15/24),提示3DT2WI对损伤神经的显示明显高于其他三序列(P＜0.05),其他三序列对损伤神经的显示无统计学差异(P＞0.05),但STIR序列的图像较SPIR、T2WI/SPAIR清晰.结论:3DT2WI对损伤神经显示率明显高于其他三个序列,常规MRI可以清晰显示兔坐骨神经损伤,3DT2WI及STIR序列是显示外周神经损伤最好的序列.     

磁共振技术在臂丛神经损伤诊断中的应用

目的:探讨磁共振技术在显示臂丛神经损伤的应用价值.方法:对20例臂丛神经损伤患者在治疗前行磁共振常规冠状T1WI与STIR(短T1反转恢复序列)、C4～T3连续横轴位T1WI与抑脂T2WI、病变侧斜冠位STIR、扰相位梯度回波脉冲序列(3D-T2*GRE)成像.结果:轴位T1WI与T2W1在显示臂丛神经椎管内段与椎间孔段较好,冠状STIR与斜矢状STIR在显示臂丛神经干病变价值高,3D-T2*GRE三维立体显示臂丛神经干的总体结构,对于神经干的大小、形态及走向效果较好.结论:磁共振检查臂丛神经损伤,是一种无创的影像检查,能够明确显示臂丛神经损伤及相关的病理改变,多方位多序列检查有利于病变的显示.     

Medical imaging

There is now a wide choice of medical imaging to show both focal and diffuse pathologies in various organs. Conventional radiology with plain films, fluoroscopy and contrast medium have many advantages, being readily available with low-cost apparatus and a familiarity that almost leads to contempt. The use of plain films in chest disease and in trauma does not need emphasizing, yet there are still too many occasions when the answer obtainable from a plain radiograph has not been available. The film may have been mislaid, or the examination was not requested, or the radiograph had been misinterpreted. The converse is also quite common. Examinations are performed that add nothing to patient management, such as skull films when CT will in any case be requested or views of the internal auditory meatus and heal pad thickness in acromegaly, to quote some examples. Other issues are more complicated. Should the patient who clinically has gall-bladder disease have more than a plain film that shows gall-stones? If the answer is yes, then why request a plain film if sonography will in any case be required to ''exclude'' other pathologies especially of the liver or pancreas? But then should cholecystography, CT or scintigraphy be added for confirmation? Quite clearly there will be individual circumstances to indicate further imaging after sonography but in the vast majority of patients little or no extra information will be added. Statistics on accuracy and specificity will, in the case of gall-bladder pathology, vary widely if adenomyomatosis is considered by some to be a cause of symptoms or if sonographic examinations ''after fatty meals'' are performed. The arguments for or against routine contrast urography rather than sonography are similar but the possibility of contrast reactions and the need to limit ionizing radiation must be borne in mind. These diagnostic strategies are also being influenced by their cost and availability; purely pragmatic considerations are not infrequently the overriding factor. Non-invasive methods will be preferred, particularly sonography as it is far more acceptable by not being claustrophobic and totally free of any known untoward effects. There is another quite different but unrelated aspect. The imaging methods, apart from limited exceptions, cannot characterize tissues as benign or malignant, granulomatous or neoplastic; cytology or histology usually provides the answer. Sonography is most commonly used to locate the needle tip correctly for percutaneous sampling of tissues. Frequently sonography with fine needle aspiration cytology or biopsy is the least expensive, safest and most direct route to a definitive diagnosis. Abscesses can be similarly diagnosed but with needles or catheters through which the pus can be drained. The versatility and mobility of sonography has spawned other uses, particularly for the very ill and immobile, for the intensive therapy units and for the operating theatre, as well in endosonography. The appointment of more skilled sonographers to the National Health Service could make a substantial contribution to cost-effective management of hospital services. Just when contrast agents and angiography have become safe and are performed rapidly, they are being supplanted by scanning methods. They are now mainly used for interventional procedures or of pre-operative ''road maps'' and may be required even less in the future as MRI angiography and Doppler techniques progress. MRI will almost certainly extent its role beyond the central nervous system (CNS) should the equipment become more freely available, especially to orthopaedics. Until then plain films, sonography or CT will have to suffice. Even in the CNS there are conditions where CT is more diagnostic, as in showing calculations in cerebral cysticercosis. Then, too, in most cases CT produces results comparable to MRI apart from areas close to bone, structures at the base of the brain, in the posterior fossa and in the spinal cord. Scintigraphy for pulmonary infarcts and bone metastases and in renal disease in children plays a prominent role and its scope has increased with new equipment and radionuclides. Radio-immunoscintigraphy in particular is likely to expand greatly not only in tumour diagnosis but also in metabolic and infective conditions. Whether the therapeutic implications will be realized is more problematic. The value of MRS and NM for metabolic studies in clinical practice is equally problematical, although the data from cerebral activity are extremely interesting. While scanning has replaced many radiographic examinations, endoscopy has had a similar effect on barium meals and to a lesser extent on barium enemas. The combined visual/sonographic endoscope is likely to accelerate this process. There is no doubt that over the last 2 decades medical imaging has changed the diagnostic process, but its influence on the outcome of disease other than infections is less certain and probably indefinable. Data concerning the comparative efficacy in terms of patient outcome for each of the imaging techniques would be of considerable interest and a great help in determining diagnostic strategies.     

比较影像学在医学影像学教学中的应用

随着医学影像学技术的迅猛发展，生物医学影像学的交叉融合日益明显，对医学影像学的传统教学模式提出了新的要求，比较影像学应运而生。将比较影像学的理念应用于医学影像学教学，可以改变传统的医学影像学教学模式，提高医学生的整体水平，促进医学影像学的发展。     

呼气相HRCT应用探讨

吸气相HRCT(高分辨CT)对于肺部疾病诊断的价值在临床上已经得到肯定。80年代后期出现了呼气相HRCT的研究。目前国内呼气相HRCT的研究主要集中在呼气相异常表现与肺功能的关系,有关国人呼气相HRCT的正常所见未见系统研究。拟通过28例正常受试者吸气相和呼气相HRCT检查,探讨呼气相HRCT的正常表现及相关指标,为呼气相HRCT在肺疾病诊断中的应用奠定基础。     

Diagnostic imaging, preautopsy imaging and autopsy findings of

Background Aquired immune deficiency syndrome （AIDS） presents a challenge to medical researchers because of its unique pathological and clinical picture. The clinical data, particularly autopsy evidence, from China have failed to provide enough pathological and etiological evidence for AIDS diagnosis, which impairs the reliability of the diagnosis and our full understanding of the occurrence and development of AIDS complications. The purpose of this study was to investigate the imaging and pathologic characteristics of AIDS. Methods Autopsy, imaging and pathological data from 8 cases of AIDS were retrospectively analyzed. Routine CT scanning of different body parts was performed during their periods of hospitalization. Transverse CT scanning was conducted from the skull to the pelvis immediately after the occurrence of death. After routine formalin fixing, 7 cardevers were cross sectioned for autopsy in freezing state and 1 for gross autopsy. Tissues were obtained from each section and organs for pathological examinations. Results The autopsy data indicated the presence of parasitic infections, bacterial infections, fungal infections, and virus infections in AIDS patients. Pneumocystis pneumonia, pulmonary tuberculosis, coccobacteria pneumonia, Aspergillus pneumonia, cytomegaJovirus pneumonia, toxoplasma encephalitis, lymphoma and cerebrovascular diseases were found in these patients. Conclusions During the course of AIDS progression, the concurrent multiple infections as well as tumor development may resuJt in multiple organ pathological changes and clinically complex symptoms that further complicate the imaging and pathological manifestations, thus resulting in difficult differential diagnosis. A combination of imaging data and autopsy data can help to clarify the diagnosis.     

一种新型的医学成像技术-热声成像

本文介绍了一种新型的医学成像技术--基于光声效应的热声断层成像.本文的介绍主要基于Kruger等人的研究[1],并包括相关的一些技术和原理,如分辨率和重建原理的数学推导及其应用前景的讨论.     

比较影像学在骨关节影像教学中的应用

从骨关节影像教学现状及现代医学影像学的特点出发,阐述了在骨关节影像教学中引人比较影像学理念的必要性,从教学方法应用、教学效果评价及展望等方面探讨比较影像学在骨关节影像教学中的应用。