复方缬沙坦在健康人体的生物等效性

目的研究复方缬沙坦(抗高血压药)在中国健康受试者体内的药代动力学特征,并评价其生物等效性。方法采用双周期、两制剂交叉试验设计,20名健康男性受试者随机交叉、先后单次交叉口服国产复方缬沙坦(每片含缬沙坦80 mg/氢氯噻嗪12.5 mg)(被试制剂)和进口复方缬沙坦(每片含缬沙坦80 mg/氢氯噻嗪12.5 mg)(参比制剂)各1片,用液相色谱-串联质谱法(LC/MS/MS)同时测定血浆中的缬沙坦和氢氯噻嗪浓度。结果被试制剂和参比制剂的药代动力学参数,缬沙坦:Cmax分别为(2.39±1.28),(2.61±1.23)μg.mL-1;tmax分别为(3.1±1.4),(3.4±0.7)h;t1/2分别为(7.5±1.8),(7.4±1.6)h;AUC0-t分别为(16.95±8.85),(18.14±9.06)μg·mL-1·h。氢氯噻嗪:Cmax分别为(0.40±0.18),(0.42±0.15)μg·mL-1;Tmax分别为(2.6±1.6),(2.2±1.0)h;t1/2分别为(9.6±1.4),(9.8±1.8)h;AUC0-t分别为(2.85±1.05),(2.80±0.89)μg·mL-1·h。国产...     

烟酸缓释片在健康人体的生物等效性

目的 研究烟酸缓释片(广谱凋血脂药)在健康人体的药代动力学,并评价其生物等效性.方法 30名男性健康志愿者随机交叉单剂量口服试验制剂或参比制剂1.5 g,用高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定血浆中烟酸浓度.结果 单剂量口服烟酸试验制剂或参比制剂1.5 g,药代动力学参数如下:AUC0-t分别为(20.05±16.29),(21.61±18.06)μg·h·mL-1;AUC0-∞分别为(20.81±16.30),(22.81±18.47)μg·h·mL-1;Cmax分别为(8.72±6.81),(9.57±8.22)μg·mL-1;tmax分别为(4.41±1.34),(4.31±1.29)h;t1/2分别为(4.00±4.90),(2.91±3.39)h,烟酸缓释片的相对生物利用度为(96.6±30.9)%.结论 受试制剂与参比制剂生物等效.     

小儿氨酚伪麻分散片在健康人体的生物等效性

目的研究小儿氨酚伪麻分散片和氨酚伪麻滴剂(解热镇痛药)在健康人体内的药代动力学和生物等效性。方法用随机单剂量交叉,22名男性受试者口服试验药和对照药350mg后,用高效液相色谱法测定血药浓度,计算其药代动力学参数和相对生物利用度,评价2种制剂的生物等效性。结果试验药和对照药的药代动力学参数,盐酸伪麻黄碱:t1/2ke分别为(4.21±0.70),(4.16±0.97)h;tmax分别为(1.27±0.42),(1.36±0.58)h;Cmax分别为(144.65±30.56),(148.56±29.99)ng.mL-1,AUC0-12分别为(840.35±171.14)(841.33±177.70)ng.h.mL-1;AUC0-∞分别为(983.19±213.43),(988.98±235.31)ng.h.mL-1;F(AUC0-12)为(103.04±26.54)%,F(AUC0-∞)为(102.79±26.85)%。对乙酰氨基酚:t1/2ke分别为(2.95±0.50),(3.05±0.54)h;tmax分别为(0.57±0.35),(0.49±0.22)h;Cmax分别为(5.15±1.07),(5.43±1.45)μg.mL-1;AUC0-12分别为(17.60±3.71),(19.21±5.72)μg.h.mL-1;AUC0-∞分别为(18.90±4.24),(20.67±6.45)μg.h.mL-1;F(AUC0-12)为(95.02±18.58)%,F(AUC0-∞)为(94.83±18.23)%。结论2种制剂具有生物等效性。     

氟康唑胶囊在健康人体的药代动力学及生物等效性

目的建立人血浆氟康唑(抗真菌药)HPLC测定法,比较氟康唑2种制剂在健康志愿者体内的药代动力学和相对生物利用度。方法用随机开放交叉试验设计,20名健康志愿者分别单剂量口服试验和参比制剂氟康唑胶囊300mg,用高效液相色谱法法测定血药浓度,计算2制剂的药代动力学参数,并进行生物等效性评价。结果试验和参比制剂氟康唑胶囊的主要药代动力学参数t1/2分别为(31.20±3.98),(31.51±3.26)h;tmax分别为(2.83±0.37),(2.65±0.24)h;Cmax分别为(6.20±1.08),(6.11±1.01)μg·mL-1;AUC0-96分别为(208.42±21.77),(200.27±18.27)μg·h·mL-1;AUC0-∞分别为(234.00±24.56),(227.14±20.91)μg·h·mL-1。各药代动力学参数无显著性差异(P>0.05)。试验制剂氟康唑胶囊相对生物利用度F为(104.3±8.5)%。结论2制剂具有生物等效性。     

甲硝唑结肠定位肠溶片在健康人体的药代动力学和生物等效性

目的评价甲硝唑结肠定位肠溶片(抗厌氧菌感染药)在健康人体的药代动力学和相对生物利用度。方法20名男性健康志愿者分别单剂、多剂交叉口服甲硝唑结肠定位肠溶片(受试制剂)和甲硝唑普通片(参比制剂)200mg,HPLC法测定甲硝唑浓度,DAS2.1软件计算主要药代动力学参数。结果主要药代动力学参数如下。单剂量:Cmax分别为(3.05±0.63),(4.44±0.56)μg·mL-1;tmax分别为(9.10±1.90),(1.50±0.60)h;t1/2分别为(9.93±2.14),(9.36±2.40)h;AUC0-48h分别为(48.74±11.56),(53.79±9.25)μg·h·mL-1;F为(91.30±18.60)%。多剂量:Cmax分别为(7.75±2.57),(10.27±2.08)μg·mL-1;Cmin(6.86±2.36),(6.34±1.48)μg·mL-1;Cav分别为(4.83±1.66),(7.65±1.59)μg·mL-1;DF分别为(0.31±1.26),(0.52±0.10);t1/2分别为(10.51±2.39),(9.97±2.40)h,AUCss分别为(38.65±13.30),(61.23±12.71)μg·h·mL-1,AUC0-48h分别为(158.23±66.84),(144.39±48.50)μg·h·mL-1,F为(110.10±25.20)%。结论2制剂吸收等效;但在胃肠道的吸收部位与速度不同;有良好的靶向结肠定位效果。     

国产与进口齐多夫定胶囊在健康人体的药代动力学和生物等效性

目的研究国产与进口齐多夫定胶囊(抗艾滋病药)在健康志愿者体内的药代动力学和生物等效性。方法20名健康男性受试者随机交叉单剂量口服国产与进口齐多夫定胶囊300mg,用高效液相色谱法测定给药后不同时间的血浆浓度,计算主要药代动力学参数。结果国产与进口齐多夫定胶囊主要药代动力学参数:t1/2分别为(1.72±0.42),(1.53±0.27)h;tmax分别为(0.86±0.42),(0.88±0.30)h;Cmax分别为(1.60±0.61),(1.60±0.55)μg.mL-1;AUC0～8分别为(2.06±0.37),(2.08±0.34)μg.h.mL-1;AUC0-∞分别为(2.11±0.37),(2.12±0.34)μg.h.mL-1。国产齐多夫定胶囊相对生物利用度F为(99.02±5.02)%。结论2制剂具有生物等效性。     

氯沙坦及其代谢物在维吾尔族和汉族健康志愿者的药代动力学

目的 研究维吾尔族和汉族健康受试者单剂量口服氯沙坦钾片(抗高血压药)的药代动力学特征.方法 20名健康受试者(其中维吾尔族10名,汉族10名,男女各半),单剂量口服氯沙坦钾片50 mg;用高效液相色谱-荧光法测定氯沙坦及其代谢物E-3174血药浓度,用DAS软件进行数据处理、SPSS 13.0软件进行统计学分析.结果 维吾尔族受试者单剂量口服氯沙坦钾片50 mg后氯沙坦和代谢物E-3174的主要药代动力学参数分别为:Cmax(344±153),(477±166)μg·mL-1;tmax(1.0±0.3),(2.6±0.5)h;t1/2(1.0±0.4),(2.9±0.8)h;AUG0-24h(598±216),(2243±518)μg·h·mL-1;AUC0-∞(632±242),(2429±552)μg.h·mL-1.汉族受试者单剂量口服氯沙坦钾片50 mg后氯沙坦和代谢物E-3174的主要药代动力学参数分别为:Cmax(351±168),(242±60)ng·mL-1;tmax(1.4±1.1),(3.6±1.7)h;t1/2(0.8±0.4),(4.7±1.1)h;AUC0-24h(497±172),(1853±194)ng·h·mL-1;AUC0-∞(523±184),(1960±182)ng·h·mL-1.结论 氯沙坦的代谢物E-3174的药代动力学参数t1/2、Vd、Cmax在维吾尔族和汉族健康受试者间的差异有显著性意义(P＜0.05),不同性别间药代动力学参数的差异无显著性意义(P＞0.05),所有药代动力学参数在同一民族和不同民族的个体间差异都很大,临床治疗中应实行个体化给药方案.     

劳拉西泮片在健康人体的药代动力学和生物等效性

目的研究劳拉西泮片(镇静药)在中国健康人体的药代动力学和生物等效性。方法健康志愿者20名,随机双交叉单剂量口服试验和参比制剂劳拉西泮片3mg;于服药后48h内,抽取静脉血;用高效液相色谱法测定血浆中劳拉西泮浓度;用3P97药代动力学程序计算相对生物利用度并评价2种制剂生物等效性。结果劳拉西泮的药代动力学参数Cmax分别为(35.77±6.84),(36.95±4.60)μg·L-1;tmax分别为(2.38±0.56),(2.23±0.48)h;t1/2(Ke)分别为(13.72±2.07),(13.83±2.49)h;AUC(0-48)分别为(542.19±84.33),(527.53±63.52)ng·h·mL-1;AUC(0-inf)分别为(605.22±93.52),(599.37±71.56)ng·h·mL-1。试验制剂与参比制剂的相对生物利用度F=(103.5±15.9)%。结论2种制剂具有生物等效性。     

奥硝唑片在健康人体的生物等效性

目的 评价奥硝唑片(抗厌氧菌药)试验制剂与国产上市剂型在健康人体的生物等效性.方法 22例健康男性受试者随机分组,按照自身对照单次口服奥硝唑片1500 mg后,用高效液相色谱法测定血浆中奥硝唑的浓度,采用DAS软件计算主要药代动力学参数.结果 试验制剂和参比制剂的主要药代动力学参数如下:t1/2分别为(13.69±3.20)h和(14.31±4.30)h;tmax分别为(1.89 ±1.26)h和(1.73±1.10)h;Cmax分别为(29.13±3.57)μg·mL-1和(28.22±4.19)μg·mL-1;AUC0-t分别为(619.3±98.9)μg·h·mL-1和(601.1±92.9)μg·h·mL-1;AUC0-∞分别为(626.4±102.0)μg·h·mL-1和(609.0±94.3)μg·h·mL-1.试验制剂对于参比制剂的平均相对生物利用度F按照AuC0-t与AUC0-∞计算分别为(103.4±10.1)%,(103.2±10.1)%.结论 试验制剂和参比制剂为生物等效性制剂.同时2种制剂服用安全,耐受性良好.     

氟康唑在健康人体的药物动力学和生物等效性

目的 研究氟康唑(抗真菌药)在健康人体的药物动力学及生物等效性.方法 20名健康志愿者随机双交叉、单剂量口服受试制剂和参比制剂150 mg,用高效液相色谱-串联质谱联法测定人血浆中氟康唑的浓度.使用DAS软件拟合计算药物动力学参数和相对生物利用度,评价两制剂的生物等效性.结果 受试制剂和参比制剂药物动力学参数:Cmax分别为(3.26±0.54),(3.17±0.41)μg·mL-1;tmax分别为(1.42±0.65),(1.62±0.75)h;t1/2分别为(29.75±4.89),(30.34±4.67)h;AUC0-120h分别为(131.4 ±23.4),(135.2±20.6)μg·mL-1·h;AUC0-∞分别为(140.5±26.3),(145.0±23.6)μg·mL-1·h.受试制剂相对于参比制剂的生物利用度为(97.2±7.6)%.结论 2种制剂具有生物等效性.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.