视电生理对视网膜静脉阻塞分型的临床意义

本文观察了３２例视网膜静脉阻塞病人患眼（静脉郁滞性视网膜病变与缺血性视网膜病变）与对侧健眼的暗视ＥＲＧ及振荡电位。发现①ｂ波波幅及ｂ／ａ值患眼较对侧眼显著下降，且ｂ波峰时值明显延长。②ＯＰＳ各波幅患眼较对侧眼显著下降，Ｏ１、Ｏ２、Ｏ４峰时值明显延长。③ＨＲ型较ＶＳＲ型ｂ波波幅及ｂ／ａ波波幅比值显著下降。④ＨＲ型较ＶＳＲ型Ｏ１、Ｏ２波幅值显著下降。这些对判断ＲＶＯ分型有价值，对不能行荧光造影者，以及早期治疗、预后判断有重要临床意义。     

视电生理对视网膜静脉阻塞分型的临床意义

本文观察了３２例视网膜静脉阻塞病人患眼（静脉郁滞性视网膜病变与缺血性视网膜病变）与对侧健眼的暗视ＥＲＧ及振荡电位。发现（１）ｂ波波幅及ｂ／ａ值患眼较对侧眼显著下降，且ｂ波峰时值明显延长。（２）ＯＰＳ各波幅患眼较对侧眼显著下降，Ｏ１，Ｏ２，Ｏ４峰时值明显延长。（３）ＨＲ型较ＶＳＲ型ｂ波波幅及ｂ／ａ波波幅比值显著下降。（４）ＨＲ型较ＶＳＲ型Ｏ１，Ｏ２波幅值显著下降。这些对判断ＲＶＯ分型有价值，对不能行     

眼球钝挫伤ERG与病理改变的关系

检查轻，重度兔眼挫伤后ＥＲＧａ，ｂ波及ＯＰｓ波的改变，用镧示踪法观察血视外屏障及其它组织结构改变。轻型挫伤ＥＲＧｂ波暂时降低，无示踪剂渗漏，光感受器外节轻度破坏。重型挫伤ＥＲＧａ，ｂ波及ＯＰｓ波明显降低，视风膜色素上皮细胞及外层视网膜细胞严得损害，伴有血视网膜外屏障破坏。结果提示眼球挫伤后视力的预后和组织损伤的程度有直接关系。     

视网膜电图与刺激光强的关系

视网膜电图（ＥＲＧ）各成分有不同的光敏感性。刺激光强由弱到强时，记录到的ＥＲＧ成分依次为暗适阈值反应（ＳＴＲ），ｂ波，ａ波和振荡电位（ＯＰｓ）。ＳＴＲ振幅和潜时与刺激光强呈线性相关，ｂ波振与刺激光强函数关系符合“Ｓ”型曲线方程Ｒ／Ｒｍａｘ＝Ｉ＾ｎ／（Ｉ＾ｎ＋Ｋ＾ｎ），但当刺激光强较强时，该曲线出现第二上升支。不同的刺激光强，ａ波有不同的形成，中等强度的刺激光强，ａ波为双谷型，由ａ１波和波２波组成。     

视网膜电图在视网膜中央静脉阻塞分型中的应用价值

我们选择不同的刺激条件，对３２例早期视网膜中央静脉阻塞（ｃｅｎｔｒａｌｒｅｔｉｎａｌｖｅｉｎｏｃｃｌｕｓｉｏｎ，ＶＲＶＯ）患者进行视网膜电图（ｅｌｅｃｔｒｏｒｅｔｉｎｏｇｒａｍ，ＥＲＧ）的检测。缺血型ＣＲＶＯｌ３例的ａ、ｂ波潜伏期延长，ｂ波振幅明显下降；非缺血型ＣＲＶＯ１９例的ａ、ｂ波潜伏期延长，ｂ波振幅表现为轻度降低、升高或正常。提示ｂ波振幅和ｂ／ａ值是区分缺血型与非缺血型ＣＲＶＯ的最敏感指标。我们还探讨了ＥＲＧ在早期ＣＲＶＯ分型中的应用价值。     

眼钝伤后视神经的电生理改变

以３．５７Ｊ能量挫伤兔眼后，闪光视诱发电位（Ｆ－ＶＥＰ）峰时值延迟，振幅下降，至伤后１０周不能恢复正常。并致暗视视网膜电图（Ｄ－ＥＲＧ）ａ、ｂ波振幅下降，其中ｂ液下降明显，４周恢复。视网膜电图振荡电位（ＯＰｓ）的总和波幅下降程度不及ＥＲＧ严重。以上电生理改变均于伤后当时及３周明显。     

高血压性视网膜病视网膜电图表现的研究

目的 研究高血压性视网膜病患者的视网膜电图表现,了解高血压对视网膜的损害及视网膜功能的改变。方法 对高血压组２８例５２眼,年龄３８～８６岁;对照组１７例２５眼,年龄为２４～６５岁;采用暗适应视网膜电流描计法分别记录其ＯＰｓ和ｂ波振幅。结果在高血压组中,ＯＰｓ和ｂ波振幅均较对照组明显降低并随年龄的增大而变得更加明显。与ｂ波振幅相比,ＯＰｓ的变化更大,即ＯＰｓ和ｂ波对高血压引起的视网膜的改变更敏感。结论 结果表明,ＯＰｓ和ｂ波振幅在评价视网膜小血管高血压性改变上是一种客观而有用的指标,对应用了近一个世纪的检眼镜将是有益的补充和发展。     

暗视阈值反应

暗视阈值反应（ＳＴＲ）是最近发现的视网膜的新成分，是在完全暗适应状态下，很弱刺激光强记录到的潜伏期很长，增幅缓慢，波程较长，振幅很小的负波反应，ＳＴＲ很可能起源于视杆系统诱发的视网膜近端的去极化无长突细胞。ＳＴＲ不同于视网膜内记录到的电位，Ｍ波，快ＰⅢ，ＰⅡ和ＰＮＲ，也不同于视网膜电图的其它成分：ａ波，ｂ波，ｃ波，ＯＰｓ波和ＥＲＰ。将ＳＴＲ应用于基础研究和临床诊断，可进一步丰富和提高视觉电生理的基     

暗视阈值反应

暗视阈值反应（ＳＴＲ）是最近发现的视网膜电图的新成分，是在完全暗适应状态下，很弱刺激光强记录到的潜伏期很长、增幅缓慢、波程较长、振幅很小的负波反应。ＳＴＲ很可能起源于视杆系统诱发的视网膜近端的去极化无长突细胞。ＳＴＲ不同于视网膜内记录到的电位：Ｍ波、快ＰⅢ、ＰⅡ和ＰＮＲ，也不同于视网膜电图的其它成分：ａ波、ｂ波、ｃ波、ＯＰｓ和ＥＲＰ。将ＳＴＲ应用于基础研究和临床诊断，可进一步丰富和提高视觉电生理的基础理论和临床应用价值。     

结晶样视网膜变性的视觉电生理改变探讨

目的探讨结晶样视网膜变性的视觉电生理改变。方法采用眼电图（ＥＯＧ）和视网膜电图（ＥＲＧ）检测１４例２８眼结晶样视网膜变性患者（病例组）和１５例３０眼正常人（对照组）、观察指标：（１）ＥＯＧ的基值电位（ＢＶＰ）、暗谷电位（ＤＴＰ）、暗谷时间（ＤＴＴ）、光峰电位（ＬＰＰ）、光峰时间（ＬＰＴ）、ＱＡｒ－ｄｅｎ、ＱＧｌｉｅｍ、（２）暗适应和明视ＥＲＧａ、ｂ波振幅、峰时值。采用ｔ检验对上述各项指标做两组间比较分析。结果病例组ＥＯＧ的ＢＶＰ、ＤＴＰ、ＬＰＰ、ＱＡｒｄｅｎＱＧｌｉｅｍ均较对照组明显降低,峰两组间有极显著性差异（Ｐ＜０．０１）;而ＥＯＧ的ＤＴＴ、ＬＰＴ与对照组比无明显改变,两组间无显著性差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）。病例组暗适应和明视ＥＲＧａ、ｂ波振幅、峰时值较对照组均有明显改变,两组间有极显著性差异（Ｐ＜０．０１）;但在２例早期患者中,其ＥＲＧａ、ｂ波振幅、峰时值均在正常范围。结论ＥＯＧ、ＥＲＧ作为客观定量的视功能检查方法,可为结晶样视网膜变性的视网膜功能损害程度提供客观指标。对结晶样视网膜变性早期患者ＥＯＧ可能较ＥＲＧ更具诊断价值。     

利用锥体细胞失功能大鼠和先天性静止性夜盲大鼠对视锥与视杆通路振荡电位的分离研究

背景 振荡电位(OPs)是评估视网膜缺血缺氧性疾病视网膜功能变化的重要工具,利用视网膜退行性病变动物模型对视锥、视杆通路起源的OPs特点进行研究非常重要. 目的 在两种自发性视网膜退行性病变模型大鼠中分离视锥、视杆通路,对比分析视杆、视锥通路起源的OPs波的特点. 方法 采用雄性SD大鼠、锥体细胞失功能(RCD)大鼠、先天性静止性夜盲(CSNB)大鼠各6只,以RETI-scan视觉生理记录系统分别在暗适应(12h)和明适应(10 min)条件下,用不同强度的刺激光(-35、-25、-15、-5、0、5 db)进行刺激,记录各组大鼠的闪光视网膜电图(FERG),通过Matlab 7.0的Butterworth滤波提取OPs,采用快速傅里叶变换(FFT)对所得OPs进行频谱分析.结果 暗适应条件下SD大鼠和RCD大鼠的ERG均可见a波和b波,但CSNB大鼠b波阙如;明适应条件下,SD大鼠和CSNB大鼠可见b波,但RCD大鼠各波阙如.暗适应较高刺激光强度下,SD大鼠和RCD大鼠均有低频(主频)和高频(次频)两个明显的频峰,分别为75 ～ 110 Hz、90～120 Hz和90～ 120 Hz、110 ～ 135 Hz;不同刺激光强度下,CSNB大鼠只有一个频峰,为70～100 Hz.而明适应不同刺激光强度下,SD大鼠和CSNB大鼠均只有一个频峰,分别为75～95 Hz和70～85 Hz.明适应条件下与SD大鼠比较,CSNB大鼠b波隐含时延长,b波振幅明显下降,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05);暗适应条件下,RCD大鼠b波隐含时和振幅与SD大鼠比较,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);与SD大鼠比较,RCD和CSNB大鼠OPs波振幅下降,隐含时延长,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05);明适应条件下不同刺激光强度下CSNB大鼠OPs波的隐含时明显长于SD大鼠,振幅明显低于SD大鼠,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05). 结论 视锥、视杆通路起源的OPs有不同特性,自发性视网膜退行性改变大鼠的视杆OPs有两个频峰,正常情况下,视杆通路对OPs的贡献比视锥通路大.     

Photopic ERG components in retinitis pigmentosa.

The persistence of a residual flicker electroretinogram 20 Hz response in many cases of retinitis pigmentosa, when the Oscillatory Potentials (OPs) were no longer recordable, led the authors to an investigation by Fourier analysis. The study was carried out in 33 patients affected by different hereditary forms of retinitis pigmentosa revealing recordable 20 Hz flash ERG responses. We applied the Fourier analysis to this ERG response and compared the weight percentage of the first two components to the OP added amplitude. The analysis showed that the 20 Hz flash ERG response contains only the first harmonic in patients with no recordable OPs and both harmonics in patients with recordable OPs. This relationship between OPs and 20 Hz second component, that is possibly related to the activity of inner retina as well as the OPs, can demonstrate an alteration of the inner retina which evolves with distinct electrophysiological features from the ERG photoreceptor impairment.     

头低位卧床对健康人视网膜电图的影响

目的观察在头低位卧床模拟失重状态下视网膜电图（ERG）的变化。方法选取6名男性健康志愿者,-6°头低位模拟失重状态,在受试前、受试第2天及受试第5天测量双眼闪光ERG,按照国际视觉电生理协会的临床电生理标准（2008年修订）记录视杆细胞反应、最大混合反应、振荡电位（OPs）、视锥细胞反应和30Hz闪烁光反应。结果视锥细胞反应及闪烁光反应在受试前后无显著变化（P〉0．05）;视杆细胞反应及最大混合反应波的隐含值有显著改变（P〈0．01）,而振幅无明显改变（P〉0．05）;OPs在受试前后各波的隐含值及振幅均有显著改变（P〈0．05）。总和波也有显著改变（P〈0．05）。结论头低位卧床模拟失重状态早期可引起明显的视功能异常。     

视网膜中央静脉阻塞对侧眼视网膜电图的观察

本文对31例单眼视网膜中央静脉阻塞（centralretinalveinocclusion，CRVO）患者正常眼底的对侧眼进行了暗视ERGa、b波及OPs各子波峰时值、波幅和OP总合波幅的观察，结果表明，ERG的a、b波及OPs各子波峰时值均延迟，ERGb波波幅异常者占32％，其中b波超高者占29％，b波降低者占3％，OPs主要表现为O2波波幅的降低，异常率42％，异常率随着年龄的增大而增加。在OPs异常的患者中绝大多数存在着血液粘稠度的增高及血脂异常。提示O2波是观察视网膜血液循环障碍的敏感指标。全身因素可以同时影响双眼视网膜功能。     

Frequency spectrum and amplitude analysis of dark- and light-adapted oscillatory potentials in albino mouse,rat and rabbit

We studied frequency spectrum, implicit time and amplitude of oscillatory potentials (OPs) in albino mice, rats, and rabbits. Oscillatory potentials were extracted digitally from dark- and light-adapted electroretinograms (ERGs) recorded with a protocol commonly used in our laboratory. The frequency spectra of OPs were analyzed by using Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). Oscillatory potential amplitudes were calculated via numerically integrating the power spectrum. Oscillatory potential frequency spectra vary among species and are light-intensity dependent. In dark-adapted ERG, mouse and rat OPs have one major component with a frequency peak at approximately 100 Hz. Rabbits show multiple frequency peaks with a low frequency peak around 75 Hz. In all the three species, the implicit time of light-adapted OP is longer than that of the dark-adapted OPs. At a given intensity, mice have the highest OP responses. Our data suggest that the commonly used bandpass of 75 Hz (or even 100 Hz) to 300 Hz for OP extraction is insufficient in these animals. In order to acquire the complete OP responses from the ERG signals, it is necessary to determine the OP frequency spectrum. In this study, the lower end cutoff frequency was set at 40 Hz in mice, 65 Hz in rats and rabbits.     

Study of rod- and cone-driven oscillatory potentials in mice

PURPOSE: To characterize rod- and cone-driven oscillatory potentials (OPs) in mice. METHODS: Dark- and light-adapted electroretinograms (ERGs) were obtained in three mouse models: wild-type C57BL/6J mouse, cone photoreceptor function loss 1 (cpfl1) mouse, and rhodopsin knockout (rho-/-) mouse. A Butterworth filter was used to extract OPs from ERG signals. Latencies were calculated from the extracted OPs. Major frequency components were determined from OP power spectra computed using fast Fourier transform (FFT). The total power of the OP signal (an alternative measurement of amplitude) was calculated by numerically integrating the area enclosed by its frequency spectra, which is analogous to the total energy of mechanical vibration. RESULTS: In C57BL/6J mice, dark- and light-adapted OPs had distinctly different peak frequencies (100 to 120 Hz and 70 to 85 Hz, respectively). In cpfl1 mice which possess pure rod ERGs, dark-adapted OPs had a peak frequency similar to those of the wild-type mice, whereas light-adapted ERGs and OPs were not detectable. In rho-/- mice with pure cone functions, both dark-adapted and light-adapted OPs had peak frequencies of 70 to 90 Hz, which were similar to those obtained from light-adapted OPs in wild-type mice. The total power of cone-driven OPs was less than 5% that of rod-driven OPs. In time-domain, cone-driven OPs occurred approximately 13 ms after rod-driven OPs. CONCLUSIONS: Cone- and rod-driven OPs exhibit significantly different characteristics in peak frequency, latency, and total power. By using these characteristics, it is possible to differentiate cone- and rod-driven OPs in mouse models. Understanding these OP features is essential for analyzing OPs.     

视网膜电流图振荡电位的计算机处理及临床应

目的研究视网膜电流图(electroretinogram,ERG)振荡电位(oscillatory potentials, OPs)的提取和分析方法及其临床应用。方法测试了40只(40例)正常对照眼、33只(33例)糖尿病视网膜病变(diabetic retinopathy,DR)患眼、9只视网膜中央静脉阻塞(central retinal vein occlusion,CRVO)患眼和9只视网膜分支静脉阻塞(branch retinal vein occlusion,BRVO)患眼的振荡电位。用快速傅里叶变换计算OPs的10～290Hz频谱,计算频谱的功率总和以及最大功率。通过快速傅里叶逆变换用110～250Hz频谱成分重构时域的OPs。测量重构的OPs4个子波的潜伏期、振幅和振幅总和。结果与正常对照组比较,早期DR患眼140～210Hz振幅谱、功率总和以及最大功率下降,4个子波的潜伏期延长,振幅和振幅总和下降;CRVO患眼150～180Hz振幅谱、功率总和以及最大功率下降,第1到第3个子波的潜伏期延长,振幅和振幅总和下降;BRVO患眼功率总和以及最大功率下降,第2和第3个子波的潜伏期延长、第1到第3个子波的振幅和振幅总和下降。结论该文阐述的OPs分析方法可为DR、CRVO和BRVO的诊断提供有效的客观指标。     

Effect of experimental glaucoma in primates on oscillatory potentials of the slow-sequence mfERG

PURPOSE: To determine the effect of experimental glaucoma in macaque monkeys on oscillatory potentials (OPs) in the slow-sequence multifocal electroretinogram (mfERG). METHODS: Photopic slow-sequence mfERGs were recorded from anesthetized adult macaque monkeys and normal human subjects. The stimulus consisted of 103 equal-sized hexagons within 17 degrees of the fovea. The m-sequence was slowed, with 14 blank frames, approximately 200 ms, interleaved between flashes for monkeys and 7 blank frames, approximately 100 ms, for humans, to produce waveforms similar to the photopic full-field flash ERG. Recordings were made under control conditions (24 monkey eyes, 7 human) and after laser-induced experimental glaucoma in monkeys (n = 8). A Fourier fast transform [FFT] was used to determine the frequency ranges of the major OPs. OP amplitudes were quantified by using root mean square (RMS) for two-frequency bands in five horizontal and four vertical locations. Visual field defects were assessed using behavioral static perimetry. Full-field photopic flash ERGs also were recorded. RESULTS: OPs in two distinct frequency bands were discriminated in the monkey mfERG: fast OPs, with a peak frequency of 143 +/- 20 Hz, and slow OPs, with a peak at 77 +/- 8 Hz. There were similar findings in humans and with the flash ERG in monkeys. The fast OP RMS in monkey control eyes was significantly larger in temporal than nasal retina (P < 0.01) and in superior versus inferior retina (P < 0.05) as reported previously. The slow OP RMS was largest in the foveal region. Experimental glaucoma reduced fast OP RMS in all locations studied, even when visual field defects were moderate (MD = -5 to -10 dB; P < 0.05), whereas the slow OP RMS was reduced significantly primarily in the foveal region when field defects were severe (MD < -10 dB; P < 0.05). The fast OP RMS showed a moderate correlation with local visual field sensitivity and with local ganglion cell density (calculated from visual field sensitivity). For the slow OPs the correlation was much poorer. Consistent with previous studies, the photopic negative response (PhNR) amplitude was significantly reduced when the visual sensitivity was minimally affected. CONCLUSIONS: OPs in the ERG of primates fall in two frequency bands: fast OPs with a peak frequency around 143 Hz and slow OPs, with a peak frequency around 77 Hz. The fast OPs, which rely more on the integrity of retinal ganglion cells and their axons than do the slow OPs, have potential utility for monitoring the progression of glaucoma and the effects of treatment.     

Analysis of Oscillatory Potentials of Flash Electroretinogram in Frequency Domain and Time Domain in Retinal Vein Occlusion

Purpose: To analyse the parameters of frequency domain and time domain of the OPs in branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO) and central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO). Methods : OPs from 9 eyes of BRVO, 9 eyes of CRVO and 40 normal control eyes were tested . The frequency spectra of the OPs were derived through Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) . The mean frequency spectra, the total power, the maximum magnitude, the maximum power and the dominant frequency in frequency domain of the OPs from the eyes of BRVO, CRVO and the normal control group were compared with each other. The OPs waveforms were reconstructed with the OPs frequency spectra data by counter-FFT. In time domain, the latencies, the amplitudes and the sum of the amplitudes of the four wavelets of OPs were measured and compared in the above subjects.Results: There were no statistically significant differences in the magnitudes of frequency spectra, the total power, the maximum magnitude and the maximum power in the frequency range from 110 to 250 Hz