锁骨钩钢板治疗锁骨远端骨折和肩锁关节脱位

目的探讨锁骨钩钢板在锁骨远端骨折和肩锁关节脱位中的治疗效果。方法对56例锁骨远端骨折和肩锁关节脱位患者行切开复位锁骨钩钢板内固定术。结果伤口感染2例,经换药愈合。56例均获随访,时间4～16个月。内固定松动及脱出3例,锁骨中段骨折1例,锁骨钩钢板锁骨钩不在肩峰下1例,均经石膏固定愈合;X线片显示锁骨骨折全部愈合,肩锁关节无再脱位发生。按照Karlsson评价标准：优40例,良11例,差5例,优良率91.1%。结论锁骨钩钢板治疗锁骨远端骨折和肩锁关节脱位创伤小、固定牢固、能早期活动肩关节,是治疗锁骨远端骨折和肩锁关节脱位有效的方法。     

锁骨钩钢板内固定治疗肩锁关节脱位和锁骨远端骨折

目的观察锁骨钩钢板内固定治疗肩锁关节脱位和锁骨远端骨折的手术效果。方法切开复位后按左右侧选择不同锁骨钩钢板内固定及韧带修补技术治疗锁骨远端骨折和肩锁关节脱位32例。结果32例均获随访,时间4~38个月。根据Karlsson疗效标准,优21例,良11例。结论切开复位锁骨钩钢板内固定是治疗肩锁关节脱位和锁骨远端骨折一种较好的手术方法。     

锁骨钩钢板治疗锁骨骨折和肩锁关节脱位

目的：探讨AO锁骨钩钢板治疗锁骨骨折和肩锁关节脱位的疗效。方法：应用锁骨钩钢板治疗锁骨外端骨折11例，锁骨中段骨折1例，Ⅱ度肩锁关节脱位5例。结果：15例患得到随访，随访时间2～46个月，平均25个月．骨折全部愈合，肩锁关节无再脱位。按Lazzcano标准，疗效优13例，良2例。结论：AO锁骨钩钢板治疗锁骨外端骨折和肩锁关节脱位具有固定牢靠。不损伤关节面，关节功能恢复快等优点。     

AO锁骨钩钢板治疗锁骨远端骨折和肩锁关节脱位

目的观察运用AO锁骨钩钢板对锁骨远端骨折(NeerⅡ型)和肩锁关节脱位(TossyⅢ型)进行切开复位内固定手术的临床效果。方法锁骨远端骨折(NeerⅡ型)和肩锁关节脱位(TossyⅢ型)患者46例,应用AO锁骨钩钢板及韧带修补技术进行治疗。结果按照Lazzcano标准评定患者术后的功能,所有患者均获得良好复位和固定。本组随访6～20个月,平均10个月,优41例,良5例。肩锁关节无再脱位,无钢板断裂和松动的表现;锁骨骨折全部愈合,无并发症发生。内固定取出后,无再脱位的病例,关节功能均恢复良好。结论AO锁骨钩钢板是治疗锁骨远端骨折(NeerⅡ型)和肩锁关节脱位(TossyⅢ型)的一种可靠有效的方法。     

锁骨钩钢板治疗锁骨远端骨折和肩锁关节脱位

目的探讨锁骨钩钢板治疗锁骨远端骨折和肩锁关节脱位的临床疗效。方法从2002年5月至2006年2月,应用AO锁骨钩钢板内固定及韧带修复术治疗锁骨远端骨折(NeerⅡ型)16例和肩锁关节脱位(TossyⅢ型)11例的患者。结果25例获得随访,随访时间6个月～35个月,平均18个月。按照Lazzcano标准评定疗效,优18例,良6例。术后无伤口感染、钢板断裂、螺钉松动,骨折全部愈合,无肩锁关节再脱位。结论AO锁骨钩钢板内固定治疗锁骨远端骨折(NeerⅡ型)和肩锁关节脱位(TossyⅢ型)具有操作简单,固定牢靠,恢复快,疗效好等优点,是一种较好的手术方法。     

手术治疗肩锁关节脱位和锁骨远端骨折的疗效分析

目的探讨锁骨钩钢板治疗肩锁关节脱位和锁骨远端骨折的疗效。方法应用锁骨钩钢板治疗锁骨远端骨折6例,Ⅲ度肩锁关节脱位15例。结果21例患者得到随访,随访时间5~34个月,平均21个月。骨折全部愈合,肩锁关节无再脱位。按Lazzcano标准,疗效优15例,良5例,差1例。结论锁骨钩钢板治疗锁骨远端骨折和肩锁关节脱位具有固定牢靠,关节功能恢复快等优点。     

锁骨钩钢板治疗肩锁关节脱位和锁骨远端骨折

目的观察锁骨钩钢板在肩锁关节脱位和锁骨远端骨折中的治疗效果。方法对18例TossyⅢ型肩锁关节脱位和23例NeerⅡ型锁骨远端骨折行切开复位锁骨钩钢板内固定术。结果术后随访时间6个月～2年,按Karlsson标准评定肩关节功能,优良率为100％,无切口感染、内固定断裂等并发症。结论锁骨钩钢板设计符合锁骨远端及肩锁关节的解剖和生物力学特点,固定可靠,术后可早期功能锻炼,是治疗肩锁关节脱位和锁骨远端骨折比较理想的方法。     

锁骨钩钢板治疗锁骨远端骨折和肩锁关节脱位

目的探讨仿AO锁骨钩钢板治疗锁骨远端骨折和肩锁关节脱位的疗效。方法应用仿AO锁骨钩钢板治疗锁骨远端骨折12例。Ⅲ度肩锁关节脱位18例。结果30例患者得到随访,随访时间3～24个月,平均13个月。骨折全部愈合,肩锁关节无再脱位,肩关节功能良好。结论仿AO锁骨钩钢板治疗锁骨远端骨折和Ⅲ度肩锁关节脱位具有固定牢靠、不损伤关节面、关节功能恢复快等优点,应予以推广。     

锁骨钩钢板治疗新鲜 NeerⅡ型锁骨远端骨折及Tossy Ⅲ型肩锁关节脱位

目的 总结锁骨钩钢板内固定治疗新鲜Neer Ⅱ型锁骨远端骨折及Tossy Ⅲ型肩锁关节脱位的手术方法及临床疗效.方法 2004年8月～2008年10月,应用锁骨钩钢板治疗28 例Neer Ⅱ型锁骨远端骨折和21 例 Tossy Ⅲ型肩锁关节脱位,术中仅行锁骨钩钢板固定,未刻意修复喙锁韧带、喙肩韧带.术后X光片评估锁骨骨折愈合及肩锁关节脱位的复位,根据Constant-Murley 评分系统评价肩关节功能康复情况.结果 手术后复查X 线片示锁骨远端骨折及肩锁关节均完全复位.患者均获随访,随访12～48月,平均14.9月,均提示锁骨远端骨折愈合、无螺钉松动、钢板或钩部折断.术后8～18月内固定取出后,无肩锁关节再脱位.2例术后4个月患肩活动过大时明显感肩部酸痛不适,8月后取出钢板后症状消失.随访终末,所有患者Constant-Murley 评分平均为89.6分(83～92分).结论 采用锁骨钩钢板内固定治疗新鲜NeerⅡ型锁骨远端骨折及Tossy Ⅲ型肩锁关节脱位,具有复位简单、固定确切、肩关节可以早期活动、肩关节功能恢复好等优点.     

锁骨钩钢板与克氏针张力带固定治疗锁骨远端骨折与肩锁关节脱位

目的 探讨使用锁骨钩钢板与克氏针张力带固定治疗锁骨远端骨折与肩锁关节脱位的疗效.方法 分别采用锁骨钩钢板和克氏针张力带内固定治疗锁骨远端骨折与肩锁关节脱位32例,术后给予前臂悬吊固定,并行肩关节功能锻炼.结果 随访6个月～5年,按照Lazzcano标准评定骨折愈合和肩关节功能优良率,锁骨钩钢板固定优于克氏针张力带(分别为93.3%,64.7%,二者比较P＜0.01).结论 锁骨钩钢板设计合理,对锁骨远端骨折与肩锁关节脱位固定可靠,允许肩关节早期功能锻炼,是一种有效的内固定方法 .     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.