锁骨上动脉岛状瓣的解剖研究及其修复舌缺损的初步报告

目的 为临床应用锁骨上动脉岛状瓣提供解剖学依据,评价其修复舌部缺损的可靠性.方法 用成人尸体10例(20侧)经锁骨下动脉灌注氧化铅-明胶溶液的标本,观测颈横动脉和锁骨上动脉的分支、起始位置、行程、长度和管径,观察其静脉回流情况.用锁骨上动脉岛状瓣修复4例舌癌切除术后缺损,通过观察舌部形态和功能恢复及供区并发症等,评价修复效果.结果 颈横动脉由甲状颈干或锁骨下动脉分支而来,在锁骨中1/3上方分为深支和浅支.锁骨上动脉由颈横动脉浅支发出.颈横动脉起点至锁骨上动脉起点距离约4.3 cm,锁骨上动脉起点至其分支穿深筋膜点的距离约3.6 cm.颈横动脉起点处血管外径约2.7 mm,锁骨上动脉起点处血管外径约1.1 mm.两条锁骨上动脉伴行静脉分别回流入颈横静脉和颈外静脉.4例用于修复舌部缺损的皮瓣中,3例全部成活,1例小部分皮岛坏死,肩功能运动不受影响.结论 以锁骨上动脉为营养血管的锁骨上动脉岛状瓣带蒂转移适于修复口腔颌面颈部组织缺损,也可以颈横动脉为吻合血管制作游离皮瓣.     

锁骨上动脉岛状瓣的应用解剖

目的:为临床应用锁骨上动脉岛状瓣提供解剖学依据。方法:在10例20侧经锁骨下动脉灌注氧化铅-明胶溶液的成人尸体标本上,对颈横动脉和锁骨上动脉的分支情况、起始位置、行程、长度和管径进行观测,观察其回流静脉情况,并在尸体标本上模拟皮瓣制备。结果:颈横动脉由甲状颈干或锁骨下动脉分支而来,在锁骨中1/3上方分为深支和浅支。锁骨上动脉由颈横动脉浅支发出后行向后外,越过斜方肌浅面和锁骨的肩峰端,走行于三角肌筋膜的浅面,并逐渐发出细小分支穿过深筋膜,进入锁骨上和肩部的皮肤和皮下组织。颈横动脉起点至锁骨上动脉起点距离平均为(4.31±0.64)cm,锁骨上动脉起点至其发出分支穿深筋膜点的距离平均为(3.62±0.42)cm。颈横动脉起点处外径平均为(2.71±0.33)mm,锁骨上动脉起点处外径平均为(1.10±0.17)mm。2条锁骨上动脉伴行静脉分别回流入颈横静脉和颈外静脉。结论:以锁骨上动脉为营养血管的锁骨上动脉岛状瓣,适于转移修复口腔颌面颈部组织缺损,也可以颈横动脉为吻合血管,制作游离皮瓣。     

延长垂直下斜方肌岛状肌皮瓣修复重建大型头颈部缺损

颈横动脉供血的延长垂直下斜方肌岛状肌皮瓣(extended vertical lower trapezius island myocutaneous flap,eVLTIMF)用于修复重建大型头颈部缺损安全可靠。该瓣制备较简单,成活率高。供区较隐蔽,可直接关闭缝合,并发症少,肩部运动受影响较小;还可制备成折叠瓣,合并其他带蒂瓣或合并肩胛骨骨肌皮瓣修复特大洞穿性缺损或下颌骨缺损。eVLTIMF在头颈部大面积缺损修复,尤其是在晚期复发性头颈部肿瘤挽救手术后巨大缺损修复重建中起着重要作用。本文对斜方肌的临床应用解剖、 eVLTIMF瓣制备及其在颅颌面、口腔颌面和颌颈区缺损修复中的应用作一阐述。     

以颈横动脉供血的延长锁骨上岛状皮瓣修复头颈部恶性肿瘤术后缺损

应用于头颈部缺损修复的皮瓣多种多样,包括局部皮瓣、带蒂皮瓣和游离组织瓣。其中带蒂皮瓣具有容易切取、颜色及质地较好、手术时间短、并发症少等优点而被广泛应用。锁骨上区是一个重要的皮瓣供区,肩部皮肤提供了理想的可修复头颈外科缺损的皮肤组织。颈侧三角区主要的锁骨上血管是颈横动脉,目前罕有以颈横动脉供血的延长至肩部皮肤的锁骨上岛状皮瓣修复头颈部恶性肿瘤术后缺损的报道。本文对此方面内容作一评价。     

额部岛状皮瓣的临床应用

额瓣的使用由来已久,全额瓣修复口腔颌面部大面积组织缺损屡有报道。但是,以滑车上动脉或颞浅动脉为蒂的额部岛状皮瓣在面部整复上的应用却甚少报道。近年来,我们先后采用该岛状皮瓣对8例鼻部,眼睑及眶下区组织缺损的患者进行了修复,均收到了较满意的效果。额部岛状皮瓣的应用解剖额部软组织由浅到深分为皮肤、皮下组     

颏下岛状瓣——一个新型的游离或带蒂瓣供区

颈部皮瓣因颜色合适常被用于修复面部软组织缺损,目前临床应用的颈部皮瓣有4种,即随意皮瓣(如Jellouli等,Mazzola等描述的颏下皮瓣)、上蒂型颈阔肌肌瓣或肌皮瓣,锁骨上神经血管化组织瓣。每种组织瓣各有优缺点,作者报道一种新型颈部皮瓣——颏下岛状瓣,其血管蒂长,适用范围广,供区瘢痕隐蔽,制作简便,值得临床推广应用。     

应用背阔肌肌皮瓣重建头颈部

将背阔肌肌皮瓣做为一种可靠而操作简单的游离瓣已引起了人们的注意。过去,有些人将背阔肌做为带蒂瓣或带蒂岛状瓣以重建胸壁、乳房及肩部,具有独特的成效。本文总结了应用背阔肌做为带蒂岛状瓣以重建头颈部的近期经验。解剖背阔肌肌皮瓣是以肩胛下动脉的胸背血管蒂为基准,肩胛下动脉是腋动脉第三部份的一大分支(如右图)。它是一个强而短的动脉,管径约4—5毫米,向后向内走行分出旋肩胛动脉;向下走行进入背阔肌和前锯     

应用上唇岛状瓣修复下唇缺损

自 1994年 1月起 ,我科应用上唇岛状瓣修复下唇缺损 6例 ,疗效满意 ,报告如下。临床资料本组 6例中 ,男 4例 ,女 2例。年龄 5 0～ 6 0岁。均为下唇良性或恶性肿瘤行下唇 切除病例 ,应用上唇岛状瓣行下唇修复 ,术后伤口 期愈合 ,外形满意。手术方法1.上唇岛状瓣的设计与肿瘤切除 :用多普勒在上唇内侧粘膜与红唇交界处 ,测出上唇动脉的走行 ,用龙胆紫作标记。然后绘出下唇肿瘤切除范围 ,并设计上唇岛状瓣 ,其宽度为下唇组织缺损的 。按设计线切除肿瘤。2 .制备上唇岛状瓣 :按设计线先切开一侧唇红缘及全层组织 ,另一侧切至皮肤和唇红交界…     

颏下血管与颏下岛状瓣应用

颈部皮瓣色泽优良 ,因而 ,临床常用来整复面部软组织缺损。通常应用 3种类型的组织瓣 :随意瓣、颈阔肌肌皮瓣和锁骨上神经血管瓣。每一类型都存在着缺点。随意瓣移动受限 ,供区疤痕不可接受 ;颈阔肌肌皮瓣术后效果难以预测 ;而锁骨上神经血管瓣仅能达到面下 1 / 3区域 ,而且需要广泛分离组织以便于转位。　　颏下岛状瓣是整复口腔颌面部组织缺损又一新的手段 ,且优点较多。自 1 993年Martin等[1 ] 报道以来 ,国内外学者在颏下岛状瓣的应用解剖学方面进行了深入的研究 ,在临床应用方面作了广泛的探讨 ,就这一问题的现状作一简介。1　颏下血…     

颏下岛状瓣修复口腔颌面部缺损专家共识

颏下岛状瓣（submental island flap, SMIF）是面动脉分支颏下动脉恒定供血的轴型皮瓣,与口腔颌面部缺损区相邻,其质地、色泽与头面部相似,血运充分。该组织瓣制备较简单,且成活率高,适用于修复口腔颌面部中型缺损。然而,国内外对于SMIF的应用仍然存在争议,主要集中在颈淋巴转移患者使用该皮瓣的肿瘤安全性、皮瓣的制备方法等方面。为统一和规范SMIF在口腔颌面-头颈部缺损修复中的应用,本文集中国内多家医学院校口腔颌面外科专家的智慧,达成专家共识,供同道参考。     

游离组织瓣移植在口腔颌面部缺损修复中的应用

目的探讨游离组织瓣移植在口腔颌面部缺损修复中的应用价值。方法自2005年10月～2007年11月,应用30块游离组织瓣修复口腔颌面部缺损29例,分析游离组织瓣的类型、受区血管、术后并发症以及组织瓣的成活情况,分析有可能影响游离组织瓣成活的各种因素。结果采用游离前臂皮瓣16例、游离腓骨瓣11例、游离前臂皮瓣和腓骨瓣复合瓣1例、游离背阔肌皮瓣1例,全部游离组织瓣成活,术后1例发生血栓,抢救后组织瓣愈合良好。结论游离组织瓣移植应用于口腔颌面部缺损修复中,安全可靠,值得临床进一步推广普及。     

颏下岛状皮瓣应用结果回访

目的　评价颏下岛状皮瓣的临床应用效果。方法　回顾应用颏下岛状皮瓣修复的头颈38例 ,观察其近、远期临床效果 ,分析头颈部放疗及颈淋巴结对皮瓣的影响。结果　应用该皮瓣修复成功 34例 ,恶性肿瘤 32例 ,1 6例曾接受过包括供瓣区在内的术前放疗 ,1 8例原发病灶手术切除同时行颈淋巴结清扫术 ,4例皮瓣坏死 ,所有修复成功的病例功能与外观均获得十分满意的效果。结论常规剂量的放疗不影响皮瓣的成活 ,掌握适应证 ,并不影响肿瘤手术治疗的彻底性。颏下岛状皮瓣用于口腔颌面部修复 ,在一定条件下不失为一最佳选择     

吻合两条静脉的头颈部游离组织瓣移植

目的 探讨吻合两条静脉的游离组织瓣移植在头颈部缺损修复中的可靠性和应用价值。方法 选择1999年9月-2003年4月完成的168例同时吻合两条静脉的头颈部游离组织瓣移植的患者为研究对象。168例患者中男92例,女76例,年龄11～79岁,平均44.6岁。分析肿瘤的部位和类型、缺损的范围、所采用游离瓣的设计、受区静脉的选择、血管吻合技术和游离瓣的成活情况及术后并发症的发生情况。结果 所采用的168块游离瓣中,腓骨瓣126块,前臂皮瓣32块,腹直肌皮瓣7块,肩胛瓣、空肠瓣和大腿前外侧皮瓣各1块。最常选用的受区静脉包括颈外静脉、面前静脉、面总静脉和颈内静脉,占全部受区静脉的86.0％。本组游离组织瓣的临床成活率为99.4％,术后1块腓骨瓣因动脉血栓而失败,但无1例游离瓣发生术中和术后静脉危象。结论 同时吻合两条静脉的头颈部游离组织瓣移植可有效防止或降低游离瓣静脉危象的发生机率,提高了游离组织瓣移植的成功率。     

游离组织瓣联合胸大肌皮瓣移植修复大型头颈部缺损

目的 探讨联合应用游离组织瓣和带蒂胸大肌皮瓣移植修复大型头颈部缺损的可靠性和应用价值。方法 对9例联合应用游离组织瓣和带蒂胸大肌皮瓣行头颈部缺损修复的患者作回顾性研究,分析头颈部缺损的类型、受区血管情况、游离组织瓣的类型、组织瓣成活情况及术后并发症,探讨有可能影响组织瓣成活的因素。结果 9例患者采用的游离瓣包括前臂瓣6例、腓骨瓣2例和大腿前外侧皮瓣1例。1例前臂皮瓣于术后24 h出现静脉危象,经紧急手术探查和重新吻合血管后获得成活,其余游离瓣术后均未出现血管危象,全部成活。9例患者的9块胸大肌皮瓣也均获得成活。结论 游离组织瓣联合带蒂胸大肌皮瓣移植主要适用于无法或不适合作双游离瓣移植的大型头颈部缺损修复,安全性较高,在大型头颈部复合缺损的修复中有一定的应用价值。     

Pectoralis major flap for head and neck reconstruction in era of free flaps

The aim of this study was to evaluate factors affecting the selection of pectoralis major flap in the era of free tissue reconstruction for post ablative head and neck defects and flap associated complications. The records of patients who underwent various reconstructive procedures between July 2009 and December 2010 were retrospectively analysed. 147 reconstructive procedures including 79 free flaps and 58 pectoralis major flaps were performed. Pectoralis major flap was selected for reconstruction in 21 patients (36%) due to resource constrains, in 12 (20%) patients for associated medical comorbidities, in 11 (19%) undergoing extended/salvage neck dissections, and in 5 patients with vessel depleted neck and free flap failure salvage surgery. None of the flaps was lost, 41% of patients had flap related complications. Most complications were self-limiting and were managed conservatively. Data from this study suggest that pectoralis major flap is a reliable option for head and neck reconstruction and has a major role even in this era of free flaps. The selection of pectoralis major flap over free flap was influenced by patient factors in most cases. Resource constraints remain a major deciding factor in a developing country setting.     

Indications for reconstruction of mucosal defects in oropharyngeal cancer using a supraclavicular island flap

The use of the supraclavicular island flap (SCIF) for the reconstruction of facial and neck skin defects is increasing. The value of this fasciocutaneous flap as a reconstructive modality for oropharyngeal defects in cancer patients is unclear. In the present study, a SCIF was used for reconstruction of mucosal defects following resection of the tumour in a group of four patients with T2 squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharynx and a clinical N0 neck. Reconstruction was performed following transoral tumour resection and selective neck dissection at levels I–III in the same session. Intraoperative and postoperative complications were analyzed, and functional and aesthetic results for the neck and shoulder region were evaluated in follow-up examinations. In addition, sensation to the flap was evaluated. No flap failures were observed. Only minor surgical complications were evident, which did not cause any relevant functional or aesthetic impairments. Sensation to the flap was observed in all cases. The SCIF appears to be a good and time-saving alternative to free flaps for oropharyngeal reconstruction following oncological resection in selected patients.     

颈内静脉残端作为头颈部游离瓣移植受区静脉的可靠性探讨

目的：探讨颈内静脉残端作为头颈部游离瓣移植受区静脉的可靠性。方法：回顾分析2001年5月至2006年12月在北京大学口腔医学院·口腔医院口腔颌面外科就诊的16例头颈部恶性肿瘤患者，均采用颈内静脉残端作为头颈部游离瓣移植受区静脉的手术方法及手术效果。结果：全部游离瓣的血管蒂长度均能直接到达颈内静脉残端的位置，术后无1例游离瓣出现血管危象，全部游离瓣均获得100％成活。结论：在没有其他合适受区静脉的情形下，颈内静脉残端可以作为头颈部游离瓣移植可靠的受区静脉。     

Superficial cervical artery island flap for large soft-tissue reconstruction of occipital and parotid region after tumor resection

The application of microvascular free flaps is the most widespread method currently used for the reconstruction of extensive defects after resection of head and neck tumor. But not all patients are suitable for a free-flap reconstruction. The pectoralis major flap and trapezius musculocutaneous flap are the most used pedicled flap in large head and neck reconstruction. However, muscle is not always necessary, even for complicated wounds. In addition, there is the possibility of some functional loss when a musculocutaneous flap is used. In this report, we present favorable outcome of 2 cases with the use of superficial cervical artery island flap for occipital and parotid region large soft-tissue reconstruction after tumor resection. We think that superficial cervical artery island flap is a reliable and convenient flap suitable for repairing large-size defects of the scalp, neck, and face, which obviates the need for a microvascular reconstruction.     

穿支皮瓣在口腔颌面-头颈部缺损重建的应用进展

穿支皮瓣是口腔颌面-头颈部软组织缺损修复的一项新技术,是显微外科的新发展。穿支皮瓣保留了供区的肌肉,明显减少了供区畸形的发生。但是穿支血管细小且存在变异,术前血管定位技术的应用和术中细致的显微血管解剖吻合技术是皮瓣移植成功的重要基础。本文对股前外侧皮瓣、腹壁下动脉穿支皮瓣和胸背动脉穿支皮瓣等常用穿支皮瓣在口腔颌面-头颈部缺损修复的应用进展予以综述。     

Perforator flaps in head and neck surgery

A 'perforator flap' is a flap of skin or subcutaneous tissue that is based on the dissection of a 'perforating vessel'. Over the past few years a large number of 'perforator flaps' have been devised and described. By reducing any muscle harvest and trauma to a minimum, perforator flaps aim to minimize donor site morbidity whilst providing the reconstructive surgeon with more versatility than other flap types. The principal perforator flaps are discussed, particularly those employed in head and neck reconstruction including 'free style perforator flaps'. Methods of locating perforating vessels for the use of perforator flaps are described. The technique of perforator flap harvest is illustrated as exemplified in the anterolateral thigh perforator flap. Advantages in the use of this flap for head and neck reconstruction are discussed and are compared with that of non-perforator flaps, particularly the Radial Forearm Flap. The role of the primary thinning of perforator flaps is discussed. The versatility of the anterolateral flap is discussed, which may well supersede the Radial Forearm Flap as the principal soft tissue flap used in head and neck surgery.