三种不同方法治疗不稳定性桡骨远端骨折的疗效分析

[目的]探讨3种不同方法治疗不稳定性桡骨远端骨折的疗效.[方法]自2003年1月～2006年12月,本院采用手法复位石膏外固定、外同定支架、切开复位钢板内固定等3种不同的方法共治疗不稳定性桡骨远端骨折74例77侧,骨折类型按按A0从SIF分型A3型21侧,B2型19侧,B3型13侧,C1型11侧,C2型9侧,C3型4侧.均为闭合性骨折.其中首次手法复位石膏外固定41侧,外固定支架15侧,切开复位钢板内固定21侧,因手法复位后再移位者改用外固定支架治疗2侧,改用切开复位钢板内固定治疗5侧.[结果]74例患者中有71例74侧获随访,随访时间12～36(平均21)个月.腕关节功能评价按Sarmiento标准进行评定:石膏外固定组的优良率为88.6%,外固定支架治疗组优良率为94.3%,切开复位钢板内固定治疗组优良率为95.7%.[结论]对于不稳定性桡骨远端骨折的治疗,外固定支架和切开复位钢板内固定的疗效无明显差别,但两者均优于手法复位石膏外同定治疗组.由于手法复位石膏外固定简单易行,仍可作为相对不稳定性桡骨远端骨折治疗的常用方法.     

两种方法治疗桡骨远端不稳定骨折的疗效比较

目的比较桡骨远端（斜）T形钢板内固定和闭合复位石膏外固定两种方法治疗桡骨远端不稳定性骨折的效果。方法对2002年3月-2007年3月间的不稳定型骨折96例103侧进行分析，其中钢板内固定42例45侧，其余为手法复位石膏外固定。结果随访12～63个月，平均33．5个月。按Dienst功能评分标准评定，钢板内固定组的优良率是86．67％，其中A2，A3型为92．31％，B，C型是84．38％；手法复位石膏外固定组则分别为71％，88．20％，63．40％。两组的A2，A3型比较差异无显著性意义（P〉0．05），B，C型组间比较差异有显著性意义（P〈0．05）。结论对A2，A3型骨折，两种治疗方法优良率差别不大；对B，C型骨折，（斜）T形钢板内固定治疗的效果要优于闭合复位石膏外固定。     

桡骨远端骨折三种治疗方法的疗效分析

目的探讨桡骨远端骨折的治疗效果。方法对桡骨远端骨折137例（150侧）的资料进行分析，采用AO分型法对骨折分类，治疗方法包括切开复位内固定，闭合复位半环架外固定，闭合复位石膏外固定。结果本组均获随访，平均随访时间12．7个月。所有患者按Dienst评分系统进行综合评分。A型骨折的总优良率82．85％，B型骨折的总优良率67．69％，C型骨折的总优良率48．00％。A型骨折中切开复位与手法复位的优良率无明显差别，B型骨折中切开复位植骨内固定的优良率最高，C型骨折的外固定组的优良率最高。结论损伤小的患者，疗效整体较好。A型骨折各种处理方法的优良率差别不大，B型骨折中切开复位植骨内固定的方法整体的优良率较高，C型骨折采用闭合复位半环架外固定的疗效相对较好。     

手术与非手术治疗桡骨极远端骨折对腕关节运动轴线影响的比较

目的观察并比较采用手术与非手术治疗桡骨极远端骨折对患者腕关节运动轴线的影响。方法回顾性分析自2015-01—2016-02诊治的25例桡骨极远端骨折,手术组15例(12例采用切开复位T形钢板内固定,3例骨折手法复位后采用外固定架固定),非手术组10例于手法复位后用石膏或小夹板外固定。结果 25例均获得随访,随访时间平均3(2~5)个月。与非手术组比较,手术组掌倾角、尺偏角、桡骨高度恢复更满意,患侧握力占健侧握力百分比更高,上肢功能障碍DSAH量表评分更低,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论相对于手法复位石膏或小夹板外固定,切开复位钢板内固定和外固定架固定治疗桡骨极远端骨折的稳定性好,可维持骨折复位并最大限度减少掌倾角、尺偏角、桡骨高度的丢失,恢复桡腕关节运动轴线。     

两种不同方法治疗桡骨远端骨折88例疗效分析

目的探讨桡骨远端骨折不同治疗方法的效果。方法对88例桡骨远端骨折,采用手法复位石膏固定或小夹板固定的60例,切开复位锁定钢板内固定28例。结果 88例骨折全部愈合,按Dient功能评定标准,手法复位优良率78.3%,切开复位优良率85.7%。两组功能比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),两组在AO分型中C型骨折的治疗中差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),手术治疗明显优于非手术治疗。结论桡骨远端骨折根据应骨折不同类型采用不同治疗方法。     

两种方法治疗老年桡骨远端粉碎骨折的比较研究

目的 对比分析手法复位石膏外固定和掌侧斜“T”形钢板内固定治疗老年桡骨远端粉碎性骨折的疗效。方法2007年10月至2008年6月分别采用手法复位加石膏托外固定及切开复位“T”形锁定钢板内固定治疗老年桡骨远端骨折176例,采用Gartland等腕关节评分进行功能评定,并采用PRWE评分了解患肢功能对患者日常生活的影响程度及患者对治疗的满意度,比较两种不同治疗方法的疗效。结果所有患者均获得随访,随访时间6～14个月,平均11．4个月。x线显示骨折全部愈合。Gartland和Werley腕关节评分手法复位石膏外固定组优良率为77．8％,掌侧斜“T”形钢板内固定组优良率为87．6%,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）;但是两组PRWE评分和患者满意度均无显著差异（P〉0．05）。结论除少数经关节面且有明显关节面移位,保守治疗失败的老年桡骨远端骨折可采用手术治疗外,大多数老年桡骨远端骨折经手法复位石膏外固定保守治疗即可取得较为满意的临床效果,手术的选择应慎重,应尊重患者的要求。     

不同方法治疗老年桡骨远端粉碎性骨折的比较研究

目的对比分析手法复位石膏外固定、有限内固定加外固定架固定和掌侧斜T形钢板内固定治疗老年桡骨远端粉碎性骨折的疗效。方法2000年1月～2004年9月,我院共收治178例60岁以上老年桡骨远端粉碎性骨折患者,手法复位石膏外固定102例,闭合或小切口复位克氏针有限内固定加外固定架固定46例,掌侧斜T形钢板内固定30例,随访比较不同治疗方法的疗效。结果所有患者随访13～52个月,平均27个月,按Dienst功能评估标准进行评定,手法复位石膏外固定组优良率为78.4%,有限内固定加外固定架固定组优良率为93.5%,掌侧斜T形钢板内固定组优良率为80.0%,有限内固定加外固定架固定组疗效明显优于石膏外固定及掌侧斜T形钢板固定组,差异有极显著性意义(P<0.01);石膏外固定与掌侧斜T形钢板固定组间疗效无显著差异(P>0.05)。结论对于老年桡骨远端粉碎性骨折,有限内固定加外固定架固定组疗效优于手法复位石膏外固定组和钢板内固定组。     

老年不稳定桡骨远端骨折治疗方法的比较研究

目的通过对比分析方法,判断三种不同的方法治疗老年桡骨远端粉碎性骨折的疗效。方法150例65岁以上老年桡骨远端粉碎性骨折,88例行手法复位石膏外固定,26例行闭合复位外固定架加硫酸钙骨粉注射植骨固定,36例行切开复位背侧斜T型钢板内固定,随访比较不同治疗方法的疗效。结果所有病例均得到8～26个月随访,平均15个月,骨折全部愈合。按Anderson功能评价标准进行评定,石膏外固定组功能优良率为76.1%,外固定架固定组为92.3%,斜T型钢板内固定组为80.6%。外固定架固定组疗效明显优于其他两组病例,差异有显著性意义(P<0.01)。结论闭合复位外固定架加硫酸钙骨粉注射植骨固定能提供有效的固定,操作简单,创伤小,是值得推荐的治疗老年桡骨远端粉碎性骨折的有效方法。     

微创技术治疗伸直型桡骨远端骨折56例

伸直型桡骨远端骨折是老年人的多发病，治疗有闭合复位小夹板或石膏外固定，切开复位解剖钢板内固定等，前者的优点是创伤小，但因外固定效能差，常易发生骨折再移位；后者能够达到骨折解剖复位及可靠固定，但创伤较大，特别是干扰了腕部肌腱的正常解剖关系，尽管骨折在解剖位置愈合，但是常常不能获得满意的功能。我们采用经皮穿针微创技术治疗伸直型桡骨远端骨折，获得了满意疗效，报告如下。     

动力性外固定支架和闭合复位治疗桡骨远端关节内移位骨折的疗效比较

目的 回顾性分析和比较动力性外固定支架(dynamic external fixation，DEF)与闭合复位石膏外固定两者治疗桡骨远端关节内移位骨折的疗效评价。方法 对96例急性桡骨远端关节内移位骨折患者，49例应用动力性外固定支架、47例采用闭合复位石膏外固定治疗。结果 治疗后均随访1年。96例桡骨远端关节内骨折，按AO分型属B型或C型骨折复位评分及Lidstrom功能评分标准评定：(1)石膏固定组：复位评分：优良率为44．7％，一般为36．2％，差者19．1％。功能评分：优良率为46．8％，一般为31．9％，差者21．3％。(2)动力性外固定支架组：复位评分：优良率达95．9％，一般及差仅占4．1％。功能评分：优良率为91．8％，一般及差为8．2％。结论 动力性外固定支架组的复位和功能评分明显优于石膏组，是治疗桡骨远端关节内严重移位、粉碎性骨折的好方法。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.