远外侧入路齿状突切除术

目的探索一种治疗齿状突引起疾病的新手术方法。方法本组病例经X线、CT、MRI、MRA检查确诊,采用远外侧入路的方法治疗,同时行齿状突切除和枕下减压并枕颈植骨融合术或枕颈内固定融合术。结果全组病例均获明显疗效,无病情加重或复发,均恢复工作和学习。结论远外侧入路能一次手术完成枕大孔区前后方减压并植骨融合内固定,是治疗齿状突引起的疾病的具有确切疗效的手术方法。     

远外侧入路齿状突切除术

目的 探索一种治疗齿状突引起疾病的新手术方法.方法 本组病例经X线、CT、MRI、MRA检查确诊,采用远外侧入路的方法治疗,同时行齿状突切除和枕下减压并枕颈植骨融合术或枕颈内固定融合术.结果 全组病例均获明显疗效,无病情加重或复发,均恢复工作和学习.结论 远外侧入路能一次手术完成枕大孔区前后方减压并植骨融合内固定,是治疗齿状突引起的疾病的具有确切疗效的手术方法.     

经口咽齿状突切除术10例分析

目的总结经口咽齿状突切除术的手术经验。方法回顾性分析10例齿状突压迫延髓及上颈髓腹侧病人的临床资料,其中单纯颅底凹陷4例,颅底凹陷伴Chiari畸形2例,颅底凹陷伴寰枕融合1例,下斜坡及齿状突后结缔组织增生1例,多种畸形复合2例。均采用经口咽入路齿状突切除减压手术。结果术后症状消失或明显缓解9例,因频发呼吸骤停而自动出院1例。术后随访9例,随访时间0.5~5年,未出现头痛、头晕及肢体运动功能障碍。结论经口咽齿状突切除术是治疗齿状突压迫延髓及上颈髓腹侧病变直接有效的手术方法。     

经口切除齿状突同期后路内固定治疗齿状突畸形

目的 探讨经口切除齿状突同期后路内固定手术治疗齿状突畸形的安全性及有效性.方法 回顾性分析15例齿状突畸形病人的临床资料,均采用经口齿状突切除、同期后路内固定枕颈融合术.通过临床症状、影像学、稳定性等指标评价该手术方法的治疗效果和安全性.结果 术后病人症状均有所改善,1例喉头水肿病人行气管切开后痊愈.影像学显示:畸形齿状突完全切除14例,齿状突部分残留1例.钉棒内固定系统位置良好.随访15例,时间3个月～2年,颅颈交界处稳定.结论 经口齿状突切除可以有效改善病人症状,同期枕颈内固定融合技术能维持颅颈交界处的稳定性.     

经口齿状突切除联合后路枕颈融合治疗颅底凹陷畸形

目的探讨显微镜下经口齿状突切除联合枕颈融合治疗颅底凹陷畸形的方法、疗效以及并发症。方法回顾性分析昆明医科大学第二附属医院神经外科从2012年9月至2017年5月收治的12例齿状突突压迫延髓及上颈髓腹侧病人的临床资料,其中单纯颅底凹陷1例,颅底凹陷伴Chiari畸形7例,颅底凹陷伴寰枕融合4例,12例患者均行经口齿状突切除联合枕颈植骨融合手术治疗,术后长期跟踪随访,根据影像学参考数值作统计学分析。结果经过6月至2年的随访,术后症状明显缓解8例,肢体感觉无变化3例,1例2月后出现脑脊液漏,经过修补和皮瓣转移治愈,无1例患者出现伤口感染,同时测量每例患者术前及术后影像学上钱氏线,麦氏线,韦氏线,Klaus高度指数、延颈髓角及颅底角的影像学参数值变化,并将影像学数值进行统计学分析,结果提示达到显著统计学意义(P0.01)。结论经口齿状突切除术是治疗齿状突压迫延髓及上颈髓腹侧病变直接有效的手术方法,术中充分磨除齿状突和必要的固定能够促进患者的治愈,提高患者的生活质量。     

成人非创伤性慢性寰枕脱位的诊断与手术治疗(附二例报告)

目的 报告2例成人非创伤性慢性寰枕脱位病例,以提高其诊治水平.方法 1例为58岁女性,进行性四肢无力10年;t例为18岁男性,进行性四肢无力半年.头颅CT和MRI示寰枕后脱位,斜坡下部压迫延髓,伴小脑扁桃体下疝和脊髓空洞.手术包括:经口咽人路切除斜坡下部、颅骨牵引及二期经后路颅颈固定融合.结果 术后四肢肌力改善,延髓减压充分,小脑扁桃体复位,脊髓空洞缩小.结论 三维重建CT和MRI是诊断非创伤性寰枕脱位的好方法,前路减压联合后路颅颈固定融合对治疗非创伤性慢性寰枕脱位安全有效.     

经口咽入路显微外科处理颅颈畸形

目的探讨经口咽入路显微外科治疗以颈延髓腹侧受压为主的颅颈畸形的方法和效果。方法分析总结26例以颈延髓腹侧受压为主的颅颈畸形患者的临床资料。采用经口咽入路齿状突切除术的手术治疗。4例患者行后路植骨融合。结果26例患者中恢复生活自理17例，症状明显改善7例(其中2例术前合并的Chiari畸形和脊髓空洞症，术后复查MRI也明显恢复)，长期卧床2例。所有病例未出现感染或脑脊液漏等并发症。无手术死亡。结论经口咽入路显微外科齿状突切除术是治疗颈延髓腹侧受压为主的颅颈畸形安全有效的方法。     

Cobra枕颈内固定系统结合Halo-vest治疗颅颈交界区畸形效果

背景：枕颈部后路融合能够解除脊髓压迫并能让失稳枕颈部重新早期获得稳定。解剖型设计的Cobra系统对失稳的枕颈区提供坚强的内固定,结合Halo-vest外固定,具有固定,复位,利于植骨融合的作用。 目的：观察Cobra枕颈内固定系统结合Halo-vest在治疗颅颈交界区畸形枕颈融合术中的应用,并评价其临床疗效。 方法：对34例颅颈交界区畸形患者行术前术中牵引复位固定,固定后依患者耐受情况决定保留或去除Halo-vest等针对性治疗。根据JOA评分对患者神经功能恢复进行评估;根据尹庆水等制定的方法计算神经功能改善率。内固定后3,6,12,24个月摄颈椎正侧位X射线平片、CT及三维重建,以判断内固定和植骨融合情况,对部分患者同时行MRI检查以明确颈脊髓减压情况。 结果与结论：34例患者均获随访,随访时间7~29个月。内固定后未出现脊髓症状加重病例。内固定前JOA评分平均8.2分,内固定后平均14.8分;脊髓功能平均改善率为75%;1例并发脑梗死死亡。内固定后6个月复查,2例患者植骨块部分吸收骨不连,2例患者枕骨板螺钉出现松动,1例螺钉脱出,1例切口不愈合。10例患者术后继续Halo-vest外固定,并于内固定后三四个月拆除;其余患者佩戴颈托至植骨完全愈合。提示Cobra枕颈内固定具有良好的生物力学稳定性,配合Halo-vest便于术中固定和复位,适用于颅颈交界区畸形的治疗。     

颅底陷入症的诊断和治疗

颅底陷入症是颅颈发育异常疾病,分寰枕型和斜坡-齿状突型二型。常造成延髓、高颈段脊髓、小脑、后组颅神经和脊神经等的损害。诊断取决于X线、CT及MR检查。治疗根据分型及临床表现决定,有神经受压症状的需手术治疗。寰枕型应经后入路切除内陷的枕骨鳞部,松解蛛网膜粘连,解除对小脑扁桃体、脑干和颈髓的压迫。斜坡-齿状突型应经口腔入路或经枕颈后外侧入路切除齿状突行前路减压的手术,后外侧入路可一期植骨枕颈融合,经口入路必要时可二期枕颈融合。     

枕颈内固定与植骨融合治疗先天性复杂寰枕畸形

目的 探讨枕颈内固定并植骨融合治疗先天性复杂寰枕畸形的疗效.方法 回顾性分析21例复杂寰枕畸形患者,其中17例行后颅窝减压+枕颈植骨固定融合术,4例行经口咽寰枢椎间软组织及骨性组织切除减压,齿状突复位减压+后路后颅窝枕骨大孔减压术+枕颈植骨固定融合术;术后随访3个月至3年.结果 寰枢脱位并存在延颈髓腹、背侧受压者,选择经口咽寰枢椎间软组织及骨性组织切除减压齿状突复位减压+后路后颅窝枕骨大孔减压术+枕颈植骨固定融合术,疗效满意.硬脑膜扩大修补与否及小脑扁桃体切除术与否与最终远期疗效无关;伴有多节段脊髓空洞症者行脊髓空洞“T”管蛛网膜下腔引流.本组治愈14例,有效7例.结论 针对Chiari畸形解剖变异大的特点以及合并症形成的机制,选择不同的手术方案,提高手术治疗的远期疗效.     

Problems in the selection of surgical approach for the treatment of non-traumatic deformities of the craniocervical junction

Developmental abnormalities or inflammatory disorders provoke deformations and instability of the craniocervical junction. The most dangerous results of these lesions are: sudden brainstem compression or cervical myelopathy. The authors propose the guidelines for surgical management of non-traumatic deformities caused by: a) rheumatoid arthritis of the spine, b) congenital anatomic changes of the occipit and odontoid. Main goals of surgical treatment are decompression and stabilization. The choice of surgical approach and method depends on pathology. It is very important to estimate individual anatomic changes and mobility--possibility of reduction. The authors discuss surgical methods actually used for fusion and decompression of the occipitocervical junction.     

Occipitocervical fusion using a hook and rod system between cervical levels C2 and C3

We aimed to evaluate the clinical utility and safety of the hook and rod method for occipitocervical fusion. Eleven consecutive patients (3 males, 8 females; 50–78 years old, average 63.8 years; 16–77 months follow-up, average 33.7 months) with unstable lesions at the craniocervical junction who underwent occipitocervical fusion using a hook and rod system were examined. A Compact Cotrel-Dubousset cervical system (Sofamor-Danek, Memphis TN, USA) was used in all patients. The claw mechanism was applied bilaterally between the hook on the C2 lamina and the hook on the C3 inferior articular process. No complications occurred during surgery. Solid bony fusion was obtained in all patients and no patient became clinically worse postoperatively. Occipitocervical fusion using a hook and rod system is a useful procedure that allows decompression of the spinal cord and secure spinal fusion at multiple levels simultaneously.     

颈椎管及环枕区哑铃型肿瘤的显微外科治疗

目的探讨颈段椎管及环枕区哑铃型肿瘤的手术方法。方法对经改良枕下远外侧入路和颈后中线入路手术治疗的36例环枕区及颈段椎管哑铃型肿瘤病人的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果肿瘤一期全切除32例,次全切除4例,无手术死亡病例。随访1～9年,所有患者均恢复良好,1例脊索瘤次全切除术后2年复发。结论经改良枕下远外侧入路和颈后中线入路手术是治疗环枕区及颈段椎管哑铃型肿瘤的一种较理想方法,具有术野开阔、肿瘤显露充分、全切率高等优点。     

Surgical Treatment of Craniovertebral Junction Instability : Clinical Outcomes and Effectiveness in Personal Experience

Objective

Craniovertebral junction (CVJ) consists of the occipital bone that surrounds the foramen magnum, the atlas and the axis vertebrae. The mortality and morbidity is high for irreducible CVJ lesion with cervico-medullary compression. In a clinical retrospective study, the authors reviewed clinical and radiographic results of occipitocervical fusion using a various methods in 32 patients with CVJ instability.

Methods

Thirty-two CVJ lesions (18 male and 14 female) were treated in our department for 12 years. Instability resulted from trauma (14 cases), rheumatoid arthritis (8 cases), assimilation of atlas (4 cases), tumor (2 cases), basilar invagination (2 cases) and miscellaneous (2 cases). Thirty-two patients were internally fixed with 7 anterior and posterior decompression with occipitocervical fusion, 15 posterior decompression and occipitocervical fusion with wire-rod, 5 C1-2 transarticular screw fixation, and 5 C1 lateral mass-C2 transpedicular screw. Outcome (mean follow-up period, 38 months) was based on clinical and radiographic review. The clinical outcome was assessed by Japanese Orthopedic Association (JOA) score.

Results

Nine neurologically intact patients remained same after surgery. Among 23 patients with cervical myelopathy, clinical improvement was noted in 18 cases (78.3%). One patient died 2 months after the surgery because of pneumonia and sepsis. Fusion was achieved in 27 patients (93%) at last follow-up. No patient developed evidence of new, recurrent, or progressive instability.

Conclusion

The authors conclude that early occipitocervical fusion to be recommended in case of reducible CVJ lesion and the appropriate decompression and occipitocervical fusion are recommended in case of irreducible craniovertebral junction lesion.     

The case of severe craniocervical dislocation due to rheumatoid arthritis

The authors describe a case of craniocervical dislocation secondary to rheumatoid arthritis producing important canal narrowing: ventrally by migrated odontoid and dorsally by posterior arch of C-1 with medullary compression. Symptoms of hyperreflexia, spasticity and left hemiparesis with Babinski sign were present. Surgical procedure: transoral odontoidectomy was performed followed by suboccipital approach, C-1 laminectomy and occipitocervical fixation (Olerud device and bone graft). Outcome with neurologic improvement. CONCLUSIONS: Transoral odontoidectomy combined with occipitocervical decompression and fixation is effective approach for treatment of severe craniocerebral dislocation. Its advantages: ventral and dorsal decompression combined with immediate stabilisation.     

Fusions at the craniovertebral junction

INTRODUCTION: The surgical management of craniovertebral junction instability in pediatric patients has unique challenges. While the indications for internal fixation in children are similar to those of adults, the data concerning techniques, complications, and outcomes of spinal instrumentation comes from experience with adult patients. Diminutive osseous and ligamentous structures and anatomical variations associated with syndromic craniovertebral abnormalities frequently complicates the approaches and limits the use of internal fixation in children. Cervical arthrodesis in the pediatric age group has the potential for limiting growth potential and causing secondary deformity. Recent advances in image analysis have enabled preoperative planning which is critical to evaluate the size of instrumentation and its relation to the patient's anatomy. Newer techniques have recently evolved and have been incorporated in the management of pediatric patients with requirement for craniocervical stabilization. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Over 750 craniovertebral junction fusions have been reviewed in children. The indications for atlantoaxial arthrodesis were: (a) absent odontoid process, dystopic os odontoideum, absent posterior arch of C1; (b) Morquio's syndrome, Goldenhar's syndrome, Conradi's syndrome, and spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia. The acquired abnormalities of trauma, postinfectious instability, and Down's syndrome completed the indication in children. The indications for occipitocervical fusion were: (a) anterior and posterior bifid C1 arches with instability, absent occipital condyles; b) severe reducible basilar invagination, unstable dystopic os odontoideum, and unilateral atlas assimilation; (c) acquired phenomenon with traumatic occipitocervical dislocation, complex craniovertebral junction fractures of C1 and C2, after transoral craniovertebral junction decompression, cranial settling in Down's syndrome and inflammatory disease such as Grisel's syndrome. Instability was seen in children with clivus chordoma and osteoblastoma. Atlantoaxial fusions were performed mainly with interlaminar rib graft fusion and more recently with the transarticular screw fixation in the older patient. In the teenager, lateral mass screws at C1 and rod fixation were made; C2 pars interarticular screw fixation and C2 pedicle screw fixation. A C2 translaminar screw fixation is described. Occipitocervical fusions were made utilizing rib grafts below the age of 6. A contoured loop fixation was made in children above the age of 7, and recently, rod and screw fixation was also utilized. RESULTS: Abnormal cervical spine growth was not seen in children who underwent craniocervical stabilization below the age of 5. The authors have reserved rigid instrumentation for children above the age of 10 years and dependent on the anatomy.     

内镜经口入路齿状突切除治疗颅底凹陷简

目的探讨不伴颈枕融合的内镜经口入路切除齿状突治疗颅底凹陷的可行性。方法回顾性分析6例具有难以缓解的延颈髓交界区压迫症状病人的临床资料,临床表现为颈痛、肢体感觉异常、脊髓性四肢轻瘫。术前影像学检查显示后半脱位的游离齿状突压迫颈枕交界区。病人均在没有颈枕后固定和骨性融合的情况下实施内镜经口入路齿状突切除术。结果病人经单纯内镜经口齿状突切除术后均成功获得颈枕交界区减压,且术后清醒即拔除麻醉插管,未行气管切开或术后置入胃管。本组病例术后未出现鼻咽反流、脑脊液漏、局部感染或脑膜炎等术后并发症。术后CT和MRI显示齿状突全切除和颈枕交界区充分减压。随访1～5年,未见颈枕交界区不稳定,且病人神经功能均显著恢复。结论内镜经口入路是到达寰椎和齿状突最近、最直接的手术入路。该入路在实现齿状突完全切除、颈枕交界充分减压的同时,不需要行颈枕后固定及融合,不要求气管切开,不会增加发生并发症的风险。     

前屈-后伸位MRI对判断颅脊交界区畸形内固定指征的临床价值

目的分析前屈-后伸位MRI对诊断Arnold-Chiari畸形可能合并寰枢椎脱位的作用,以及指导治疗的临床意义。方法回顾分析40例Arnold-Chiari畸形患者的前屈-后伸位MRI影像学资料,测量寰齿间距,通过前屈位和后伸位颈椎椎管狭窄程度分级,判断颅脊交界区稳定性。单纯Arnold-Chiari畸形患者采用枕大孔减压和枕大池扩大成形术,存在寰枢椎脱位者兼行枕颈内固定融合术。结果经前屈-后伸位MRI检查,证实有12例患者存在颅颈失稳,于枕大孔减压的同时行枕颈内固定融合术。手术后第3天颈椎影像学检查,40例中10例脊髓空洞病灶明显缩小;12例兼行枕颈内固定融合术者颅颈复位满意,脊髓压迫解除;手术后3个月随访,脊髓空洞病灶明显缩小(17例),颅脊交界区骨痂形成、骨融合效果良好、颅颈复位无丢失(12例),日本矫形外科评分13.08±1.40,与手术前评分(11.08±1.61)比较,差异有统计学意义(t=5.928,P=0.000)。结论前屈-后伸位MRI对判断颅脊交界区稳定性、选择适宜的手术方式具有重要意义。     

前屈-后伸位MRI对判断颅脊交界区畸形内固定指征的临床价值

目的分析前屈-后伸位MRI对诊断Arnold—Chiari畸形可能合并寰枢椎脱位的作用,以及指导治疗的临床意义。方法回顾分析40例Arnold—Chiari畸形患者的前屈-后伸位MRI影像学资料,测量寰齿间距,通过前屈位和后伸位颈椎椎管狭窄程度分级,判断颅脊交界区稳定性。单纯Arnold．Chiari畸形患者采用枕大孔减压和枕大池扩大成形术,存在寰枢椎脱位者兼行枕颈内固定融合术。结果经前屈．后伸位MRI检查,证实有12例患者存在颅颈失稳,于枕大孔减压的同时行枕颈内固定融合术。手术后第3天颈椎影像学检查,40例中10例脊髓空洞病灶明显缩小;12例兼行枕颈内固定融合术者颅颈复位满意,脊髓压迫解除;手术后3个月随访,脊髓空洞病灶明显缩小（17例）,颅脊交界区骨痂形成、骨融合效果良好、颅颈复位无丢失（12例）,日本矫形外科评分13．08±1．40,与手术前评分（11．08±1．61）比较,差异有统计学意义（t=5．928,P=0．000）。结论前屈．后伸位MRI对判断颅脊交界区稳定性、选择适宜的手术方式具有重要意义。     

枕下远外侧入路手术切除颅颈交界区腹侧及腹外侧肿瘤

目的 探讨枕下远外侧入路在颅颈交界区腹侧及腹外侧肿瘤切除术中的应用效果。方法 回顾性分析2012年12月至2017年12月采用枕下远外侧入路手术治疗的17例颅颈交界区（腹侧3例,腹外侧14例）肿瘤的临床资料。结果 17例术中均暴露良好、充分。14例肿瘤全切（9例脑膜瘤、5例神经鞘瘤）,2例脊索瘤及1例骨源性肿瘤次全切除。术后7例出现原有后组神经功能障碍加重,3例出现新的后组神经功能障碍,术后6个月内恢复8例,2例残留永久性神经功能障碍。术后发生脑脊液漏3例、颅内感染2例,均经积极治疗后好转,无术后颅内血肿、脑积水及临床死亡病例。术后随访0.5~31个月,1例脊索瘤复发。结论 枕下远外侧入路手术是切除颅颈交界区腹侧及腹外侧肿瘤的安全、有效的方法,可依据病灶情况采取个体化的术式。