河源市传染性非典型肺炎流行病学分析

目的 通过对河源市传染性非典型肺炎(SABS)进行流行病学分析，为制定SARS防制措施提供科学依据。方法 采用描术性流行病学分析方法对河源市发生的SARS病例进行分析。结果 2002年12月5日至2003年4月17日河源市共发生SARS病例14例，发病率为0．467／10万。患者年龄多在20～40岁之间，共9例，年龄最小14岁，最大84岁。发病地点主要集中在市区，为11例。职业分布以医务人员为主，共8例。河源市SARS疫情的发生，第一阶段以医院聚集性病例为主。第二阶段为散发性病列，两阶段之间没有明显的流行病学关联。SARS的平均潜伏期为5d。结论 河源市的SARS疫情有明显的聚集性．采取严格管理传染源、切断传播途径等措施可迅速控制疫情。     

山西省传染性非典型肺炎流行病学特征分析

目的：描述山西省传染性非典型肺炎[严重急性呼吸综合征(SARS)]的流行特征，分析形成这些特征的因素。方法：收集2003年3月初至5月20日山西省SARS疫情报告系统报至山西省疾病预防控制中心全部SARS临床诊断病例及部分流行病学个案调查报告，描述SARS在山西省的时间、地区、人群分布特征，采用EPIinfo6．0软件进行统计学分析。结果：山西省自2003年3月7日诊断首例输入性SARS病例后，至5月20日累计临床诊断SARS病例445例，罹患率1．34／10万，死亡20例，病死率4．49％。发病人数从3月28日起增高形成第一个高峰，至4月18日继续升高，形成第二个高峰，以后逐渐下降，至5月19日首次出现临床诊断病例零报告。目前疫情呈低水平流行势态。SARS病例主要集中在人口密集的城市市区，占83．82％，农村地区呈散发状态。职业构成以学生、医务人员居多。年龄分布以20—59岁为高发人群，病死率随年龄的增高而上升，男女发病之比为1：0．87。结论：山西省SARS流行呈输入、上升、高峰并逐步下降的趋势，早期发现和有效控制传染源是控制疫情蔓延的关键。     

广东省传染性非典型肺炎流行病学特征分析

目的 了解广东省局部地区流行的传染性非典型肺炎(SARS)的流行病学特征，为制定预防控制对策和措施提供科学依据。方法 采用统一的流行病学个案调查表对SARS，临床确诊病例进行调查。分析SARS病例在广东省的流行过程、地区、时间、人群分布及聚集性等特征。结果 截止2003年6月6日，广东省21个地级市有15个市报告SARS病例1511例，发病率为1．98／10万，病死率为3．77％。发病主要集中在1月下旬到2月下旬(2月上旬达到高峰)，占病例总数的54．00％，。首例发病时间为2002年11月16日，末例发病时间为2003年2003年5月9日。病例主要集中在广州、深圳、江门、中山、佛山5个市，占96．03％，其中广州占86．04％。20～49岁发病占病例总数的65．45％；医务人员发病较多，占病例总数的22．90％；聚集性病例占31.97％(483／1511)。潜伏期1～12d，中位数4d。结论 广东省SARS疫情波及面广，发病相对集中，有明显的家庭和医院聚集现象；传播途径主要为近距离飞沫和密切接触传播。     

广州市白云区传染性非典型肺炎流行病学调查分析

目的 及时分析传染性非典型肺炎(SARS)在广州市白云区的流行特点，为进一步的预防控制工作提供依据。方法 对白云区辖内医院收治的SARS病例的报告资料和病例的流行病学调查资料进行分析。结果 截止2003年5月20日，白云区共报告SARS病例138例，死亡2例。其中以医务人员(16例)和学生(17例)多见，占23．9l％。在16例医务人员中8例通过院内感染。发病高峰在2～3月，占发病总数的73．9l％；病例集中在21～40岁年龄组，占发病总数的53．62％。全区大部分病例为散发，出现3起共8例家庭聚集性病例。结论 广州市白云区出现以社区散发为主的SARS暴发流行，经采取综合防治措施后，疫情已得到有效控制。     

中国2008年克雅氏病监测病例特征分析

目的 了解中国克雅氏病(CJD)的发病情况及流行病学、临床特征.方法 对2008年中国克雅氏病监测网络获得的可疑CJD病例的临床及流行病学资料进行分析,收集患者脑脊液及血液样品,利用Western blot方法榆测脑脊液中是否含有14-3-3蛋白,提取全血基因组DNA并利用PCR及测序方法对脚基因进行129位多态性及基因突变分析.结果 共发现散发型CJD临床诊断病例31例,疑似诊断病例11例,2例家族性CJD和1例格-斯-斯综合征.病例的地理分布及职业无明显聚集性;临床诊断病例发病平均年龄56.7岁,男女比例8:9;疑似诊断病例发病平均年龄为57.4岁,男女比例5:6.快速进行性痴呆为最常见的首发症状,占全部诊断病例的33.3%.临床诊断病例比疑似诊断病例出现更多的典型临床表现.结论 2008年中国监测到的CJD病例以散发型为主,病例的地理分布、职业、性别比例以及平均年龄均符合散发型CJD的分布特点.     

中国2008年克雅氏病监测病例特征分析

目的 了解中国克雅氏病(CJD)的发病情况及流行病学、临床特征.方法 对2008年中国克雅氏病监测网络获得的可疑CJD病例的临床及流行病学资料进行分析,收集患者脑脊液及血液样品,利用Western blot方法榆测脑脊液中是否含有14-3-3蛋白,提取全血基因组DNA并利用PCR及测序方法对脚基因进行129位多态性及基因突变分析.结果 共发现散发型CJD临床诊断病例31例,疑似诊断病例11例,2例家族性CJD和1例格-斯-斯综合征.病例的地理分布及职业无明显聚集性;临床诊断病例发病平均年龄56.7岁,男女比例8:9;疑似诊断病例发病平均年龄为57.4岁,男女比例5:6.快速进行性痴呆为最常见的首发症状,占全部诊断病例的33.3%.临床诊断病例比疑似诊断病例出现更多的典型临床表现.结论 2008年中国监测到的CJD病例以散发型为主,病例的地理分布、职业、性别比例以及平均年龄均符合散发型CJD的分布特点.     

中国2008年克雅氏病监测病例特征分析

目的 了解中国克雅氏病(CJD)的发病情况及流行病学、临床特征.方法 对2008年中国克雅氏病监测网络获得的可疑CJD病例的临床及流行病学资料进行分析,收集患者脑脊液及血液样品,利用Western blot方法榆测脑脊液中是否含有14-3-3蛋白,提取全血基因组DNA并利用PCR及测序方法对脚基因进行129位多态性及基因突变分析.结果 共发现散发型CJD临床诊断病例31例,疑似诊断病例11例,2例家族性CJD和1例格-斯-斯综合征.病例的地理分布及职业无明显聚集性;临床诊断病例发病平均年龄56.7岁,男女比例8:9;疑似诊断病例发病平均年龄为57.4岁,男女比例5:6.快速进行性痴呆为最常见的首发症状,占全部诊断病例的33.3%.临床诊断病例比疑似诊断病例出现更多的典型临床表现.结论 2008年中国监测到的CJD病例以散发型为主,病例的地理分布、职业、性别比例以及平均年龄均符合散发型CJD的分布特点.     

中国2008年克雅氏病监测病例特征分析

目的 了解中国克雅氏病(CJD)的发病情况及流行病学、临床特征.方法 对2008年中国克雅氏病监测网络获得的可疑CJD病例的临床及流行病学资料进行分析,收集患者脑脊液及血液样品,利用Western blot方法榆测脑脊液中是否含有14-3-3蛋白,提取全血基因组DNA并利用PCR及测序方法对脚基因进行129位多态性及基因突变分析.结果 共发现散发型CJD临床诊断病例31例,疑似诊断病例11例,2例家族性CJD和1例格-斯-斯综合征.病例的地理分布及职业无明显聚集性;临床诊断病例发病平均年龄56.7岁,男女比例8:9;疑似诊断病例发病平均年龄为57.4岁,男女比例5:6.快速进行性痴呆为最常见的首发症状,占全部诊断病例的33.3%.临床诊断病例比疑似诊断病例出现更多的典型临床表现.结论 2008年中国监测到的CJD病例以散发型为主,病例的地理分布、职业、性别比例以及平均年龄均符合散发型CJD的分布特点.     

中国2008年克雅氏病监测病例特征分析

目的 了解中国克雅氏病(CJD)的发病情况及流行病学、临床特征.方法 对2008年中国克雅氏病监测网络获得的可疑CJD病例的临床及流行病学资料进行分析,收集患者脑脊液及血液样品,利用Western blot方法榆测脑脊液中是否含有14-3-3蛋白,提取全血基因组DNA并利用PCR及测序方法对脚基因进行129位多态性及基因突变分析.结果 共发现散发型CJD临床诊断病例31例,疑似诊断病例11例,2例家族性CJD和1例格-斯-斯综合征.病例的地理分布及职业无明显聚集性;临床诊断病例发病平均年龄56.7岁,男女比例8:9;疑似诊断病例发病平均年龄为57.4岁,男女比例5:6.快速进行性痴呆为最常见的首发症状,占全部诊断病例的33.3%.临床诊断病例比疑似诊断病例出现更多的典型临床表现.结论 2008年中国监测到的CJD病例以散发型为主,病例的地理分布、职业、性别比例以及平均年龄均符合散发型CJD的分布特点.     

中山市传染性非典型肺炎流行病学分析

目的 分析中山市传染性非典型肺炎(SARS)流行的基本特征，为制定防制措施提供科学依据。方法 用描述性流行病学分析方法对中山市发生的SARS病例进行分析。结果 2002年12月26日至2003年1月19日．中山市共发生SARS病例29例，死亡1例。病例以30～39岁组为主，占55．17％；职业以医务人员为多，占48．28％。病例主要集中在人口流动频繁的市区，占86．2％。3例指示病例共引起二代病例24例。其中2例指示病例为厨师，有接触野生动物史。结论 中山市的SARS疫情呈明显家庭和医院聚集性，初步推断本次疫情为近距离飞沫和密切接触传播。开窗通风、消毒洗手、分散接诊、集中隔离治疗可迅速控制疫情。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.