低位直肠癌保肛手术24例临床分析

目的探讨低位自肠癌保肛手术的临床疗效。方法回顾5年来24例低位直肠癌施行结直肠吻合保肛术。结果24例保肛手术均一期愈合,近期无并发症及局部复发,肛门括约肌功能正常。结论对低位直肠癌患者应根据肿瘤下缘距齿状线距离结合Dukes分期及病理分化程度行结直肠吻合保肛术,能在一定程度上提高患者的生活质量。     

低位直肠癌保肛手术24例临床分析

为探讨低位直肠癌保肛手术的临床疗效,选取行保肛手术治疗的24例低位直肠癌患者,对其手术方式、适应症及临床疗效进行回顾性分析。结果显示,24例保肛手术均一期愈合,近期无并发症及局部复发,肛门括约肌功能正常。结果表明,对低位直肠癌患者应根据肿瘤下缘距齿状线距离、结合Dukes分期及病理分化程度行结直肠吻合保肛手术,能在一定程度上提高患者术后的生活质量。     

双吻合器在低位直肠癌保肛术中的应用

目的 评估双吻合器在低位直肠癌保肛术中的作用。方法 回顾性分析采用双吻合器在96例低位直肠癌保肛术中应用的临床资料。结果 男63例，女33例，年龄22—84(平均57．7)岁。肿瘤下缘距齿状线的距离为4—7cm。A期24例，B期30例，C期30例，D期l2例。组织学分型：高分化型腺癌47例，中分化型腺癌27例，低分化型腺癌l7例，粘液腺癌5例。无没有手术死亡，术后发生吻合口漏l2例(12．5％)，均经治疗后痊愈，吻合口狭窄5例(5．2％)；经扩肛处理后治愈。结论 双吻合器在低位直肠癌保肛术中的应用是一种可靠的方法，吻合口漏及狭窄采用保守治疗可获较好的效果。     

直肠癌全直肠系膜切除术后吻合口漏危险因素的临床分析

目的 探讨中低位直肠癌行直肠全直肠系膜切除(TME)手术方式后吻合口漏的危险因素.方法 回顾性分析中低位直肠癌TME术178例的临床资料.结果 发生吻合口漏12例,发生率6.7%.肿瘤下缘距齿状线4～5cm者吻合口漏发生率为14.8%,肿瘤下缘距齿状线6～8cm者吻合口漏发生率为3.2%(P=0.005).吻合口漏组中低分化腺癌、黏液腺癌、印戒细胞癌共占75%.女性吻合口漏发生率为1.67%,男性吻合口漏发生率为10.2%(P=0.045).吻合口漏组糖尿病占25%,差异有统计学意义.年龄＞65岁吻合口漏发生率为7%,年龄＜65岁吻合口漏发生率为6.4%(P=0.88).Dukes分期为A、B期的吻合口漏发生率为6.2%,Dukes分期为C期的吻合口漏发生率为7.7%(P=0.70),差异无统计学意义.结论 TME后吻合口漏的发生与性别、肿瘤位置、病理类型、是否有糖尿病等因素有关;与年龄、Dukes分期无关.     

不同时期低位直肠癌根治手术保肛率的变化及其因素分析

目的分析低位直肠癌根治手术保肛率的影响因素。方法将316例行根治手术的低位直肠癌（肿瘤下缘距齿状线在1cm以上、5cm以下）患者按不同的时间段分成前期组和后期组：前期组有89例，为1994年8月至1998年12月收治者；后期组227例，为1999年1月至2005年11月收治的，此组患者均行规范的全直肠系膜切除术。同时，按手术方式分为腹会阴联合根治术（APR）组（103例）和保肛手术（SP）组（213例）。分别比较分析两组患者的临床病理资料。结果行APR的患者比例逐年减少（前期组55．1％，后期组23．8％），而行SP的患者从前期的44．9％上升到后期的76．2％（P=0．000）。SP和APR两组比较，肿瘤下缘距齿状线距离、性别、不同时期、肿瘤周径和分化程度的差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）；而年龄、大体分型、Dukes分期差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。前期与后期两组比较，性别、术中输血量、Dukes分期差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）；而年龄、肿瘤下缘距齿状线距离和手术时问差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。前期组行LAR的患者发生吻合口瘘的比率为2．7％（1／37例），后期组为1．3％（2／160例），差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论全直肠系膜切除术在一定程度上提高了低位直肠癌的保肛率，且明显减少了术中输血量，并未延长手术时间，也未增加吻合口瘘的发生率。     

直肠癌保肛术后吻合口漏的影响因素和预后分析

分析直肠癌患者保肛术后吻合口漏的影响因素和预后情况。收集2008年1月—2014年1月行直肠癌保肛术236例患者的临床资料,比较术后患者出现吻合口漏的时间,分析影响吻合口漏的因素。术后吻合漏情况:在术后5.6 d(2～13 d)确诊43例患者出现吻合口漏。行预防性肠造口术患者术后吻合口漏发生率为9.2%(8/87),明显低于未行预防性肠造口术患者23.5%(35/149,χ2=73532,P=0.006)。吻合口漏严重程度:5例A级患者,23例B级患者。15例C级患者,其中3例行单纯的漏口修补术,2例腹腔冲洗引流,3例行漏口修补联合肠造口术,另外7例行肠造口术。发生吻合口漏的影响因素:术前白蛋白(AIb)35 g/L、肿瘤下缘距肛缘距离≤5 cm、新辅助放化疗为吻合口漏发生的独立危险因素,预防性肠造口为吻合口漏的保护因素。术后随访及预后分析:患者中位随访时间为48个月(15～69个月),发生吻合口漏组患者的生存率为72.1%,明显低于未发生组82.4%(P0.05)。术前AIb35 g/L、肿瘤下缘距肛缘距离≤5 cm、新辅助放化疗为吻合口漏发生的独立危险因素,预防性肠造口为吻合口漏的保护因素,吻合口漏降低患者的生存率。     

44例中下段直肠癌经腹肛拖出切除术的疗效分析

目的：探讨直肠癌经腹肛拖出切除术后排便功能恢复的程度和生存率。方法：对接受此项手术的44例病人临床病理和随访资料进行分析,并与其它保肛手术效果对比。结果：肿瘤下缘距离齿状线的平均长度为4．1cm,术后吻合口瘘发生率4．5％,72．7％的病人认为肛门功能恢复达到正常。平均随访47个月,盆底和直肠肿瘤复发率11．8％。结论：虽经腹肛拖出切除术后肛门排便功能恢复正常率低于低位前切除术（Dixon术）,但复发率低,比前切除术更适宜于中下段直肠癌的保肛治疗。     

直肠癌前切除术后吻合口漏的原因分析

目的分析直肠癌前切除术后吻合口漏的原因及高危因素。方法回顾性分析2010-01—2018-12间920例行直肠癌前切除术患者的临床资料。结果本组吻合口漏发生率为6.1%(56/920)。单因素分析显示,性别(男),BMI指数≥28 kg/m~2,肿瘤下缘距肛缘7 cm,合并糖尿病,肿瘤≥5 cm,营养不良风险评分≥3分,均是影响吻合口漏发生的因素。Logistic回归分析结果显示,肿瘤下缘距肛缘7cm,营养不良风险评分≥3分,是影响吻合口漏的独立因素。结论直肠癌前切除术后吻合口漏的发生是多因素综合影响的结果,对低位直肠癌及营养不良患者,应警惕直肠癌前切除术后吻合口漏的发生。     

经腹及肛门内括约肌切除保肛术治疗低位直肠癌的临床研究

目的 探讨经腹及肛门切除肛门内括约肌的直肠癌根治保肛术治疗低位直肠癌的临床疗效。方法 对34例癌灶下缘距齿状线不足2cm或距肛缘不足4—5cm的低位直肠癌经腹及肛门切除肛门内括约肌保肛术进行回顾性分析。结果 34例中男23例，女11例。年龄28—76岁，平均为56．4岁。癌灶下缘距肛缘4cm12例（腺瘤癌变5例），癌灶下缘距肛缘5cm22例，病理诊断直肠腺癌29例，其中高分化者18例，中分化者11例，腺瘤癌变5例。Dukes分期：A期18例，B期16例。34例术后随访率为97％（33／34），中位随访时间为4．9年。术后发生吻合口瘘1例（2．9％），吻合口狭窄1例（2．9％）；术后6—12个月时排便功能基本恢复正常。术后局部复发率为2.9％，术后5年生存率为69．6％。结论 经腹及肛门切除肛门内括约肌的直肠癌根治保肛术式，既能保存良好的肛门排便功能，又不降低5年生存率，是一种安全有效的低位直肠癌保肛术式。     

支撑吻合管吻合法用于低位直肠癌保肛手术的临床研究

为探讨支撑吻合管吻合法用于低位直肠癌保肛手术的效果,本研究将102例肿瘤下缘距肛缘4～6cm的低位直肠癌拟行保肛手术者随机分为治疗组和对照组,各51例,治疗组术中采用支撑吻合管吻合法吻合肠管,对照组采用管状吻合器吻合法吻合肠管,对比两组患者术后吻合口漏及肛门坠胀不适发生率。结果显示,治疗组术后无一例发生吻合口漏;对照组发生吻合口漏5例（9．8％）,其中1例经保守治疗后症状缓解,4例行吻合口漏修补术。治疗组术后吻合口漏发生率明显低于对照组,P〈0．05。术后随访,治疗组患者诉肛门坠胀不适6例（11．8％）,对照组15例（29．4％）,两组比较差异亦有统计学意义,P〈0．05。结果表明,支撑吻合管吻合法可有效降低低位直肠癌保肛手术后吻合口漏的发生率,且可减轻患者肛门坠胀不适症状,值得临床推广应用。     

Presenteeism and Absenteeism Before and After Total Hip and Knee Arthroplasty

BackgroundAbsenteeism is costly, yet evidence suggests that presenteeism—illness-related reduced productivity at work—is costlier. We quantified employed patients’ presenteeism and absenteeism before and after total joint arthroplasty (TJA).MethodsWe measured presenteeism (0-100 scale, 100 full performance) and absenteeism using the World Health Organization’s Health and Work Performance Questionnaire before and after TJA among a convenience sample of employed patients. We captured detailed information about employment and job characteristics and evaluated how and among whom presenteeism and absenteeism improved.ResultsIn total, 636 primary, unilateral TJA patients responded to an enrollment email, confirmed employment, and completed a preoperative survey (mean age: 62.1 years, 55.3% women). Full at-work performance was reported by 19.7%. Among 520 (81.8%) who responded to a 1-year follow-up, 473 (91.0%) were still employed, and 461 (88.7%) had resumed working. Among patients reporting at baseline and 1 year, average at-work performance improved from 80.7 to 89.4. A Wilcoxon signed-rank test indicated that postoperative performance was significantly higher than preoperative performance (P < .0001). The percentage of patients who reported full at-work performance increased from 20.9% to 36.8% (delta = 15.9%, 95% confidence interval = [10.0%, 21.9%], P < .0001). Presenteeism gains were concentrated among patients who reported declining work performance leading up to surgery. Average changes in absences were relatively small. Combined, the average monthly value lost by employers to presenteeism declined from 15.3% to 8.3% and to absenteeism from 16.9% to 15.5% (ie, mitigated loss of 8.4% of monthly value).ConclusionAmong employed patients before TJA, presenteeism and absenteeism were similarly costly. After, employed patients reported increased performance, concentrated among those with declining performance leading up to surgery.     

The German emergency and disaster medicine and management systemdhistory and present

As well for optimized emergency management in individual cases as for optimized mass medicine in disaster management, the principle of the medical doctors approaching the patient directly and timely, even close to the site of the incident, is a long-standing marker for quality of care and patient survival in Germany. Professional rescue and emergency forces, including medical services, are the “Golden Standard” of emergency management systems. Regulative laws, proper organization of resources, equipment, training and adequate delivery of medical measures are key factors in systematic approaches to manage emergencies and disasters alike and thus save lives. During disasters command, communication, coordination and cooperation are essential to cope with extreme situations, even more so in a globalized world. In this article, we describe the major historical milestones, the current state of the German system in emergency and disaster management and its integration into the broader European approach.     

Tendon and Ligament Healing and Current Approaches to Tendon and Ligament Regeneration

Ligament and tendon injuries are common problems in orthopedics. There is a need for treatments that can expedite nonoperative healing or improve the efficacy of surgical repair or reconstruction of ligaments and tendons. Successful biologically-based attempts at repair and reconstruction would require a thorough understanding of normal tendon and ligament healing. The inflammatory, proliferative, and remodeling phases, and the cells involved in tendon and ligament healing will be reviewed. Then, current research efforts focusing on biologically-based treatments of ligament and tendon injuries will be summarized, with a focus on stem cells endogenous to tendons and ligaments. Statement of clinical significance: This paper details mechanisms of ligament and tendon healing, as well as attempts to apply stem cells to ligament and tendon healing. Understanding of these topics could lead to more efficacious therapies to treat ligament and tendon injuries. © 2019 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 38:7–12, 2020     

肝内胆管囊腺瘤和囊腺癌的CT、MRI及病理表现

目的探讨肝内胆管囊腺瘤和囊腺癌的CT、MRI和病理特点。方法回顾性分析经手术病理证实的6例肝内胆管囊腺瘤和2例肝内胆管囊腺癌的影像及临床病理资料，将病变的影像表现与其病理大体形态及组织学表现作对照分析。结果6例肝内胆管囊腺瘤，女4例、男2例；2例肝内胆管囊腺癌均为女性病人；8例病人平均年龄55岁。所有病灶均表现为多房囊性肿块，肿瘤囊腔各分房内常为多种液体成分，在CT上可表现为不同密度、在MRI上可表现为不同信号强度。囊内出现多发大小不等的壁结节在胆管囊腺癌内更常见，囊内有分隔但无壁结节只见于胆管囊腺瘤。在7例CT扫描中，4例胆管囊腺瘤和1例胆管囊腺癌可见囊壁或分隔上钙化，囊壁、囊内分隔及囊内结节均为轻、中度延迟增强。肿瘤中出现卵巢样间质见于3例胆管囊腺瘤和1例胆管囊腺癌，且均为女性病人。结论肝内胆管囊腺瘤和囊腺癌是肝脏不常见的囊性肿瘤，影像上多房、囊内有分隔且各分房囊内密度或信号不一致，高度提示肝内胆管囊腺瘤或囊腺癌的诊断，如囊内伴有多发大小不等的结节，则进一步提示囊腺癌的可能。但影像学表现不能区分肿瘤中有无卵巢样间质。