黄豆苷元胶囊在健康人体的药动学研究及生物等效性评价

目的：建立测定血浆黄豆苷元浓度的HPLC法，评价两种黄豆苷元胶囊的生物等效性。方法：按两制剂双周期自身对照交叉试验设计，20名男性健康志愿者分别单剂量口服黄豆苷元胶囊受试制剂和参比制剂各0．15g，用HPLC法测定血药浓度。结果：口服黄豆苷元胶囊受试制剂和参比制剂后的主要药动学参数如下：t1/2分别为（3．4±1．2）和（3．4±1．5）h；Cmax分别为（150．8±30．5）和（154．6±31．1）ng／mL；tmax分别为（1．0±0．6）和（1．3±0．8）h；AUC0～12分别为（474．6±85．7）和（486．5±114．4）ng·h·mL^-1；AUC0-∞分别为（510．2±95．3）和（524．7±105．6）ng·h·mL^-1。以AUC0～12计算，与参比制剂相比，受试制剂中黄豆苷元的平均相对生物利用度为（99．4±13．1）％。结论：两种黄豆苷元制剂具有生物等效性。     

伊曲康唑胶囊的人体生物等效性研究

目的 研究两种伊曲康唑胶囊在健康人体的生物等效性.方法 18例健康受试者采用双周期交叉试验,单剂量口服200 mg受试制剂和200 mg参比制剂后,用HPLC法测定血清中伊曲康唑的浓度.计算主要药动学参数,并对两种制剂进行生物等效性评价.结果 受试制剂和参比制剂的主要药动学参数:t1/2分别为22.4±4.4、23.3±4.2 h;Cmax为318.50±106.97、328.15±98.20μg·L-1;Tmax为3.00±0.50、3.30±0.80 h;AUCo-t为4.700±1.766、5.191±1.456 mg·h·L-1;AUCo-∞为5.271±2.139、5.840±1.579 mg.h·L-1.受试制剂的相对生物利用度为89.3%±16.2%.结论 两种制剂生物等效.     

利福喷汀胶囊人体生物等效性研究

目的:评价两种利福喷汀胶囊的人体生物等效性.方法:20名男性健康志愿者随机交叉单剂量口服受试制剂或参比制剂利福喷汀胶囊600 mg后,采用高效液相色谱法测定血药浓度,用DAS软件计算药动学参数,并评价其生物等效性.结果:单剂量口服利福喷汀胶囊受试制剂和参比制剂的主要药动学参数分别为:t1/2(16.44 ±4.99)、(18.02±4.76)h;tmax(5.6±1.4)、(6.0±1.4)h; Cmax(8.41 ±1.71)、(8.96±1.76) μg· ml-1;AUC(0～72) (200.41 ±55.29)、(220.86±62.40)μg·h·ml-1;AUC0-∞(215.58±63.51)、(241.06±75.09)μg·h·m1-1.受试制剂的相对生物利用度为(92.3±14.3)％.结论:两种制剂具有生物等效性.     

兰索拉唑肠溶微丸胶囊人体生物等效性研究

目的:研究兰索拉唑肠溶微丸胶囊与兰索拉唑肠溶胶囊的人体生物等效性.方法:20名男性健康志愿者随机交叉单剂量口服兰索拉唑肠溶微丸胶囊(受试制剂)或兰索拉唑肠溶胶囊(参比制剂)30mg后,采用HPLC法测定血药浓度,用DAS软件计算药动学参数,并评价其生物等效性.结果:单剂量口服受试制剂兰索拉唑肠溶微丸胶囊和参比制剂兰索拉唑肠溶胶囊的主要药动学参数分别为:t1/2(1.93±0.58)、(2.21±0.84)h;tmax(1.7±0.4)、(1.7±0.4)h;Cmax(1 067.49±321.71)、(1 034.72±291.14)ng·ml-1;AUC0~12(3 655.16±1 635.82)、(3 571.70±1 434.56)ng·h·ml-1;AUC0~∞(3783.13±1 691.29)、(3 735.80±1 541.56)ng·h·ml-1.受试制剂的相对生物利用度为(106.72±13.53)%.结论:2制剂具有生物等效性.     

盐酸格拉司琼口崩片在健康人体内的药动学及生物等效性

研究了盐酸格拉司琼口崩片的药动学,并以盐酸格拉司琼片为参比制剂,评价其生物等效性.20例健康志愿者单剂量随机交叉口服受试制剂和参比制剂各1 mg,用HPLC-荧光法测定血药浓度.受试制剂与参比制剂的主要药动学参数分别为cmax(3.32±0.93)和(3.20±0.86)ng/ml,tmax(1.65±0.52)和(1.88±0.86)h,t1/2(6.16±0.90)和(6.22±0.81)h,AUC0→t(19.50±8.10)和(19.70±7.78)ng·h·ml-1,AUC0→∞(20.90±9.11)和(21.10±8.57)ng·h·ml-1.受试制剂的相对生物利用度为(99.8±15.3)%,结果表明两种制剂具有生物等效性.     

格列齐特缓释片生物等效性评价

目的评价格列齐特缓释片在人体口服相对生物利用度及生物等效性。方法采用高效液相色谱法（HPLC）测定健康受试者口服格列齐特缓释片后的血药浓度,计算其药动学参数,以方差分析方法对主要药动学参数进行均数的差别检验,以双单侧t检验进行生物等效性判定。结果空腹状态下格列齐特缓释片受试制剂或参比制剂的主要药物动力学参数AUC0-72、AUC0-∞、tmax、Cmax分别为（43.4±6.8）和（43.9±11.0）mg·h·L^-1,（46.9±8.0）和（47.3±12.2）mg·h·L^-1,（6.8±2.8）和（6.4±2.0）h,（2.4±0.6）和（2.4±0.6）mg·L^-1。受试制剂对参比制剂的相对生物利用度为（102.0±18.4）%。方差分析结果表明受试制剂与参比制剂的主要药动学参数之间无显著差异,双单侧t检验结果表明受试制剂AUC0-72及Cmax对数值的90%可信限分别落在参比制剂80%-125%和70%-143%。结论受试制剂与参比制剂为生物等效制剂。     

格列美脲分散片人体生物等效性研究

目的:比较两种格列美脲制剂的人体生物等效性.方法:20名健康男性志愿者随机交叉口服单剂量格列美脲分散片(受试制剂)与格列美脲片(参比制剂)2 mg,采用HPLC-MS法测定血浆中格列美脲浓度,用DAS 2.1软件计算药动学参数和生物利用度.结果:口服格列美脲受试制剂与参比制剂后的药动学参数分别为Cmax( 135.4±40.3)和(146.5±39.2) ng·ml-1,tmax(3.2±1.2)和(2.8±0.9)h,t1/2(7.3±3.9)和(6.7±2.8)h,AUC0～36 (757.1±217.2)和(849.4±250.4 )ng·h·ml-1,AUC0～∞(784.0±217.4)和(871.5±265.2) ng·h·ml-1.受试制剂的相对生物利用度为(90.7±17.5)％.结论:两种格列美脲制剂具有生物等效性.     

两种奥替溴铵胶囊在健康人体内的药动学和生物等效性

目的比较两种奥替溴铵胶囊在健康人体内的药动学和生物等效性。方法 21名中国健康男性受试者随机交叉单次口服奥替溴铵胶囊受试制剂和参比制剂80 mg后,采用经验证的高效液相色谱-质谱联用法测定血浆中的奥替溴铵的浓度,采用DAS 2.1.1软件计算药动学参数并进行生物等效性统计分析。结果受试者单次口服受试制剂和参比制剂后,血浆中奥替溴铵的ρmax、tmax和AUC0-t分别为(5.252±4.581)和(4.372±2.410)ng·m L-1、(1.5±0.9)和(1.5±1.1)h、(21.51±18.60)和(20.40±10.74)ng·h·m L-1,受试制剂的ρmax和AUC0-24的90%置信区间在参比制剂的生物等效范围之内。结论两种奥替溴铵胶囊在人体内具有生物等效性。     

奥美拉唑肠溶胶囊的人体药动学及生物等效性

目的:建立测定奥美拉唑血药浓度的高效液相色谱法,并考察奥美拉唑肠溶胶囊人体药动学和比较两种制剂的生物等效性。方法:采用两周期两制剂交叉试验设计,24例男性健康志愿者随机分为两组,分别单剂量交叉口服奥美拉唑肠溶胶囊(受试试剂)和洛赛克肠溶胶囊(参比制剂)40 mg,以反相高效液相法测定给药后不同时间点奥美拉唑血药浓度,采用DAS房室模型法和生物等效性计算程序进行统计分析。结果:奥美拉唑肠溶胶囊(受试试剂)和洛赛克肠溶胶囊(参比制剂)血药浓度-时间曲线符合一室开放模型。主要药动学参数:tmax分别为(1．94±0．86)h和(2．11±0．73)h,Cmax分别为(796．57±336．63)ng·ml-1和(776．30±341．55)ng·ml-1,AUC0→∞分别为(1755．86±1169．44)ng·h·ml-1和(1749．90±1241．7)ng·h·ml-1。受试制剂对参比制剂的相对生物利用度为(105．00±30．08)％。结论:两种制剂具有生物等效性。     

盐酸美金刚片在中国健康人体的生物等效性

目的:评价国产与进口盐酸美金刚片在中国健康人体的生物等效性。方法:20名健康男性受试者随机交叉单剂量口服受试制剂或参比制剂盐酸美金刚片各10mg。用高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定血浆中美金刚浓度;用DAS3.0软件计算药动学参数,并对两种药物进行生物等效性评价。结果:受试制剂和参比制剂的主要药动学参数:Cmax分别为(18.1±3.8)和(20.3±4.2)ng·mL-1;tmax分别为(12.7±15.1)和(8.8±3.0)h;t1/2分别为(60.8±15.5)和(61.4±19.2)h;AUC0-t分别为(1 748.6±338.9)和(1 720.2±317.3)ng·h·mL-1。AUC0-t、AUC0-∞、Cmax的90%置信区间分别为89.8%～105.6%、89.7%～106.1%、84.8%～93.9%。受试制剂相对生物利用度F0-t为(95.5±2.9)%。结论:受试制剂与参比制剂具有生物等效性。     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

---

Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Lung disease and PKCs

The lung offers a rich opportunity for development of therapeutic strategies focused on isozymes of protein kinase C (PKCs). PKCs are important in many cellular responses in the lung, and existing therapies for pulmonary disorders are inadequate. The lung poses unique challenges as it interfaces with air and blood, contains a pulmonary and systemic circulation, and consists of many cell types. Key structures are bronchial and pulmonary vessels, branching airways, and distal air sacs defined by alveolar walls containing capillaries and interstitial space. The cellular composition of each vessel, airway, and alveolar wall is heterogeneous. Injurious environmental stimuli signal through PKCs and cause a variety of disorders. Edema formation and pulmonary hypertension (PHTN) result from derangements in endothelial, smooth muscle (SM), and/or adventitial fibroblast cell phenotype. Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer are characterized by distinctive pathological changes in airway epithelial, SM, and mucous-generating cells. Acute and chronic pneumonitis and fibrosis occur in the alveolar space and interstitium with type 2 pneumocytes and interstitial fibroblasts/myofibroblasts playing a prominent role. At each site, inflammatory, immune, and vascular progenitor cells contribute to the injury and repair process. Many strategies have been used to investigate PKCs in lung injury. Isolated organ preparations and whole animal studies are powerful approaches especially when genetically engineered mice are used. More analysis of PKC isozymes in normal and diseased human lung tissue and cells is needed to complement this work. Since opposing or counter-regulatory effects of selected PKCs in the same cell or tissue have been found, it may be desirable to target more than one PKC isozyme and potentially in different directions. Because multiple signaling pathways contribute to the key cellular responses important in lung biology, therapeutic strategies targeting PKCs may be more effective if combined with inhibitors of other pathways for additive or synergistic effect. Mechanisms that regulate PKC activity, including phosphorylation and interaction with isozyme-specific binding proteins, are also potential therapeutic targets. Key isotypes of PKC involved in lung pathophysiology are summarized and current and evolving therapeutic approaches to target them are identified.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence among men and women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders

This study explored gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence in a crosssectional study of 150 men and 150 women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders (AUD). Participants were recruited in equal numbers from treatment settings, correctional centres and the general community. Standardized measures were used to determine participants' use of substances, history of psychiatric disorders and psychosocial stress, their sensation seeking and family history of substance use and mental health disorders. Multivariate analyses were used to detect patterns of variables associated with gender and the lifetime severity of AUD. Men had a longer history of severe AUD than women. Women had similar levels of alcohol dependence and medical and psychological sequelae as men, despite 6 fewer years of AUD. More women than men had a history of severe psychosocial stress, severe dependence on other substances and antecedent mental health problems, especially mood and anxiety disorders. There were differences in family history of alcohol-related problems approximating same-gender aggregation. The severity of a lifetime AUD was predicted by its earlier age at onset and the occurrence of other disorders, especially anxiety, among both men and women. The limitations in the generalizability of these findings due to sample idiosyncrasies are discussed.