丹红注射液对动脉粥样硬化家兔脂代谢及血管内皮功能的影响

目的观察丹红注射液对动脉粥样硬化(AS)家兔模型脂代谢及血管内皮功能的影响,探讨丹红注射液抗AS作用及可能机制。方法36只新西兰雄性白兔随机均分为正常对照组、高胆固醇组(HC组)、高胆固醇加氟伐他汀组(FC组)和高胆固醇加丹红注射液组(DC组);组织形态学分析AS斑块/内膜面积比值及斑块最厚处内膜厚度/中膜厚度比值;酶法检测血脂;酶法测定血清一氧化氮(NO)和血浆内皮素(ET)水平。结果DC组与HC组比较,血清TC、LDL-C明显降低(P<0.05);血管AS病变显著减轻(P<0.05),血清NO水平显著增高(P<0.05);血浆ET水平显著降低(P<0.05)。结论丹红注射液对实验性AS具有抑制作用,其作用机制可能为①降低血清TC和LDL-C水平,延缓AS斑块的形成;②调节血管内皮细胞生成和释放NO、ET,保护血管内皮细胞功能,进而产生抗AS作用。     

辛伐他汀对NF-κB-DNA结合活性和表达的影响

目的观察辛伐他汀对兔动脉粥样硬化（AS）斑块中核因子-κB（NF-κB）-DNA结合活性及其表达的影响,进一步探讨辛伐他汀抗AS的作用机制。方法将36只雄性新西兰大耳白兔随机分为正常对照组（NC）、高脂对照组（HC）和辛伐他汀组（HC+S）。实验中动态观察血清总胆固醇（TC）、甘油三酯（TG）和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C）的变化;实验结束时,用电泳移动迁移技术（EMSA）检测3组兔主动脉组织中NF-κB-DNA结合活性;用免疫组化技术观察各组血管组织中NF-κB的表达;显微镜下测定各组主动脉内膜厚度与斑块面积。结果用药后4、8、12周时,（HC+S）组的TC、TG、LDL-C水平显著低于HC组（P<0.05）,但高于NC组（P<0.05）;（HC+S）组的NF-κB-DNA结合活性及其表达强于NC组（P<0.05）,但弱于HC组（P<0.05）;（HC+S）组的AS斑块面积及血管内膜厚度均大于NC组（P<0.05）,但小于HC组（P<0.05）。结论辛伐他汀可以抑制NF-κB-DNA结合活性及其表达,减轻AS的形成。     

氯吡格雷对兔动脉粥样硬化基质金属蛋白酶-9及血管壁核因子-κB表达的影响

目的:观察氯吡格雷对兔动脉粥样硬化(AS)血清基质金属蛋白酶-9(MMP-9)含量、血管壁核因子-κB/p65(NF-κB/p65)含量 mRNA表达的影响。方法:将27只新西兰雄性白兔随机分为正常对照组(A组)、高胆固醇组(B组)和氯吡格雷组(C组)。酶法检测血脂;原位杂交法检测血管壁NF-κB/p65 mRNA表达;固相酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)检测MMP-9及血管壁NF-ΚB/p65含量;组织形态学分析AS斑块/内膜面积比值及斑块最厚处内膜/中膜厚度比值。结果:B组和C组血清MMP-9、血管壁NF-κB/p65含量及 mRNA表达均较A组显著升高(P<0.05);C组较B组AS病变明显减轻(P<0.05),MMP-9、血管壁NF-κB/p65含量及 mRNA及p65表达均明显降低(均P<0.05)。结论:氯吡格雷可能具有一定抗AS作用,且抗AS作用机制可能与抑制NF-κB/p65及MMP-9表达有关。     

银杏叶提取物对动脉粥样硬化过程中NF-κB表达的作用及机制

目的观察银杏叶提取物（GBE）对高胆固醇饲料喂养大鼠NF-κB表达的影响,阐明其防治动脉粥样硬化的机制。方法 SD大鼠24只随机分为高脂组、对照组、GBE低剂量组（80mg/d）、GBE高剂量组（120mg/d）。l2周后取血标本、主动脉标本,行组织形态学检查了解动脉粥样硬化情况,检测肿瘤坏死因子（TNF-α）、白介素-1（IL-1）的含量及血管内膜细胞间黏附分子-1（ICAM-1）、核因子κB（NF-κB）表达阳性率。结果 GBE组的胆固醇（TC）、三酰甘油（TG）和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C）水平均低于高脂组（P〈0.05）,且GBE高剂量组TG、LDL-C水平低于GBE低剂量组（P〈0.05）。高脂组的血管内皮细胞存在明显的崩解现象,可见斑块形成,而GBE组损伤轻微。与对照组比较,高脂组主动脉内膜ICAM-1、NF-κB表达阳性率、血清TNF-α、IL-1水平均显著升高,GBE组明显低于高脂组（P〈0.05）,且高剂量组优于低剂量组。结论 GBE可以通过调节血脂、抑制NF-κB表达,减轻动脉粥样斑块局部的炎症反应、保护血管内皮细胞而发挥防治动脉粥样硬化的作用。     

氯沙坦对家兔早期动脉粥样硬化血管MCP-1表达及胆固醇含量的影响

目的 :氯沙坦对加速性家兔早期动脉粥样硬化 （AS）血管增生及 MCP- 1蛋白表达的影响。方法 :采用组织学、免疫组织化学和生物化学方法评价加速性家兔 AS早期血管组织学、增殖细胞核抗原 （PCNA）及单核白细胞趋化蛋白 - 1（MCP- 1）蛋白表达和组织胆固醇含量的改变。结果 :AS组血管内膜与中膜厚度比值、主动脉组织胆固醇含量、内膜 PCNA阳性细胞数及 MCP- 1蛋白表达平均光密度积分值均显著增加 ,氯沙坦干预组内膜与中膜厚度比值较 AS组显著下降 ,PCNA阳性细胞数明显减少 ,血管壁 MCP- 1蛋白表达水平明显下降 （均 P<0 .0 1）。氯沙坦干预组主动脉组织胆固醇含量明显低于 AS组 [1.47± 0 .0 3mg/ g（wet）与 1.35± 0 .0 2 mg/ g（wet） ,P<0 .0 5 ]。结论 :氯沙坦干预可抑制 MCP- 1蛋白表达 ,减轻加速性 AS病变血管内膜增生 ,减少胆固醇在血管壁沉积 ,从而可能在防治AS过程中起重要作用。     

MMP-9、hs-CRP与颈动脉IMT、肱动脉内皮功能的相关性研究

目的探讨基质金属蛋白酶（MMP）-9、超敏C-反应蛋白（hs—CRP）与颈动脉内膜中层厚度、肱动脉内皮功能的关系。方法选择180例患者，采用高分辨血管外超声法对所有患者颈动脉、肱动脉进行扫查，检测颈动脉IMT及粥样斑块；在静息、反应性充血时分别测量肱动脉内径。根据颈动脉IMT及斑块情况，分为内膜正常组和内膜增厚组。内膜增厚组中再分亚组为内膜弥漫性增厚组、稳定性斑块组、不稳定性斑块组。用免疫学方法测定血清中MMP-9、hs—CRP浓度并分析其与超声结果的关系。结果内膜增厚组血清中MMP-9、hs-CRP浓度较内膜正常组明显增高（P〈0．01）；不稳定性斑块组、稳定性斑块组与内膜弥漫性增厚组相比，血清中MMP-9、hs-CRP浓度明显增高（P〈0．05，P〈0．01）；不稳定性斑块组与稳定性斑块组相比，血清中MMP-9、hs-CRP浓度明显增高（P〈0．05）；内膜增厚组肱动脉内皮功能（Flow—MD）与血清中MMP-9、hs-CRP浓度呈负相关，相关系数分别是-0．791，-0．886（P〈0．001）。结论血清中MMP-9、hs—CRP浓度增高与颈动脉内膜中层厚度（IMT）、斑块的不稳定性及肱动脉内皮细胞功能受损关系密切。     

2型糖尿病初发患者外周血单核细胞中核因子-κB表达及超敏C反应蛋白水平研究

目的探讨2型糖尿病（T2DM）初发患者外周血单核细胞中核因子κB（NF-κB）的表达及血清超敏C反应蛋白水平（hs—CRP）。方法颗粒增强免疫沉淀法测定91例初发T2DM患者（G2组）及60例对照组（G1组（血清超敏C反应蛋白水平（hs—CRP）水平;免疫组织化学染色法测定G2、G1组外周血单核细胞NF-κB活性;分析NF-κB活性与hs-CRP浓度相关性。结果G2组外周血单核细胞中NF-κB活性和血清hs-CRP水平显著高于G1组（P〈0．01）,而且外周血单核细胞中NF-κB活性与血清hs-CRP水平显著正相关。结论2型糖尿病患者处于炎症状态,血单核细胞中核因子NF-κB表达及血清hs-CRP水平升高可能与动脉粥样硬化的形成有关。     

代谢综合征患者血脂异常类型与颈动脉粥样硬化的关系

目的研究代谢综合征（MS）患者不同类型血脂异常对颈动脉粥样硬化（AS）的影响。方法将918例AS患者分为3组：正常胆固醇（N-TC）组（502例）、单纯高胆固醇（HC）组（190例）和混合性HC（M-HC）组（226例）;N-TC组再分为4个亚组：TG与HDL-C均正常组（112例）、高TG（H-TG）组（61例）、低HDL-C（L-HDL-C）组（186例）、高TG与低HDL-C混合（H-TG＋L-HDL-C）组（143例）,分析各血脂异常组对颈动脉损害的影响。结果HC组与M-HC组的颈动脉内膜中层厚度（IMT）、斑块数目均显著高于N-TC组（P〈0.05）;M-HC组斑块发生率（65.9%）显著高于N-TC组（44.5%）和HC组（56.0%）（P〈0.01）。N-TC的4个亚组中,IMT、斑块数目、斑块发生率在各组间差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;多元逐步回归分析表明：年龄和DBP与IMT最相关,年龄与斑块数目最相关。结论MS合并HC对颈AS的影响显著高于高TG或低HDL-C血症;N-TC的MS患者,年龄和DBP对颈AS具有显著影响。     

卡托普利对日本大耳白兔动脉粥样硬化及相关原癌基因c-myc、c-fos的影响

目的:探讨卡托普利对日本大耳白兔动脉粥样硬化(AS)及其相关原癌基因c-myc、c-fos变化的影响.方法:将纯种日本大耳白兔随机分成对照组、胆固醇组和不同剂量卡托普利干预组.建立家兔AS模型,观察各组家兔原癌基因c-myc、c-fos变化及大动脉管壁、管腔变化.结果:①高剂量干预组的主动脉管腔面积、内膜/中膜厚度比值、内膜/中膜粥样斑块面积比值在6和12周时均比胆固醇组明显降低(P＜0.05,P＜0.01),低剂量组与胆固醇组比较差异无统计学意义.②胆固醇组的原癌基因c-mys、c-fos mRNA表达的阳性率较对照组显著增高(P＜0.01),而高剂量干预组的阳性率则显著低于胆固醇组(P＜0.05),中、低剂量组与胆固醇组比较差异无统计学意义.结论:高剂量的卡托普利能有效防止日本大耳白兔AS形成和发展.     

丹红注射液对不稳定型心绞痛患者血清超敏C-反应蛋白的影响

目的研究丹红注射液对不稳定型心绞痛（UA）患者血清超敏C反应蛋白（hs—CRP）、内皮素（ET）、纤维蛋白原（Fg）水平的影响。方法选择我院42例UA患者，随机分为治疗组22例和对照组20例，对照组患者给予肠溶阿司匹林、硝酸酯类、β-受体阻滞剂和（或）钙拮抗剂、他汀类降脂药等治疗，治疗组患者在此基础上加用丹红注射液40ml加入5％葡萄糖溶液500ml，缓慢静脉滴注，1次／d，疗程均为14d。观察两组患者治疗前、后血清hs—CRP、ET、Fg水平。结果两组患者治疗前、后hs—CRP、ET、Fg间差异均有非常显著性意义（P〈0．01），且两组患者治疗后各指标间差异亦均有显著性意义（P〈0．05）。结论丹红注射液短期干预治疗能降低UA患者血清hs—CRP、ET浓度与Fg水平。     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.