乳腺癌新辅助化疗后前哨淋巴结活检的初步研究

目的研究乳腺癌新辅助化疗后前哨淋巴结活检（SLNB）的可行性和效果。方法利用新型示踪剂——^99mTc-利妥昔配合专利蓝染料对60例原发性乳腺癌新辅助化疗后病例进行SLNB，并对SLN进行常规病理检查和免疫组织化学检查。SLNB后常规腋窝淋巴结清扫。结果SLN检测成功率95％（57／60）。SLN转移阳性23例（40％），其中18例为常规病理检查转移阳性（78％），5例为免疫组织化学检出的微转移（22％）。23例SLN有转移病例中，9例同时存在其他腋窝淋巴结转移，另外14例为惟一转移淋巴结。1例SLN转移假阴性。灵敏度96％（23／24），准确性98％（56／57），特异度100％（33／33），假阴性率4．3％（1／23），阴性预测值97％（36／37），阳性预测值100％（24／24）。内乳淋巴结显像11例，活检病理检查均为转移阴性。结论同位素示踪剂和蓝染料联合检测方法对原发性乳腺癌新辅助化疗后进行SLNB同样适用，内乳前哨淋巴结活检不应做常规推荐。     

乳腺

不同前哨淋巴结的定义标准对核素法行乳腺癌前哨淋巴结定位活检的影响；区域血流灌注与乳腺癌生物学行为的关系；新辅助化疗对乳腺癌耐药基因表达的影响；乳腺癌新辅助化疗后腋窝淋巴结的变化；乳腔镜治疗乳腺良性肿瘤68例；乳腺癌新辅助化疗后前哨淋巴结活检术的研究；1679例乳腺癌内乳淋巴结转移的高危因素分析；     

乳腺癌新辅助化疗后前哨淋巴结活检术的研究

目的 探讨乳腺癌病人新辅助化疗后前哨淋巴结活检的可行性。方法对2003年11月至2004年10月住院治疗中的57例Ⅱ、Ⅲ期乳腺癌病人行新辅助化疗后，临床检查腋窝淋巴结阴性行前哨淋巴结活检术（SLNB）。结果57例中检出前哨淋巴结（SLN）53例，检出率93．0％。SLN对腋窝淋巴结状况预测的敏感性为89．7％，特异性为100．0％，准确性为94．3％，阳性预测值为100．0％，阴性预测值为88．9％，假阴性率为5．7％。肿瘤对化疗反应为CR（完全缓解）、PR（部分缓解）和SD（稳定）的SLN检出率分别为100．0％、96．7％和70．0％（P〈0．01）。SLN假阴性3例均为腋窝淋巴结转移数〉4个者。结论Ⅱ、Ⅲ期乳腺癌实施新辅助化疗后。行SLNB可获得与早期乳腺癌SLNB相似的效果。     

早期乳腺癌腋窝处理研究热点

前哨淋巴结活检（SLNB）替代腋窝淋巴结清扫（ALND）已成为临床腋窝淋巴结阴性早期乳腺癌病人的标准处理方式。有限腋窝淋巴结转移的病人,接受保乳治疗满足美国外科医师协会肿瘤学组（ACOSOG）Z0011、IBCSG 23-01入组条件,可豁免ALND;或参考AMAROS,考虑腋窝放疗替代ALND;接受乳房完全切除无放疗的病人,推荐ALND。区域淋巴结放疗能够降低乳腺癌局部区域复发,在早期乳腺癌病人的腋窝处理中应权衡临床病理指标进行个体化治疗。新辅助治疗初始临床腋窝淋巴结阴性的病人可在新辅助治疗后行SLNB。新辅助治疗前可疑腋窝淋巴结优选超声引导下穿刺明确状态并标记转移淋巴结。选择适宜病人,采用双示踪、活检超过2枚以上前哨淋巴结、评估标记的新辅助治疗前转移淋巴结,并考虑将淋巴结分期N0（i＋）纳为进行ALND的标准,满足上述条件,则初始腋窝淋巴结有转移新辅助治疗后临床完全缓解的病人可谨慎考虑接受SLNB。实践中,除外参与相关临床试验,ALND仍是这部分病人的治疗推荐。     

经肋间隙探查定位于内乳区的前哨淋巴结对乳腺癌淋巴分期的影响

目的 探讨乳腺癌前哨淋巴结在内乳区时对其探查与否对淋巴结分期的影响。方法 2006-01—2016-01间,对501例c T1-4N0-1M0期乳腺癌患者进行前哨淋巴结探查术,发现有蓝染淋巴管通向内乳区的患者,经肋间隙入路行内乳区前哨淋巴结活检术(IM-SLNB)+腋窝前哨淋巴结探查+改良根治术100例为A组;行腋窝前哨淋巴结探查+改良根治术401例为B组。观察A组经肋间隙入路IM-SLNB的病理结果与假设该组病例不探查相对比,了解探查对其淋巴分期的影响。观察经肋间隙入路的IMSLNB对手术时间、出血、并发症及恢复等的影响。结果 A组探查发现内乳区淋巴结癌转移19例相对于假设不探查为0例,其淋巴结分期修正率19.0%,(P0.05)有统计学意义;经肋间隙入路IM-SLNB阶段所用时间(23.93±5.89)min;仅1例术中胸廓内动脉出血,切断肋软骨显露血管后结扎止血,出血量约10~20 m L,其余99例均5 m L;胸膜破损0例、气胸0例;术后并发症和愈合时间与B组无统计学差异(P0.05)。结论 选择乳腺癌前哨淋巴结在内乳区时对其进行探查其阳性率高,有助于淋巴结准确分期;经肋间隙入路的内乳区淋巴结探查,创伤小、风险小、不增加并发症。     

乳腔镜前哨淋巴结活检术的临床应用

目的 探讨经乳腔镜前哨淋巴结活检的可行性及应用前景。方法 应用亚甲蓝染色法检测62例乳腺癌患者的前哨淋巴结(SLN)。在乳腔镜下切除SLN,随后行乳腔镜腋窝淋巴结清扫,SLN、腋窝淋巴结同时行HE染色,评价SLN检出率及假阴性率。结果 62例患者61例检出前哨淋巴结,成功率98．4％。无腋窝淋巴结转移者35例,转移27例,假阴性率0。结论 乳腔镜前哨淋巴结活检检出率高,美容效果好,并发症低,对于乳腺癌腋窝淋巴结转移有较高的敏感性,可以为绝大多数乳腺癌进行准确淋巴分期。     

乳腺癌保乳手术的治疗及预后

目的探讨乳腺癌保乳手术的方式和预后。方法回顾性分析笔者所在2所医院10年间保乳治疗69例原发性乳腺癌患者的临床资料，包括保乳术不放疗和保乳术加放疗、化疗和激素治疗。随访12～140个月。结果保乳手术未放疗组3年复发率11．54％（3／26），显著高于手术加放疗组3．03％（1／33）（P〈0．05）。腋窝淋巴结阳性的保乳手术未化疗者，其5年远处转移率（50．0％）高于手术加化疗组（11．1％）（P〈0．05）。结论保乳术后应进行放疗；年轻、淋巴结阳 性、组织学分级Ⅲ级者应辅助化疗。     

乳腺癌新辅助化疗后局部区域外科处理进展

目的探讨乳腺癌新辅助化疗后对局部区域的外科处理策略。方法对近年来有关乳腺癌新辅助化疗降期后保乳治疗、同侧乳房复发的相关因素、原发肿瘤病理退缩模式以及前哨淋巴结活检等局部区域的外科处理的相关文献进行综述。结果①新辅助化疗可使乳腺原发肿瘤降期,提高保乳手术的比率,但通过新辅助化疗降期后保乳手术患者可能存在较高的同侧乳腺肿瘤复发风险。目前比较趋于一致的影响新辅助化疗降期后保乳治疗的同侧乳腺肿瘤复发率的相关因素为残余肿瘤呈多中心模式、残余肿瘤直径〉2cm。新辅助化疗后原发肿瘤病理退缩模式及相关因素尚不明确。②新辅助化疗前、后前哨淋巴结活检（SLNB）均是可行的并获得指南与专家共识的认可,初始腋窝淋巴结阴性患者更能从新辅助化疗后SLNB中获益,初始腋窝淋巴结阳性患者新辅助化疗转阴性后行SLNB替代ALND的前景可期,但需要获得临床认可的成功率和假阴性率及与ALND相似的局部区域复发率及总生存率。结论无论乳腺癌新辅助化疗的临床和影像学疗效如何,外科处理仍然是目前降低局部区域复发风险的重要治疗手段。分子分型时代,我们可以依据乳腺癌初始分期及新辅助化疗的疗效对乳腺癌患者施行个体化的局部区域外科处理     

乳腺癌新辅助化疗后全腋窝清扫的应用研究

目的探讨在经新辅助化疗降期后的局部晚期乳腺癌患者中,全腋窝淋巴结清扫应用的必要性。方法将2001年至2007年75例经新辅助化疗后获得降期的局部晚期乳腺癌患者分为两组,分别行Kodama改良根治术（KMRM组）和改良根治术Ⅰ式（MRMI组）,比较分析治疗效果。结果两组清扫腋窝淋巴结总数差异有显著性。其中,KMRM组单独送检锁骨下淋巴结125枚,阳性11枚（8．8％）,术后并发症及5年生存率差异均无显著性。结论新辅助化疗后乳腺癌患者的手术方式选择中,化疗前分期仍应作为主要参考依据之一。     

前哨淋巴结活检在早期乳腺癌手术中的意义

目的探讨前哨淋巴结活检在早期乳腺癌外科治疗中决定乳腺切除范围的意义.方法278例乳腺癌患者,利用γ-探测仪定位前哨淋巴结(SLN),切下的SLN和腋窝淋巴结(ALN)行HE染色和免疫组织化学染色(IHC),观察前哨淋巴结病理结果,预测腋窝淋巴结转移的准确性.结果278例前哨淋巴结,检出率91.73%(255/278).248例进行腋窝淋巴结清扫,HE染色86例腋窝淋巴结转移,87例前哨淋巴结转移;IHC染色显示腋窝淋巴结转移91例,前哨淋巴结转移88例.60例前哨淋巴结活检阴性的早期乳腺癌保乳治疗后,随访3～5年影像学检查均未发现局部复发或腋窝淋巴结转移,保乳保腋窝组和保乳未保腋窝组远期疗效无区别.结论前哨淋巴结活检用于指导腋窝淋巴结清扫,是一种相对可靠的客观指标,活检阴性可作为保留腋窝的安全指标,但术后仍需监测腋窝淋巴结的增多或增大现象,必要时进行淋巴结活检.     

Halsted Revisited: Internal Mammary Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy in Breast Cancer

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the feasibility of internal mammary sentinel lymph node biopsy as a method to refine and thereby improve nodal staging in breast cancer. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: The internal mammary lymph node status is a major prognostic factor in breast cancer. If positive, prognosis is less favorable. However, staging this regional nodal basin is not performed routinely, thus discarding additional staging information. METHODS: In a consecutive series of 256 patients with primary breast cancer, sentinel node biopsy was performed based on lymphoscintigraphy, intraoperative gamma probe detection, and blue dye mapping using 10 mCi (370 MBq) (99m)Tc-nanocolloid injected peritumorally and 0.5 to 1.0 mL Patent Blue V injected intradermally. During surgery, whenever possible, both axillary and internal mammary sentinel nodes were sampled. RESULTS: Lymphoscintigraphy showed axillary sentinel nodes in 95% (243/256) and additional internal mammary sentinel nodes in 25.3% (65/256). The overall success rate of axillary sentinel node biopsy was 97% (249/256). Sampling the internal mammary basin, based on the results of lymphoscintigraphy, was successful in 63% (41/65). In three patients a small pleural lesion resulted from staging this basin. This technique revealed internal mammary metastases in 26.8% (11/41). In 7.3% (3/41), internal mammary nodes showed metastatic involvement without accompanying axillary metastases. CONCLUSIONS: Internal mammary sentinel node biopsy is feasible without serious additional complications. It improves nodal staging in breast cancer by identifying higher-risk subgroups with internal mammary nodal metastases, which might benefit from altered adjuvant treatment regimens.     

老年乳腺癌术后辅助化疗对预后的影响

目的探讨老年乳腺癌的术后辅助化疗对预后的影响。方法收集80例Ⅰ~Ⅲ期≥65岁乳腺癌患者的资料,其中接受辅助化疗有47例,未接受辅助化疗有33例,分析两组的临床病理特点和预后特征。结果与未接受术后辅助化疗的患者比较,接受辅助化疗年龄轻的患者较多(P=0.005)、伴有合并症较少(P=0.040)、腋窝淋巴结转移率高(P0.001)、ER/PR阴性率高(P=0.029)、接受放疗概率高(P=0.005);而在肿瘤组织学分级、肿瘤大小、HER2表达、手术方式、内分泌治疗无明显区别(P0.05)。中位随访期为73个月,辅助化疗组与未辅助化疗组相比,无病生存率(DFS)无明显区别(78.7%vs 90.9%,P=0.147),总生存率(OS)也无明显区别(83.0%vs93.9%,P=0.098)。结论老年乳腺癌患者术后辅助化疗的获益不明显,但对于年纪较轻、伴有合并症较少且伴有腋窝淋巴结转移、ER/PR阴性等高风险因素的患者,应全面综合评估患者的耐受性和获益程度选择术后辅助化疗。     

Internal mammary sentinel lymph node biopsy should still be performed,especially in the patient with clinically positive axillary lymph nodes

Current studies suggest that the internal mammary sentinel lymph node biopsy (IM-SLNB) should not be performed routinely, for it did not alter clinical management of breast cancer patients in terms of adjuvant treatment. However, consideration should be given to the fact, the study population in all current research relate to IM-SLNB is the patients with clinically negative axillary lymph nodes. As internal mammary lymph nodes metastases are mostly found concomitantly with axillary metastases, clinical trials currently fail to evaluate the status of internal mammary lymph nodes who really in need. In consideration of the impact to staging and accurate indication of radiation to the internal mammary area, we recommend that research on IM-SLNB should still be encouraged, especially in patients with clinically positive axillary lymph nodes.     

Accurate axillary nodal staging can be achieved after neoadjuvant therapy for locally advanced breast cancer

Lymph node status remains the most important prognostic indicator for breast cancer. Recent reports have established that the accuracy of assessing lymph node status is proportional to the number of nodes dissected. The accuracy of axillary staging following neoadjuvant chemotherapy has been cited as a technical concern due to limited node retrieval. The current study attempts to evaluate the ability to perform sentinel node biopsy (SNB) and formal axillary node dissection (AND) following neoadjuvant chemotherapy and to compare these results with non-neoadjuvant patients. One hundred sixteen consecutive patients undergoing SNB with simultaneous AND were retrospectively reviewed. Forty-two of these patients were treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy prior to AND. Overall success rate in performing SNB in the neoadjuvant group was 95 per cent, and no false negatives have been noted to date. The overall SNB success rate in the non-neoadjuvant group was also 95 per cent with a false negative rate of 3 per cent. After AND in each group, a mean of 21 nodes were retrieved in the neoadjuvant group and 17.9 nodes in the non-neoadjuvant group (P = 0.018). In the neoadjuvant group, there were 19 node positive patients (42%) and 21 patients (28%) in the non-neoadjuvant group (P = 0.16). The mean number of positive nodes per patient was also similar between the two groups (2.9 in the neoadjuvant group vs 1.67 in the non-neoadjuvant group, P = 0.10). Following neoadjuvant therapy, accurate evaluation of the axilla is feasible. In this study, the mean number of nodes is significantly different in favor of the neoadjuvant group, but there is no significant difference in the number of node positive patients identified or in the mean number of positive nodes identified per patient. SNB is technically feasible with accuracy similar to that seen in patients with no history of neoadjuvant therapy. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy extends the use of breast-conserving therapy without sacrificing the ability to accurately stage the axilla either by use of standard axillary dissection or SNB.     

超声联合空芯针穿刺活检在原发性乳腺癌腋窝淋巴结转移中的诊断价值

目的研究术前超声引导下淋巴结空芯针穿刺(US-CNB)在检测乳腺癌患者腋窝淋巴结转移中的诊断价值。方法回顾性研究2016年1月至2017年7月在我院行超声检查及超声引导下空芯针穿刺活检,并有腋窝淋巴结术后病理诊断的所有乳腺癌病人。计算US-CNB的敏感性、特异性、阳性预测值(PPV)、阴性预测值(NPV)、准确性,同时统计Kappa值以明确一致性情况。分析US-CNB结果与N和T分期的关系。结果以术后病理结果为金标准,US-CNB诊断淋巴结转移的敏感性为91.8%(90/98),特异性为58.3%(21/36),PPV为85.7%(90/105),NPV为72.4%(21/29),误诊率为41.7%(15/36),漏诊率为8.2%(8/98),约登指数为50.1%,准确性82.8%(111/134),ROC曲线下面积为0.751。比较US-CNB与术后病理的一致性,Kappa=0.535。排除新辅助化疗患者14例,特异性、PPV和误诊率分别为95.5%(21/22)、98.9%(90/91)以及4.5%,约登指数87.3%,准确性92.5%(111/120),ROC曲线下面积为0.936(P0.0001),比较排除后US-CNB与术后病理的一致性,Kappa=0.777。随着T和N分期的增加,US-CNB的敏感性增加。结论乳腺癌患者术前腋窝淋巴结空芯针穿刺可作为诊断腋窝淋巴结转移的可靠方法,与术后病理有较高的一致性。淋巴结穿刺结果阳性可能与乳腺癌较高肿瘤负荷相关。     

Oncological issues in staging mediastinal lymph node metastasis for left lung cancer

ObjectiveWe aimed to discuss the underlying oncological issues in staging of mediastinal lymph node metastasis in patients with left lung cancer who underwent extended radical lymphadenectomy (ERL).MethodsThis multi-institutional retrospective study analyzed 116 patients with left non-small-cell lung cancer who underwent bilateral paratracheal lymph node dissection (ERL) via median sternotomy. The clinicopathological records of patients with mediastinal lymph node metastasis were examined for prognostic factors, including age, sex, histology, tumor size, cN number, preoperative data, metastatic stations (number and distribution), pT, and adjuvant chemotherapy.ResultsMediastinal lymph node metastases were found in 43 patients, and right paratracheal lymph node metastases (pN3) were found in 13 patients. The 5-year overall survival rate was 25.2% in patients with pN3 tumors (n = 13) and 23.1% in patients with pN2 tumors (n = 30). The prognosis did not differ between patients with pN3 and pN2. Univariate analyses showed that histology, cN, and adjuvant chemotherapy were significant prognostic factors in patients with mediastinal lymph node metastasis. In these 43 patients, cN and adjuvant chemotherapy were significant independent prognostic factors in multivariate analysis.ConclusionsThe prognostic factors for left lung cancer with mediastinal lymph node metastasis were cN status and adjuvant chemotherapy, and not pN status (pN2 or pN3). We hope that the study results, which suggest that there may be no difference in prognosis between pN2 and pN3, would broaden the discussion of oncological issues in the staging of mediastinal lymph node metastasis of left lung cancer.     

Biological significance of occult micrometastases in histologically negative axillary lymph nodes in breast cancer patients using the recent American Joint Committee on Cancer breast cancer staging system

The biological significance of occult metastases in axillary lymph nodes of breast cancer patients is controversial. The purpose of the study was to determine the prognostic significance of occult micrometastases using the current American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system in a cohort of women with node-negative breast cancer, of whom 5% received adjuvant systemic therapy and who all had long-term follow-up. We studied a cohort of 214 consecutive histologically node-negative breast cancer patients with a median follow-up of 8 years. Blocks of the axillary lymph nodes were assessed for occult micrometastases by examination of an additional hematoxylin-eosin-stained slide and by immunohistochemical staining using an antibody to low molecular weight keratin. Occult metastases were classified according to the sixth edition of the AJCC cancer staging manual. We examined the prognostic effects of occult micrometastases and other clinicopathologic features on recurrence outside the breast with disease-free interval (DFI) and survival from breast cancer with disease-specific survival (DSS). Cytokeratin-positive tumor cells were identified in the lymph nodes in 29 of 214 cases (14%). Two cases had isolated tumor cells and no cluster larger than 0.2 mm [pN0(i+)], whereas 27 of 214 (13%) had micrometastases (larger than 0.2 mm and 相似文献   

乳腺癌内乳区前哨淋巴结活检术研究进展

内乳区淋巴结的转移状况是乳腺癌的独立预后指标,也：是乳腺癌淋巴分期的重要依据之一。内乳区淋巴结转移的患者预后较差。随着前哨淋巴结活检技术的不断发展和新型注射技术的出现,内乳区前哨淋巴结活检的显像率显著提高,经肋间行内乳区前哨淋巴结活检术可以最小的风险评估内乳区淋巴结状况,并进一步完善乳腺癌的淋巴结分期．有助于为患者制定更为准确的个体化治疗方案。     

Positive sentinel lymph node biopsy predicts the number of metastatic axillary nodes of breast cancer

It remains to be clarified whether a positive sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) can predict the number of metastatic axillary nodes. This study examined a consecutive series of women with unilateral invasive breast cancer who underwent axillary lymph node dissection after an intra-operative positive SLNB. The numbers of positive and negative sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs) were analyzed for a likelihood of pN1a, pN2a, and pN3a diseases as per the UICC TNM classification. Of the 368 study patients, 165 (45%) had one positive SLN and one or more negative SLNs. This result represented the most common combination of positive and negative SLNs. It was also the most predictive indicator (93%) of pN1a disease and the least predictive indicator (7% or 0%) of pN2a or pN3a disease, respectively. The numbers of positive and negative SLNs can predict the number of metastatic axillary nodes in breast cancer patients.     

Results of tailored treatment for breast cancer patients with internal mammary lymph node metastases

Although the internal mammary (IM) lymph node status is a major prognostic factor in breast cancer, IM nodal staging is not common practice. In order to improve nodal staging, we have routinely performed IM sentinel node (SN) biopsy and have adjusted adjuvant treatment accordingly. We reviewed the outcome of these patients. Data from 764 patients were available for follow-up. A total of 406 patients had no lymph node metastases (group 1), 330 patients had axillary metastases (group 2), 7 patients had IM metastases only (group 3) and 21 patients had both axillary and IM metastases (group 4). Mean follow-up was 46 months. Prognosis did not appear to be worse for patients with IM metastases compared to those with axillary metastases only, which might indicate that they benefit from improved staging and tailored adjuvant treatment algorithms. However, long-term follow-up data, preferably in larger series, are needed to support our findings.