内乳淋巴结活检在乳腺癌分期与辅助治疗中的价值

目的分析乳腺癌经肋间隙内乳淋巴结切除活检在乳腺癌分期与辅助治疗中的价值。方法回顾性分析济南军区总医院甲状腺乳腺外科2003年5月至2014年1月期间305例（根据是否行新辅助化疗分为新辅助化疗组和无新辅助化疗组）行乳腺癌各式改良根治术与经肋间隙内乳淋巴结切除活检患者的相关临床与病理资料,包括患者年龄、腋窝淋巴结、内乳淋巴结转移状况等信息,分析内乳淋巴结对乳腺癌分期与治疗的影响。结果新辅助化疗组共收集乳腺癌患者67例,发生腋窝淋巴结转移者45例（67．2％）,内乳淋巴结转移者23例（34．3％）;乳腺癌淋巴结病理（pN）分期改变者23例（34．3％）,乳腺癌肿瘤病理（pTNM）分期改变者8例（11．9％）。无新辅助化疗组共收集乳腺癌患者238例,发生腋窝淋巴结转移者155例（65．1％）,内乳淋巴结转移者30例（12．6％）;乳腺癌pN分期改变者30例（12．6％）,pTNM分期改变者23例（9。66％）。新辅助化疗组的内乳淋巴结转移率明显高于无新辅助化疗组（χ2=15．7,P〈0．05）,pTNM分期改变率也明显高于无新辅助化疗组贸（χ2=5．3,P〈0．05）。结论经肋间隙内乳淋巴结活检对乳腺癌pN分期、pTNM分期有一定的影响。新辅助化疗不能使所有内乳淋巴结转移癌达到病理完全缓解。经肋间隙内乳淋巴结活检不仅可完善乳腺癌pN和pTNM分期,而且能够指导乳腺癌术后辅助治疗,减少内乳区局部过度治疗,有助于乳腺癌患者个体化治疗。     

经肋间隙取内乳区前哨淋巴结活检术的临床意义(附51例报告)

目的探讨内乳区前哨淋巴结活检的方法及意义。方法于2003年6月至2004年11月,选择内乳区淋巴结显像的51例乳腺癌病人并确定内乳前哨淋巴结,术中再次用γ探测仪、蓝色染料确认前哨淋巴结的位置,切开肋间肌,经肋间隙胸膜外切除内乳区前哨淋巴结及其他内乳淋巴结。结果51例病人检出内乳前哨淋巴结共54枚,手术时间(31±7)min。检出1枚前哨淋巴结48例,2枚3例,其中发生癌转移18例,共19枚。前哨淋巴结位于第2、3肋间隙者分别为13枚和20枚。用3种方法联合定位内乳前哨淋巴结,其敏感性和特异性均为100%,总准确率为100%。51例共检出内乳淋巴结118枚,其中发生癌转移25枚。无前哨淋巴结转移者未见内乳区其他淋巴结转移。无并发症发生。结论经肋间隙取内乳区前哨淋巴结活检为明确内乳淋巴结转移状况提供了有效的方法。     

乳腔镜前哨淋巴结活检术的临床应用

目的 探讨经乳腔镜前哨淋巴结活检的可行性及应用前景。方法 应用亚甲蓝染色法检测62例乳腺癌患者的前哨淋巴结(SLN)。在乳腔镜下切除SLN,随后行乳腔镜腋窝淋巴结清扫,SLN、腋窝淋巴结同时行HE染色,评价SLN检出率及假阴性率。结果 62例患者61例检出前哨淋巴结,成功率98．4％。无腋窝淋巴结转移者35例,转移27例,假阴性率0。结论 乳腔镜前哨淋巴结活检检出率高,美容效果好,并发症低,对于乳腺癌腋窝淋巴结转移有较高的敏感性,可以为绝大多数乳腺癌进行准确淋巴分期。     

乳腺癌内乳区前哨淋巴结活检术研究进展

内乳区淋巴结的转移状况是乳腺癌的独立预后指标,也：是乳腺癌淋巴分期的重要依据之一。内乳区淋巴结转移的患者预后较差。随着前哨淋巴结活检技术的不断发展和新型注射技术的出现,内乳区前哨淋巴结活检的显像率显著提高,经肋间行内乳区前哨淋巴结活检术可以最小的风险评估内乳区淋巴结状况,并进一步完善乳腺癌的淋巴结分期．有助于为患者制定更为准确的个体化治疗方案。     

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目的 探讨乳腔镜在乳腺癌保留乳房腋窝淋巴结清扫术中的手术方法及可行性.方法 2001年8月至2007年8月首都医科大学附属北京复兴医院普外科行保乳乳腔镜腋窝淋巴结清扫术治疗乳腺癌276例,同期行乳腺癌改良根治术142例.对比分析其治疗效果.结果 276例经乳腔镜完成腋窝淋巴结清扫,手术时间由2h缩短至40min以内,术后发生并发症2例;改良根治术组142例发生术后并发症27例,手术时间55～160min.结论 乳腺癌保留乳房手术使用乳腔镜进行腋窝淋巴结清扫术可以缩短手术时间、简化手术;在保证腋窝淋巴结清扫质量的同时降低了手术并发症发生率,达到了生理、心理的微创化,提高了病人的生活质量.乳腔镜腋窝淋巴结清扫术是可行的.     

经肋间隙入路行内乳淋巴结活检的探讨

目的研究胸前壁内乳区的局部解剖,探讨经肋间隙入路行内乳淋巴结活检的可行性和安全性。方法113例乳腺癌患者均接受不同术式的根治术及经肋间隙内乳淋巴结活检术。术中测量胸骨外缘距胸廓内动脉的距离和肋间隙的宽度,记录内乳淋巴结的部位和最大直径。结果胸廓内动脉距胸骨外缘的距离在第1、2、3和4肋间隙分别为(10．9±4．5)mm、(11．6±3．O)mm、(9．6±3．6)mm和(4．5±3．5)mmo第1、2、3、4肋间隙宽度分别为(14．2±4．1)mm、(16．2±4．2) mm、(13．9±4．3)mm和(9．9±3．6)mm c 113例乳腺癌共切除内乳淋巴结279枚。内乳淋巴结位于胸廓内动脉周围的脂肪组织中,在血管内侧占41．2％,外侧占51．6％,前方为7．2％。113例乳腺癌患者中内乳淋巴结转移者26例,其中仅有内乳淋巴结转移者5例。结论切开胸骨外缘肋间肌2-3．5 cm所提供的术野能完成内乳淋巴结活检,此方法具有操作简便、创伤小、安全性高的特点。     

前哨淋巴结活检在早期乳腺癌手术中的意义

目的探讨前哨淋巴结活检在早期乳腺癌外科治疗中决定乳腺切除范围的意义.方法278例乳腺癌患者,利用γ-探测仪定位前哨淋巴结(SLN),切下的SLN和腋窝淋巴结(ALN)行HE染色和免疫组织化学染色(IHC),观察前哨淋巴结病理结果,预测腋窝淋巴结转移的准确性.结果278例前哨淋巴结,检出率91.73%(255/278).248例进行腋窝淋巴结清扫,HE染色86例腋窝淋巴结转移,87例前哨淋巴结转移;IHC染色显示腋窝淋巴结转移91例,前哨淋巴结转移88例.60例前哨淋巴结活检阴性的早期乳腺癌保乳治疗后,随访3～5年影像学检查均未发现局部复发或腋窝淋巴结转移,保乳保腋窝组和保乳未保腋窝组远期疗效无区别.结论前哨淋巴结活检用于指导腋窝淋巴结清扫,是一种相对可靠的客观指标,活检阴性可作为保留腋窝的安全指标,但术后仍需监测腋窝淋巴结的增多或增大现象,必要时进行淋巴结活检.     

保留相关功能神经的改良乳腺癌根治术

目的探讨改良乳腺癌根治术保留胸前神经及肋间臂神经的方法及临床意义。方法选择Ⅰ、Ⅱ期乳腺癌患者 87例 ,随机分为两组 ,A组 5 2例 ,采用经胸大肌前入路清扫腋窝淋巴结 ,保留胸小肌、胸前神经及肋间神经。B组 (对照组 ) 35例 ,经胸大肌入路清扫腋窝淋巴结 ,切除胸小肌 ,切断肋间臂神经 ,观察随访两组术后情况。结果术后重度胸大肌萎缩 :A组 ,0例 ,B组 2 8例(80 % ) ,2组比较 ,差异有显著性 (χ2 =6 1 34,P <0 0 1)。腋窝及患侧上肢感觉异常 ,A组 3例(5 8% ) ,B组 31例 (88 6 % ) ,2组比较 ,差异有显著性 (χ2 =6 2 2 4 ,P <0 0 1)。结论保留胸前神经及肋间臂神经的改良乳腺癌根治术能够有效地防止胸大肌萎缩和患侧腋窝上肢感觉障碍的发生率。     

腋窝逆向淋巴示踪

乳腺癌的手术发展经历了从局部切除术、乳腺癌根治术、扩大根治术、改良根治术到保乳手术等阶段[1],手术范围由小变大,再由大变小,使外科治疗模式从"可以耐受的最大治疗"转变到"最小有效治疗"[2]。腋窝手术分期也由腋窝淋巴结清扫逐渐演变为先行前哨淋巴结活检后再选择性地清扫腋窝淋巴结。随着乳腺癌早期诊断率的提高、辅助治疗     

男性乳腺癌前哨淋巴结活检11例分析

目的 以亚甲蓝注射液为示踪剂检测男性乳腺癌前哨淋巴结,并根据活检及腋窝淋巴结清扫结果评价前哨淋巴结活检在男性乳腺癌治疗中的应用价值.方法 将郑州大学第一附属医院乳腺外科2010年3月-2014年12月收治的男性乳腺癌患者11例入组,临床分期为cT1 ～ T2N0M0.使用亚甲蓝注射液为示踪剂,给予11例患者前哨淋巴结活检,同时给予腋窝淋巴结清扫.结果 11例男性乳腺癌患者,10例检出前哨淋巴结,检出率为90.9％(10/11).前哨淋巴结1～3枚,平均1.8枚.非前哨淋巴结8～14枚,平均10.5枚.1例未检出患者排除分析.10例前哨淋巴结活检成功的患者中6例转移(6/10);前哨淋巴结未转移而非前哨淋巴结转移的患者1例(1/10).本组研究中前哨淋巴结对腋窝淋巴结状况的符合率(准确性)为90％(9/10);灵敏度为100％(6/6)％;准确率为60％(6/10).结论 使用亚甲蓝注射液行前哨淋巴结活检能够准确预测男性乳腺癌腋窝淋巴结的转移情况,可作为早期男性乳腺癌评估腋窝分期的可靠手段.     

Internal mammary sentinel lymph node biopsy should still be performed,especially in the patient with clinically positive axillary lymph nodes

Current studies suggest that the internal mammary sentinel lymph node biopsy (IM-SLNB) should not be performed routinely, for it did not alter clinical management of breast cancer patients in terms of adjuvant treatment. However, consideration should be given to the fact, the study population in all current research relate to IM-SLNB is the patients with clinically negative axillary lymph nodes. As internal mammary lymph nodes metastases are mostly found concomitantly with axillary metastases, clinical trials currently fail to evaluate the status of internal mammary lymph nodes who really in need. In consideration of the impact to staging and accurate indication of radiation to the internal mammary area, we recommend that research on IM-SLNB should still be encouraged, especially in patients with clinically positive axillary lymph nodes.     

Lymphatic Mapping of the Breast: Locating the Sentinel Lymph Nodes

When the concept of sentinel lymph node biopsy was described in patients with melanoma, researchers quickly started to use lymphatic mapping techniques in breast cancer patients in an attempt to locate the sentinel node in the axilla. We have been performing mammary lymphoscintigraphy in this role for 6 years and have now studied 159 patients. Like others, we have found that most breast cancers (93%) have lymphatic drainage that includes the axilla, and we have found an average of 1.4 axillary sentinel nodes in these patients. Surgical biopsy of the axillary sentinel nodes accurately staged the node field in 96% of patients. We have also found, however, that the pattern of lymphatic drainage from the cancer site is unpredictable; and in 49% of patients lymphatic drainage occurred across the center line of the breast to axillary or internal mammary sentinel nodes. In more than half of our patients (56%) lymphatic drainage occurred to lymph nodes outside the axilla including the internal mammary (45%), supraclavicular (13%), and interpectoral and intramammary interval nodes (12%). These nodes are also sentinel nodes, and their presence indicates that a sentinel node biopsy procedure that stages only the status of the axillary lymph nodes has the potential to understage about half the patients with breast cancer. High quality lymphoscintigraphy allows accurate mapping of peritumoral lymphatic drainage in most patients with breast cancer. It is possible that in the future accurate nodal staging in each individual will involve biopsy of all sentinel lymph nodes, regardless of their location.     

Halsted Revisited: Internal Mammary Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy in Breast Cancer

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the feasibility of internal mammary sentinel lymph node biopsy as a method to refine and thereby improve nodal staging in breast cancer. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: The internal mammary lymph node status is a major prognostic factor in breast cancer. If positive, prognosis is less favorable. However, staging this regional nodal basin is not performed routinely, thus discarding additional staging information. METHODS: In a consecutive series of 256 patients with primary breast cancer, sentinel node biopsy was performed based on lymphoscintigraphy, intraoperative gamma probe detection, and blue dye mapping using 10 mCi (370 MBq) (99m)Tc-nanocolloid injected peritumorally and 0.5 to 1.0 mL Patent Blue V injected intradermally. During surgery, whenever possible, both axillary and internal mammary sentinel nodes were sampled. RESULTS: Lymphoscintigraphy showed axillary sentinel nodes in 95% (243/256) and additional internal mammary sentinel nodes in 25.3% (65/256). The overall success rate of axillary sentinel node biopsy was 97% (249/256). Sampling the internal mammary basin, based on the results of lymphoscintigraphy, was successful in 63% (41/65). In three patients a small pleural lesion resulted from staging this basin. This technique revealed internal mammary metastases in 26.8% (11/41). In 7.3% (3/41), internal mammary nodes showed metastatic involvement without accompanying axillary metastases. CONCLUSIONS: Internal mammary sentinel node biopsy is feasible without serious additional complications. It improves nodal staging in breast cancer by identifying higher-risk subgroups with internal mammary nodal metastases, which might benefit from altered adjuvant treatment regimens.     

An axillary recurrence of breast cancer following a negative sentinel lymph node biopsy

Abstract: In many parts of the United States, lymphatic mapping and sentinel lymph node biopsy has almost replaced axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) as the axillary staging procedure of choice for small, clinically node-negative breast cancers. However, the long-term outcome of patients undergoing a sentinel lymph node biopsy as the only axillary procedure in patients with tumor-free sentinel nodes remains to be determined. We present the first reported case of axillary recurrence in a patient with breast cancer following a tumor-negative sentinel lymph node biopsy. Whether sentinel lymph node biopsy can replace ALND in the management of patients with early breast cancer remains to be answered.     

Case report: complete lymphatic staging in breast cancer by lymphoscintigraphy and sentinel node biopsy

The status of the lymph nodes in the axilla and in the internal mammary chain are the most significant prognostic factors for survival in breast cancer. Lymphoscintigraphy shows lymphatic drainage outside the axilla, most often to the internal mammary nodes, usually in 20% to 30% of breast cancer patients, when intraparenchymal techniques of the radioactive tracer injection are used. Lymphoscintigraphy and sentinel node biopsy are potential tools for more accurate staging in breast cancer, because they provide additional information compared to axillary staging alone. We report a breast cancer case with 10 hot spots in five different lymphatic basins (axilla, internal mammary chain, intramammary, infraclavicular, and high interpectoral) in the lymphoscintigraphy.     

Internal mammary sentinel node metastases in an otherwise lymph-node negative breast cancer patient

A 35 year old woman with biopsy proved breast cancer was submitted for sentinel node (SN) biopsy. Preoperative lymphoscintigraphy displayed both axillary and internal mammary (IM) uptake foci consistent with SNs. Full axillary dissection was completed because of a greater-than 2 cm primary lesion. Two axillary SNs were excised. An IM SN was also excised through the second intercostal space, with the aid of the gamma probe. Fourteen axillary nodes, including SNs, were negative, whereas the IM SN harbored several metastatic implants. Implications for staging, prognosis and further therapy of such IM-only positive sentinel nodes are discussed.     

Sentinel node involvement in T0-T1 breast cancers]

STUDY AIM: Determination of axillary lymph node status is crucial in diagnosis of early breast cancer. However thanks to an early diagnosis, an increasing number of axillary lymph node dissections are free of disease. This raises questions about the need for this procedure. The study aim was to report an experience with lymphadenectomy and sentinel node mapping in patients with T0-T1 carcinoma of the breast. METHODS: Between November 1997 and December 1999, 84 consecutive women (T0-T1 N0 according to the 1987 UICC classification) with recently diagnosed breast cancer, were included in this study for identification of the sentinel lymph node (SLN). The SLN was removed and submitted for histological examination. All patients underwent axillary dissection; nodes from levels I and II (Berg's classification) were excised and submitted to histological examination. RESULTS: The average tumor diameter was 12.7 mm (range, 3 to 25 mm). The lymphatic mapping technique was obtained after injection of the isotope into the breast around the tumor in 53/84 patients: the sentinel lymph node was the only positive node in 10 patients and it was positive in 5 patients with other axillary nodes. In 15/84 patients, an intradermal injection of blue dye was used; two sentinel nodes were positive and one falsely negative. In 16/84 patients, an interdermal injection of blue dye was used to make up for. In this study, the sentinel node was positive in three patients and falsely negative in one patient. The discrepancy was due to an important involvement of an axillary area excluded from the lymphatic channels. 22/84 patients (26%) had a metastatic spread to the axillary nodes. 30/84 patients had also an isotopic captation in another lymph node group (internal mammary). CONCLUSION: This study confirms that lymphatic mapping is technically possible in the patients with T0-T1 breast cancer and that the histological characteristics of the sentinel node probably reflect the histological characteristics of the rest of the axillary lymph nodes, but do not provide any information about the other lymph node sites.     

The role of selective sentinel lymph node dissection in breast cancer

Axillary nodal status continues to be the most statistically significant predictor of survival for patients with breast cancer. Although still providing regional control of axillary disease, axillary dissection is more important as a staging and prognostic tool. Trials are currently underway to investigate the possibility of replacing the current standard treatment of breast cancer, axillary lymph node dissection, with the less invasive lymphatic mapping and sentinel lymph node biopsy. This issue and the technical aspects of sentinel lymph node mapping for breast cancer are discussed in detail in this article.