缺血性卒中患者动脉狭窄分布及变化趋势

目的 探讨缺血性卒中狭窄的分布及变化趋势。方法 缺血性卒中患者230例行全脑血管造影,根据年龄分为＜60岁组（121例）和≥60岁组（109例）,比较不同组患者脑供血动脉狭窄程度的差异。结果 ≥60岁组颈动脉颅外段和后循环颅外段狭窄的比率较＜60岁组高（P＜0.01）;＜60岁组颅内动脉闭塞较≥60岁组多见（P＜0.01）,＜60岁组颅内动脉闭塞较同组颅外动脉闭塞多见（P＜0.01）。结论 不同年龄缺血性卒中患者狭窄血管的空间分布及变化趋势不同。     

89例TIA患者颅内—外血管狭窄情况

目的 探讨短暂性脑缺血发作(TIA)与颅内—外血管狭窄的关系.方法 对89例TIA患者行数字减影血管造影(DSA)检查,按照患者TIA发作临床表现分为:颈动脉系组和椎基底动脉系组;按照发作次数分为非频发组(发作次数＜3次)和频发组(发作次数≥3次),比较各组患者颅内—外动脉狭窄的分布情况,比较不同发作频率间和各年龄段间患者颅内—外血管严重狭窄及闭塞的发生情况.结果 (1)本研究共63例患者存在颅内—外动脉狭窄,占70.78％.以颈内动脉颅外段最多,颅内动脉狭窄以大脑中动脉最多.颅内、颅外狭窄动脉比约为1.55∶1.(2)频发组颅内—外血管重度狭窄及闭塞的发生率高于非频发组(P＜0.05).(3)89例TIA患者以50～70岁居多,且重度狭窄及闭塞发生率随年龄增长而呈升高的趋势,但差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 颅内—外动脉狭窄是发生TIA的重要因素.DSA可以确定短暂性脑缺血发作患者是否存在血管狭窄及狭窄程度,对短暂性脑缺血发作治疗方案的选择起重要作用.     

数字减影血管造影检查的缺血性脑血管病患者脑动脉狭窄分布及危险因素的研究

目的通过数字减影血管造影(DSA)检测分析缺血性脑血管病(ICVD)患者的脑动脉狭窄特点,以及不同脑动脉狭窄与危险因素之间的关系。方法 2010年2月-2017年2月本院收录的1304例行DSA检查的ICVD患者的脑动脉狭窄分布与危险因素之间的关系进行分析。结果颅内动脉与颅外动脉以及脑动脉狭窄组与无狭窄组比较,脑动脉狭窄组与颅外动脉组在各危险因素上均表现出较高的检出率;此外,颅外动脉的血管狭窄率显著性高于颅内动脉。结论颅外冬眠狭窄率明显高于颅内,高龄、男性、抽烟、喝酒、高血压、血脂水平高和高尿酸血症是脑动脉狭窄最常见的危险因素。     

炎症对颅内外动脉重度狭窄或闭塞影响的临床研究

目的筛查颅内外动脉重度狭窄或闭塞的危险因素,探讨炎症对颅内外动脉狭窄或闭塞部位的影响。方法纳入2018年9月至2019年4月诊断与治疗的100例大动脉粥样硬化型急性缺血性卒中病例,测定血清超敏C-反应蛋白(hs-CRP)水平,参照北美症状性颈动脉内膜切除术试验标准判断颅内外动脉狭窄程度并分为重度狭窄/闭塞组或对照组以及不同亚组;单因素和多因素后退法Logistic回归分析筛查颅内外动脉重度狭窄或闭塞的危险因素。结果 Logistic回归分析显示,糖尿病(OR=11.092,95%CI:2.288～53.774;P=0.003)和血清hs-CRP(OR=1.553,95%CI:1.184～2.036;P=0.001)是急性缺血性卒中患者颅内外动脉重度狭窄或闭塞的危险因素。亚组分析显示,颅内动脉病变(49例)、颅外动脉病变(11例)与颅内合并颅外动脉病变(12例;H=0.652,P=0.722),前循环病变(37例)、后循环病变(18例)与前循环合并后循环病变(17例;H=0.283,P=0.868),单支血管病变(41例)与多支血管病变(31例;Z=-0.530,P=0.596)各亚组患者血清hs-CRP水平差异均无统计学意义,不同责任血管病变亚组(大脑中动脉、大脑前动脉、大脑后动脉、基底动脉、椎动脉颅内段、颈内动脉颅内段、颈动脉颅外段、椎动脉颅外段、锁骨下动脉)患者血清hs-CRP水平升高比例差异亦无统计学意义(χ~2=2.628,P=0.917)。结论血清hs-CRP可以作为颅内外动脉重度狭窄或闭塞的炎性预测因子。但炎症对颅内外动脉狭窄或闭塞部位和病变数目无明显影响,对不同血管的作用机制可能相似。     

下肢动脉硬化闭塞症患者颅内/外动脉狭窄的特点及危险因素

目的 研究下肢动脉硬化闭塞症（peripheral artery disease,PAD）并发颅内/外动脉狭窄的发生率、危 险因素以及与临床症状的关系。 方法 选取2016年7月-2017年7月PAD患者共155例,收集患者临床资料。PAD临床症状根据Fontaine 分类分为I 期无症状,II 期间歇性跛行,II I 期静息痛,I V期足趾溃疡、坏疽。根据经颅多普勒超声 （transcranial Doppler,TCD）结果将颅内外动脉狭窄程度分为无狭窄、轻中度狭窄（＜70%）和重度狭窄 或闭塞（≥70%）。分析颅内/外动脉狭窄在PAD患者中的发生率,PAD合并颅内/外动脉狭窄的危险因 素以及PAD下肢缺血程度及围手术期卒中发生与颅内/外动脉狭窄的关系。 结果 本研究中合并颅内和/或颅外动脉狭窄的PAD患者共99例（63.9%）,其中颅外段动脉狭窄与 颅内段动脉狭窄分别为66例（42.6%）和67例（43.2%）。PAD合并颅外段动脉重度狭窄或闭塞27例 （17.4%）,合并颅内段动脉重度狭窄或闭塞4例（2.6%）。年龄[比值比（odds ratio,OR）1.041,95%可信 区间（confidence interval,CI）1.004～1.080,P =0.030]和吸烟（OR 2.728,95%CI 1.125～6.619,P =0.026） 是PAD合并颅外段动脉狭窄的危险因素。糖尿病（OR 2.196,95%CI 1.079～4.470,P =0.030）是PAD合 并颅内段动脉狭窄的危险因素。吸烟（OR 3.57,95%CI 1.078～11.411,P =0.037）是PAD合并颅内/外段 动脉重度狭窄的危险因素。与无颅内动脉狭窄患者相比,PAD合并颅内动脉狭窄患者更容易发生严重 下肢缺血症状（Ⅱ期和Ⅲ期）（67.2% vs 50.0%,P =0.032）。与轻中度颅外段动脉狭窄相比,PAD合并 颅外段动脉重度狭窄或闭塞的患者更容易发生围手术期卒中（17.4% vs 1.1%,P =0.006）。 结论 PAD合并颅内/外动脉狭窄发病率较高,颅内动脉狭窄患者PAD临床症状更严重,而颅外动脉 重度狭窄或闭塞则可能导致围手术期卒中发生率升高。     

高海拔地区缺血性卒中患者单核 细胞/HDL-C比值与脑动脉粥样硬化性狭窄的相关性

目的 研究高海拔地区缺血性卒中患者单核细胞/HDL-C比值（monocyte/HDL-C ratio,MHR）与颅内动脉粥样硬化性狭窄（intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis,ICSA）程度的相关性。 方法 回顾性连续纳入2017年6月-2021年6月在青海省人民医院住院治疗的高海拔地区（海拔2260～4080?m）的急性缺血性卒中患者,依据DSA上脑血管狭窄程度（以狭窄最严重的动脉为准）分为无狭窄组、轻度狭窄（狭窄率≤50%）组、中度狭窄（狭窄率50%～70%）组、重度狭窄（狭窄率≥70%）组及闭塞（100%）组。比较5组患者的临床资料、实验室检查指标和MHR,并采用logistic回归模型计算不同程度血管狭窄的独立危险因素。 结果 共纳入349例患者,其中无狭窄组69例、轻度狭窄组78例、中度狭窄组41例、重度狭窄组84例、闭塞组77例。5组中年龄、性别分布、吸烟、饮酒、高血压、糖尿病比例方面差异均有统计学意义,实验室检查中白细胞、单核细胞、中性粒细胞、血小板计数以及血红蛋白、HDL-C水平和MHR差异也有统计学意义。多因素logistic回归分析显示,相对于无动脉狭窄,高龄为脑血管轻度狭窄（OR?1.061,95%CI?1.027～1.097,P＜0.001）,中度狭窄（OR?1.057,95%CI?1.017～1.099,P＝0.005）,重度狭窄（OR?1.096,95%CI?1.057～1.137,P＜0.001）,闭塞（OR?1.036,95%CI?1.001～1.072,P＝0.046）的独立危险因素;相对于无动脉狭窄,高MHR为轻度狭窄（OR?1.041,95%CI?1.009～1.074,P＝0.011）,中度狭窄（OR?1.082,95%CI?1.045～1.119,P＜0.001）,重度狭窄（OR?1.096,95%CI?1.062～1.131,P＜0.001）,闭塞（OR?1.101,95%CI?1.067～1.136,P＜0.001）的独立危险因素;相对于无动脉狭窄,单核细胞计数升高是中度狭窄（OR?1.684,95%CI?1.569～2.725,P=0.027）、重度狭窄（OR?3.529,95%CI?1.541～5.766,P=0.002 ）和闭塞（OR?5.446,95%CI?4.453～6.917,P=0.002）的独立危险因素。 结论 高龄、高MHR和单核细胞计数升高在高海拔地区对急性缺血性卒中患者的脑动脉粥样硬化性狭窄程度具有一定预测价值。     

缺血性脑血管病患者颈动脉内-中膜厚度及斑块分级对颅内外大动脉狭窄的预测价值

目的探讨缺血性脑血管病(ICVD)患者颈动脉内-中膜厚度(IMT)和斑块分级对颅内外大动脉狭窄的预测价值。方法对459例ICVD患者进行颈动脉IMT及斑块检测。采用数字减影血管造影(DSA)对患者颅内外大动脉进行检查。根据有无颅内外大动脉狭窄及狭窄部位将患者分为无动脉狭窄组、颅外动脉狭窄组、颅内动脉狭窄组和颅内外动脉狭窄组;根据狭窄程度又将各狭窄组分轻、中、重度狭窄亚组。比较各组间颈动脉IMT及斑块分级,分析其对颅内外大动脉狭窄的预测价值。结果本组中399例ICVD患者(86.9%)伴颅内外大动脉狭窄。各狭窄组间对应亚组的颈动脉IMT及斑块分级比较,差异均无统计学意义。各狭窄组中,中、重度狭窄亚组颈动脉IMT≥1.07 mm,斑块分级为3,均较无动脉狭窄组及轻度狭窄亚组显著增高(P<0.05~0.01)。ROC分析结果显示,颈动脉IMT增厚及斑块分级增加可预测中、重度颅内外大动脉狭窄(均P<0.01)。将颈动脉IMT≥1.07 mm及斑块分级为3作为预测中、重度颅内外大动脉狭窄的截断值,其敏感度均≥49.17%,特异度均≥81.67%,准确度均≥62.78%。结论颈动脉IMT≥1.07 mm及斑块分级为3对I...     

中青年缺血性卒中脑动脉狭窄分布及危险因素分析

目的探讨中青年缺血性卒中患者脑动脉狭窄分布规律及相关危险因素。方法对50例青年缺血性卒中患者及68例中年患者行DSA检查,收集患者的临床资料,并进行比较。结果与青年组比较,中年组前循环血管狭窄率显著降低,后循环及联合病变率显著升高(P0.05~0.01)。青年组颅内血管狭窄率显著高于颅外及颅内-外联合病变率(均P0.01),中年组颅内-外联合病变显著高于颅内及颅外病变(均P0.05)。与青年组比较,中年组颅内血管狭窄率显著降低,颅外及颅内-外联合病变率显著升高(P0.05~0.01)。与青年组比较,中年组颅外动脉轻度狭窄的比率显著降低,中度狭窄及重度狭窄的比率显著增高(均P0.01)。与青年组比较,中年组颅内动脉轻度狭窄的比率显著降低,重度狭窄的比率显著增高(均P0.05)。与中年组比较,青年组高同型半胱氨酸血症比率显著增高(P0.01),糖尿病、冠心病、高血压比率显著降低(P0.05~0.01)。结论青年缺血性脑血管病的脑动脉狭窄以前循环病变为主,单纯大脑中动脉狭窄及高同型半胱氨酸血症发生率较高,伴发的动脉粥样硬化性疾病相对偏少。中年缺血性卒中患者后循环病变增多,串联及联合病变更多见,动脉狭窄程度更重,伴发的动脉粥样硬化性相关疾病更多。     

颅内外动脉狭窄与脑血管病危险因素和发病率的相关关系

目的 探讨脑血管病(CVD)患者的颅内外动脉血管狭窄情况及其与CVD危险因素和发病率的关系.方法 对160例CVD患者行数字减影血管造影(DSA)检测,对颅内外动脉血管的狭窄率、狭窄程度、分布特点和危险因素进行统计分析.结果 CVD患者颅内外动脉狭窄的发生率为65%,高危因素中高血压和糖尿病多分布于颅内动脉狭窄患者中(P＜0.05), 而吸烟和高脂血症多分布于颅外动脉狭窄患者中(P＜0.05);中重度血管狭窄组的脑梗死和TIA发病率高于脑出血组(P＜0.05).结论 高血压、糖尿病、高脂血症和吸烟易导致颅内外动脉狭窄,而后者是CVD发病的重要因素之一;随狭窄程度的增加CVD的发病率升高.     

症状性颅内外动脉重度狭窄或闭塞的轻型卒中患者的临床特点及预后

目的探讨症状性颅内外动脉重度狭窄或闭塞的轻型卒中患者的临床特点及预后。方法 288例轻型卒中患者[美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)评分≤3分]根据脑梗死溶栓(TICI)系统分级,将0~1级定义为症状性动脉重度狭窄或闭塞。采集患者完整的临床资料,于出院时行NIHSS评分、发病90 d时行改良的Rankin量表(mRS)评分。症状首发5 d内原有神经功能缺损症状加重、NIHSS评分增加值≥2分为早期神经功能恶化;90 d mRS评分≥3分为预后不良。结果根据TICI分级,本组中66例患者(22.9%)为症状性动脉重度狭窄或闭塞的轻型卒中患者。与不伴症状性动脉重度狭窄或闭塞组比较,症状性动脉重度狭窄或闭塞组轻型卒中患者入院时NIHSS评分、空腹血糖及大动脉粥样硬化型比例明显增高(P0.05~0.01);早期神经功能恶化、预后不良的比例及出院时NIHSS评分、发病90 d时mRS评分明显增高(均P0.01)。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,症状性动脉重度狭窄或闭塞是轻型卒中早期神经功能恶化(OR=7.4,95%CI:3.4~15.9,P0.01)及预后不良(OR=7.8,95%CI:4.0~15.2,P0.01)的独立危险因素。结论症状性动脉重度狭窄或闭塞的轻型卒中患者发生早期神经功能恶化和预后不良比例较高,不应被视为"轻型卒中"。     

Posterior cerebral artery stenosis

We analyzed the clinical features of symptomatic posterior cerebral artery (PCA) stenosis in 6 patients selected from 15 patients with angiographically documented PCA atherostenosis occurring during a 7-year period. Transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) were the major presentation in 5 patients. A homonymous visual field defect was present in 2 patients. TIA symptoms were predominantly visual or sensory, or both. The most common visual symptom was difficulty seeing to one side. One patient saw flashing lights. Sensory spells were always paresthetic, usually involving the arm and hand and occasionally the face and leg. Three patients had visual and sensory spells together. Two patients with a visual field defect had calcarine infarcts found by computed tomography. All patients were treated with warfarin. During follow-up (4 months to 4 years), no patient had a new stroke in the PCA territory, and only one continued to have TIAs. PCA atherostenosis is rarer then PCA embolic occlusion. In contrast to those with PCA embolism, our patients with PCA atherostenosis had more TIAs and fewer infarcts. The clinical features of PCA stenosis--preponderance of visual and sensory TIAs--distinguish this vascular lesion from stenosis of the middle cerebral artery.     

Measuring carotid artery stenosis

OBJECTIVE: Five different calliper methods for assessing the degree of carotid artery stenosis and visual estimation ("eyeballing") of postmortem carotid arteriograms were compared with the planimetric gold standard of the area reduction at the site of the stenosis. METHODS: During autopsy 53 carotid specimens were removed in toto from 31 neurological patients. Carotid arteries were ligated and redistended to a physiological degree for standardised three-plane arteriography. Afterwards, the entire specimen was filled with an embedding medium under the same conditions and sectioned. Slices at the site of stenoses were histologically processed. Computerised planimetric analysis of the lumen area reduction was performed and compared with the arteriographic findings. Arteriograms were evaluated by two independent observers by means of linear Common Carotid Artery (CC), the European Carotid Surgery Trial (ECST) and the North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial (NASCET), and squared measurements (NASCET2, ECST2) after applying the pi r2 function. Further, three independent observers performed eyeballing of the degree of stenosis from the postmortem arteriographies. RESULTS: Planimetry was carried out in 29 internal carotid artery (ICA) and 17 common carotid artery (CCA) stenoses ranging from 8.5 to 100%. The smallest mean differences of the degree of stenosis in % between planimetry and arteriography were -0.5 and 0.6%. The narrowest 95 %-limits of agreement covered a range of +/-24.1 and 26.3% of stenoses, and the highest correlation coefficients were both 0.9 for the CC and ECST2 techniques, respectively. By eyeballing, the degree of stenosis was underestimated by 13.5 to 15.8% on average. The narrowest limits of agreement between two observers for eyeballing covered a range of 35%. CONCLUSION: Three-plane arteriography has only a moderate accuracy and reproducibility in detecting and measuring carotid artery stenosis independent of the technique of measurement used.     

Symptomatic carotid artery stenosis

Journal of Neurology -     

Stenting for carotid artery stenosis

Stenting has increasingly been used for the treatment of carotid artery stenosis, although it is still unknown whether it is as safe and successful as carotid endarterectomy. Several studies have been published, and the preliminary results have been variable, with evidence both in favor of and against this procedure. In the past few months, primary outcome data have been published from two large European randomized multicenter trials (SPACE and EVA-3S). So far, both of these trials have evaluated whether carotid stenting shows noninferiority compared with carotid endarterectomy in symptomatic patients with severe carotid disease over a period of 30 days after intervention. In this Review, we summarize current knowledge on effectiveness of both procedures, and provide an updated meta-analysis based on randomized trial data, including SPACE and EVA-3S. This meta-analysis shows a lower procedure-related rate of stroke or death in surgically treated patients. The long-term risk/benefit ratio of carotid stenting remains to be determined. Two other randomized multicenter trials-ICSS and CREST-are ongoing. With an intended sample size of up to 7,000 patients, future meta-analyses will allow more-accurate treatment recommendations and subgroup analysis.     

颈动脉狭窄闭塞性病变后交通支开放与椎动脉起始段狭窄的关系

目的探讨颈动脉狭窄闭塞性病变(≥70%)患者后交通支开放与否与椎动脉起始段狭窄的关系。方法对160例经血管造影证实颈动脉动脉狭窄(≥70%)并行外科治疗(内膜剥脱术、颈动脉支架术)的患者分为后交通支开放组与后交通支未开放组,术前及术后均采用彩色多普勒血流成像(CDFI)检测双侧颈动脉及椎动脉,分别比较两组患者双侧椎动脉起始段狭窄的发生率。结果后交通支开放组椎动脉起始段局部流速术前(后交通支开放)明显高于术后(后交通支关闭)。后交通支关闭前后椎动脉起始段峰值流速(PSV)与舒张末流速(EDV)分别为100.76±74.84cm/s、81.54±54.29 cm/s(P=0.000);后交通支开放患者占50%(80/160),其中椎动脉起始段存在狭窄支数占45.6%(73/160),后交通支未开放患者占50%(80/160),其中椎动脉起始段存在狭窄支数占28.1%(45/160),两者之间存在显著差异(P=0.002)。结论颈动脉狭窄闭塞性病变后交通支开放患者,椎动脉起始段狭窄的发生率显著升高。     

支架成形术治疗椎动脉颅内段和基底动脉狭窄17例临床观察

目的评估症状性椎动脉颅内段、基底动脉狭窄患者经皮血管内支架成形术(PTAS)治疗的安全性和有效性。方法17例症状性椎动脉颅内段及基底动脉狭窄患者,狭窄程度在50%以上且规范的内科药物治疗无效,给予PTAS治疗,术后常规给予抗凝、抗血小板聚集、降脂药物。结果17例患者20处狭窄行PTAS,所有的病例手术均取得成功,没有严重并发症,术后即刻造影残存狭窄平均在10%以下,病人平均随访6.8个月(3～10个月),有1例患者出现再狭窄(狭窄程度>50%),所有患者均无缺血症状发作。结论PTAS治疗椎动脉颅内段及基底动脉狭窄是安全和有效的。     

支架血管成形术治疗颈动脉狭窄的临床研究

目的探讨支架辅助血管成形术(CAS)治疗颈动脉狭窄的临床意义及其安全性。方法回顾性分析已经行支架辅助血管成形术的32例患者的临床资料,重点对手术方法、并发症、疗效进行总结。结果所有患者均有不同程度的反复短暂性脑缺血发作或不同部位的脑梗死,均经DSA证实有颈内动脉狭窄。所有病人都顺利完成支架植入,术前的平均狭窄率(NASCET方法计算)为(78．5±8．6)％,治疗以后的平均狭窄率为(17．2±8．3)％,两者相比差异有显著性意义(P<0．05);有5例患者出现术后低血压、心动过缓,有2例出现术后高灌注综合征,无一例发生脑梗此。术后随访6-12月,无颈动脉支架植入后的冉狭窄的发生,未见脑梗死及短暂性脑缺血发作。结论支架辅助血管成形术是治疗颈动脉狭窄有效、安全的方法。     

Symptomatic middle cerebral artery stenosis.

The clinical course of 16 consecutive patients with stenosis of the middle cerebral artery angiographically diagnosed between 1970 and 1977 was reviewed. All were managed nonsurgically with medical treatment including anticoagulation. Prior to therapy, transient ischemic attacks had occurred in 15 and cerebral infarction in 11. Initially, none exhibited more than a minor neurological deficit. Follow-up from one month to six years showed a benign course in 14 patients: 13 experienced no subsequent transient attacks or new stroke; 1 had repeated transient attacks for two years but not in the following four years. Two of the 16 developed a severe stroke early in the course, before medical therapy was started. No distinctive clinical or radiographic features were identified that permitted prediction of the outcome. This small series supports the need for a randomized study of bypass efficacy in these patients.