关节镜辅助下治疗髌骨不稳定的效果分析

目的对比分析改良Maquet三联手术与关节镜辅助下自体腘绳肌腱重建内侧髌股韧带治疗髌骨不稳定的临床疗效。方法选取2009年1月至2012年12月因髌骨不稳定住院治疗的患者90例,实验组采取关节镜辅助下自体腘绳肌腱重建内侧髌股韧带治疗,对照组采取改良Maquet三联手术治疗,对比分析两组患者手术前后外侧髌股角、髌骨适合角及髌骨外移程度,同时对于所有患者术后进行为期12个月的随访,对比两组患者的Lysholm评分(LKSS)和Kujala评分,并复查两组患者的膝关节正侧位及屈膝60°X线平片。结果两组患者术后的外侧髌骨角均显著大于术前,髌骨适合角及髌骨外移程度均显著小于术前(P0.01);且实验组的外侧髌骨角、髌骨适合角和髌骨外移程度改善优于对照组(P0.01)。术后12个月两组患者的Lysholm评分和Kujala评分均显著高于术前(P0.01),且实验组术后12个月的两组评分均显著高于对照组(P0.01)。结论关节镜辅助下自体腘绳肌腱重建内侧髌股韧带治疗髌骨不稳定相比于传统开放性手术,可取得较好的术后疗效,同时有效防止术后复发,值得临床进一步推广。     

股骨滑车成形联合内侧髌股韧带双束解剖重建治疗髌骨脱位

目的探讨股骨滑车成形联合内侧髌股韧带双束解剖重建治疗髌骨脱位伴有严重股骨滑车发育不良的临床效果。方法回顾性研究自2006年3月至2008年12月在我院诊断为髌骨脱位伴有严重股骨滑车发育不良的患者5例(5膝),接受股骨滑车成形联合内侧髌股韧带双束解剖重建治疗。测量比较手术前后胫骨结节滑车沟间距(TT-TG值),髌股适合角(CA),髌骨倾斜角(PTA),髌骨外移率(PLSR),手术前后的Lysholm膝关节功能评分及Kujala髌股关节不稳症状评分评估手术效果。结果患者术后均获得随访,最短随访时间为3年。术后伤口均Ⅰ期愈合,未发生感染。无复发性髌骨脱位。Kujala髌股关节不稳症状评分从术前的54.20±8.04增加到术后的81.60±3.97,Lysholm膝关节功能评分从术前的54.60±5.22增加到82.60±2.70。术后患者的TT-TG值、CA、PTA、PLSR均恢复到正常范围,与术前相比差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论对于临床上髌骨脱位伴有严重滑车发育不良的患者采用股骨滑车成形联合内侧髌股韧带双束解剖重建治疗可以有效纠正髌股关节的运动轨迹,改善膝关节功能,临床效果较好。     

关节镜下外侧支持带松解术治疗髌股关节紊乱的临床疗效评价

目的 回顾性研究关节镜下外侧支持带松解术治疗髌股关节紊乱的临床疗效及应用范围.方法 对一组83例125膝髌股关节紊乱的患者进行关节镜下外侧支持带松解术,然后对术前和术后的髌股关节动‘力性CT及疗效进行比较评价.结果 术后随访时间28～44个月,74膝明显改善,15例膝较术前改善,25例膝一般,11例未见改善,其中2例术后症状加重.对比术前和术后的髌骨动力性CT,发现术前髌股适合角(CA)超过(16.3±2.5)o或髌骨倾斜角(PTA)超过(30.8±5.6)°的病例,行单纯外侧支持带松解术后的效果不理想.结论 关节镜下外侧支持带松解术目前是首选的治疗髌股关节紊乱的手段.它的疗效得到了肯定,但是并不是所有的髌股关节紊乱的问题都可通过它解决,而是通过该组病例提供了一个相对的界值供临床参考,以便选择合适的手术方式.     

关节镜下外侧支持带松解后的髌骨轨迹分析（英文）

背景：外侧支持带松解是治疗髌股关节紊乱症首选的治疗方法,然而有些文献报道部分病例的长期随访结果并不满意。目的：分析关节镜下外侧支持带松解后的髌骨轨迹,以探讨外侧支持带松解后部分病例随访优良率下降的原因。方法：临床采集符合纳入标准的57膝（34例）样本,松解前后分别行10°,20°,30°,40°屈膝位髌股关节CT扫描,测量髌股适合角、髌骨外移角和股骨远端内侧扭转角,比较松解前后髌骨轨迹的变化。结果与结论：通过测量髌股适合角,髌骨外移角发现髌骨轨迹17膝松解后无改善,40膝明显改善。40膝的股骨远端内侧扭转角均大于9°,17膝的股骨远端内侧扭转角均小于9°。说明股骨远端内侧扭转角可能是影响外侧支持带松解后髌骨轨迹的一个重要因素。     

关节镜下自体半腱肌腱重建内侧髌股韧带联合Fulkerson截骨治疗复发性髌骨脱位

目的探讨联合应用关节镜下自体半腱肌腱重建内侧髌股韧带术联合Fulkerson截骨治疗复发性髌骨脱位的效果。方法对18例复发性髌骨脱位的患者在关节镜下进行髌股外侧支持带松解术和自体半腱肌腱重建内侧髌股韧带,同时进行Fulkerson胫骨结节截骨内移抬高术。术后随访了解膝关节脱位复发、患膝主观症状以及患肢整体功能康复情况。结果所有患者术后均获得满意随访,随访时间6~24个月,平均随访时间12.7个月。髌骨脱位无复发。术后X线检查对比发现,髌骨-股骨滑车适配角从术前(25.8±6.9)°改善为(1.5±7.1)°(P0.01),髌骨外侧面张开角从术前的(-1.3±6.2)°改善为术后的(12.8±3.9)°(P0.01)。膝关节术后1年时的Lysholm评分为(94.7±3.1)分,明显高于术前的(65.6±4.6)分(P0.05);术后1年Kujala评分为(91.6±3.1)分,也明显高于术前的(60.3±3.3)分(P0.05)。术后1年根据Insall膝关节功能评分标准,其中优13膝,良4膝,可1膝,优良率达94.4%。结论关节镜下进行髌骨外侧支持带松解术和自体半腱肌腱重建内侧髌股韧带,结合Fulkerson胫骨结节截骨内移抬高术能够有效治疗复发性髌骨脱位,防止复发,并有利于缓解症状,恢复膝关节功能。     

髌骨外侧关节面成形术治疗髌股外侧高压综合征的疗效观察

目的探讨髌骨外侧关节面成形术治疗髌股外侧高压综合征的手术技术和临床疗效。方法 2014年10月至2015年8月采用髌骨外侧关节面成形术治疗髌骨外侧高压综合征患者24例(38膝),术后指导康复训练,采用SPSS 20.0软件进行数据统计分析,以Lysholm评分系统评分,比较手术前后差异性,评价手术效果。结果 24例患者(38膝)随访6~15个月,平均9个月,膝前疼痛症状较术前明显减轻。术前Lysholm评分(52.8±4.2)分,术后(86.4±2.6)分,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论髌骨外侧关节面成形术治疗髌股外侧高压综合征不仅使髌外侧支持带得到间接松解和延长,而且通过改造髌骨形态从根本上改善了髌股关节适合度,可明显减轻髌股外侧高压综合征引起的膝前疼痛症状,临床疗效满意。     

关节镜下髌骨支持带调整术治疗青少年 复发性髌骨脱位的近期疗效

目的探讨关节镜下髌骨内外侧支持带调整术治疗青少年复发性髌骨脱位的近期临床疗效。方法对2002年6月~2009年8月收治的25例青少年复发性髌骨脱位患者进行回顾性分析,其中21例22膝获完整随访。左膝12侧,右膝10侧。患者既往髌骨脱位2~6次。首次脱位至手术时间3~116个月,平均28.5个月。所有患者术前均有不同程度的膝关节疼痛和剧烈活动时不稳感,髌骨外推恐惧试验均为阳性,4例磨髌试验阳性,5例伸膝抗阻痛阳性。术前常规行膝关节正侧位和髌骨轴位X光片检查,记录术前Q角(14.3±2.7)°,术前患侧大腿较健侧萎缩(2.2±0.83)cm。患者术前国际膝关节评分委员会(IKDC)评分(44.3±3.3)分、Lysholm评分(55.7±3.7)分。所有患者均于关节镜下行髌骨外侧支持带松解、内侧支持带缝合紧缩术治疗,术后行正规功能康复。结果 21例22膝获随访,随访时间24~54个月,平均32个月。术后患膝活动良好,随访期未见脱位及患膝发育异常。术后24个月观察,髌骨外推恐惧试验阳性3例;Q角(15.4±2.5)°,与术前比较差异有显著性(P=0.0142);患侧大腿较对侧萎缩(1.2±0.43)cm,与术前比较差异有显著性(P=0.0224);IKDC评分(72.5±4.1)分、Lysholm评分(77.3±3.5)分,均较术前显著提高(P=0.0072,P=0.0023)。结论关节镜下髌骨支持带调整术治疗无严重膝关节发育异常的青少年复发性髌骨脱位近期疗效满意。     

关节镜下髌内侧支持带紧缩术治疗创伤性髌骨不稳的疗效分析

目的探讨关节镜下髌内侧支持带紧缩并外侧支持带松解术治疗创伤性髌骨脱位的疗效。方法 2012年3月-2015年12月收治创伤性髌骨不稳患者17例。其中,男6例,女11例;年龄14~37岁(平均16.8岁)。所有患者在第一次脱位时均有外伤史,术前脱位次数1~4次。术中先进行关节镜检查,评估髌骨轨迹和髌股关节的匹配关系;然后在关节镜监视下紧缩缝合内侧支持带并松解外侧支持带。结果所有患者术后均获随访,随访9~28个月,平均(19.7±1.3)个月。术后无髌骨再脱位发生,恐惧试验阴性,关节活动度均在正常范围。术后CT显示髌股关节解剖关系恢复正常15例,髌骨轻度半脱位2例。术前Lysholm评分为(51.8±4.5)分,术后(92.4±2.8)分。术后1年患膝功能采用Insall评分标准,优11膝,良5膝,可1膝,优良率94.1%。结论关节镜下髌内侧支持带紧缩并外侧松解术治疗创伤性髌骨不稳,具有创伤小、恢复快和复发率低等优点,近期效果可靠。     

内侧髌股韧带重建治疗髌骨脱位患者的围手术期护理

目的探讨内侧髌股韧带重建治疗髌骨脱位患者的术中及术后护理。方法对76例髌骨脱位患者,手术前后采用Kujala及Lysholm膝关节功能综合评分,比较髌股关节不稳症状恢复情况,并行髌骨轴位片检查进行术前术后对比。结果Kujala术前评分（41．0±8．4）分,与术后评分（87．0±4．2）分比较,差异有统计学意义（p〈0．01）;Lysholm术前评分（42．8±7．1）分与术后评分（87．2±3．63）分比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）,髌股关节功能有明显改善。结论采用内侧膑股韧带重建可以纠正髌股关节不稳定,能改善髌股关节功能。     

三联疗法改善髌骨稳定性作用分析

目的探讨采用三联疗法对改善髌骨稳定性的作用。方法对21例复发性髌骨不稳的患者采用改良三联疗法即关节镜下膝外侧支持带松解、内侧关节囊支持带紧缩术,辅以改良Fu lkerson截骨治疗复发性髌骨不稳,术后通过平均6.75个月(1.5~12个月)的随访,了解髌骨不稳复发情况、患膝主观症状以及患肢整体功能康复情况。结果最后随访时,髌骨不稳无复发,4例仍有膝前疼痛,但症状较术前明显改善,手术前后IKDC膝关节功能主观评分分别为(36.2±4.7)分和(91.8±5.2)分(P<0.01),Lysholm膝关节功能综合评分分别为(41.9±6.2)分和(92.7±6.3)分(P<0.01),所有患者运动能力均较术前有所改善,初次脱位前和术后Tegner下肢运动能力主观评分分别为(6.8±1.1)分和(7.1±0.9)分。术后X线检查对比发现:髌骨-股骨滑车适合角从术前的28.1°±7.9°改善为1.6°±8.1°(P<0.01),髌骨外侧关节面张开角从术前的-1.2°±7.3°改善为11.6°±4.2°(P<0.01)。结论改良三联疗法治疗复发性髌骨不稳具有微创、可一并处理膝关节内其他病变、同时进行胫骨结节内移及抬高、减轻髌股关节压力、从根本上矫正解剖性或者生理性股四头肌角(Q角)等优点,而且手术技术易于掌握,非常具有推广价值。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Modified micro-superior percutaneously-assisted total hip: early experiences & case reports

Because of the extensile nature and familiarity of the standard posterior-lateral approach to the hip, a family of "micro-posterior" approaches has been developed. This family includes the Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (PATH) approach, the Supercapsular (SuperCap) approach and a newer hybrid approach, the Supercapsular Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (SuperPATH) approach. Such approaches should ideally provide a continuum for the surgeon: from a "micro" (external rotator sparing) posterior approach, to a "mini" (external rotator sacrificing) posterior approach, to a standard posterior approach. This could keep a surgeon within his comfort zone during the learning curve of the procedure, while leaving options for complicated reconstructions for the more practiced micro-posterior surgeons. This paper details one author's experiences utilizing this combined approach, as well as permutations of this entire micro-posterior family of approaches as applied to more complex hip reconstructions.     

Structure and function of "metalloantibiotics"

Although most antibiotics do not need metal ions for their biological activities, there are a number of antibiotics that require metal ions to function properly, such as bleomycin (BLM), streptonigrin (SN), and bacitracin. The coordinated metal ions in these antibiotics play an important role in maintaining proper structure and/or function of these antibiotics. Removal of the metal ions from these antibiotics can cause changes in structure and/or function of these antibiotics. Similar to the case of "metalloproteins," these antibiotics are dubbed "metalloantibiotics" which are the title subjects of this review. Metalloantibiotics can interact with several different kinds of biomolecules, including DNA, RNA, proteins, receptors, and lipids, rendering their unique and specific bioactivities. In addition to the microbial-originated metalloantibiotics, many metalloantibiotic derivatives and metal complexes of synthetic ligands also show antibacterial, antiviral, and anti-neoplastic activities which are also briefly discussed to provide a broad sense of the term "metalloantibiotics."