吉林人参根和根茎的化学成分研究

采用Amberlite XAD-4大孔吸附树脂和硅胶柱色谱以及高效液相色谱等方法系统性研究人参根和根茎的化学成分;通过谱学数据分析鉴定化合物的结构。从人参根和根茎的70%乙醇提取物中分离得到28个皂苷类化合物,分别鉴定为高丽人参皂苷R₁(1),人参皂苷Rg₁(2),人参皂苷Rf(3),三七皂苷R₂(4),人参皂苷Rg₂(5),三七皂苷Fe(6),吉林人参苷醇(7),人参皂苷Re₅(8),三七皂苷N(9),三七皂苷R₁(10),人参皂苷Re₂(11),人参皂苷Re₁(12),人参皂苷Re(13),人参皂苷Rs₂(14),人参皂苷Ro甲酯(15),人参皂苷Rd(16),人参皂苷Re₃(17),人参皂苷Re₄(18),20-葡萄糖基-人参皂苷Rf(19),人参皂苷Ro(20),人参皂苷Rc(21),西洋参皂苷R₁(22),人参皂苷Ra₂(23),人参皂苷Rb₁(24),人参皂苷Ra₁(25),人参皂苷Ra₃(26),人参皂苷Rb₂(27),三七皂苷R₄(28)。所有化合物均系20(S)-原人参二醇型或原人参三醇型皂苷。化合物1为首次从吉林栽培人参根和根茎中分离得到;化合物6为首次从人参根和根茎中分离得到;并首次对化合物6,14,19的氢谱信号进行了归属。     

基于止血作用的三七粉质量标志物研究＊

目的 探索三七粉活血作用的质量标志物。方法 采集家兔血浆，采用体外凝血酶时间（TT）、活化部分凝血活酶时间（APTT）、凝血酶原时间（PT）、纤维蛋白原（FIB）检测试剂盒观察三七粉主要成分对凝血系统的影响；收集家兔富含血小板血浆，以二磷酸腺苷（ADP）诱导血小板聚集，观察三七粉主要成分对血小板聚集率的影响；取家兔主动脉条，置于体外组织灌流系统中，以去氧肾上腺素诱导血管条收缩，观察三七粉主要成分对血管平滑肌收缩功能的影响。结果 以蒸馏水溶解的三七总皂苷（PNS），与水溶剂组比较，可显著延长TT、APTT、PT，降低FIB含量（P<0.05、P<0.01），降低ADP诱导的血小板聚集率（P<0.01）。以5%二甲基亚砜（DMSO）溶解的单体成分，与5%DMSO溶剂组比较，人参皂苷F₂、人参皂苷Rb₂、人参皂苷Rb₃、人参皂苷Rk₁、三七皂苷R₁、人参皂苷Rg₂，可显著延长TT（P<0.05，P<0.01）；人参皂苷F₂、人参皂苷Rd、人参皂苷Rb₂、人参皂苷Rg₂、人参皂苷Rb₁、槲皮素可延长APTT（P<0.05）；人参皂苷Re、槲皮素、人参皂苷F₂、人参皂苷Rb₃，可显著延长PT（P<0.05）；槲皮素、人参皂苷F₂、人参皂苷Rg₁、人参皂苷Rg₃、人参皂苷Rb₂、人参皂苷Rb₁、人参皂苷Rb₃、三七皂苷R₁、人参皂苷Rg₂可显著降低血浆FIB含量（P<0.05）；人参皂苷Rg₁、人参皂苷Rh₁、人参皂苷Rb₂、人参皂苷Rg₂、三七皂苷R₁、人参皂苷F₂、人参皂苷Rg₃、人参皂苷Rd和人参皂苷Rb₁可显著降低ADP诱导的血小板聚集（P<0.05）；人参皂苷Rg₃、人参皂苷Rh₁、人参皂苷Rd、三七皂苷R₁、人参皂苷Rk₁和人参皂苷Rg₂可明显扩张血管动脉条（P<0.05，P<0.01）。结论 三七粉活血作用表现在抗凝、抗血小板聚集、扩血管等方面，人参皂苷F₂、人参皂苷Rg₂、人参皂苷Rg₃、三七皂苷R₁、人参皂苷Rb₁、人参皂苷Rb₂、人参皂苷Rb₃、人参皂苷Rd、人参皂苷Rg₁、槲皮素等可能为三七活血作用的物质基础，可作为三七粉活血作用的质量标志物进一步研究。     

基于心血管保护作用的三七粉质量标志物研究＊

目的 探索三七粉心血管保护作用的质量标志物。方法 采用CoCl₂制备心肌细胞（H9C2）损伤模型，观察三七粉主要成分对心肌细胞成活率、LDH、MDA、SOD的影响；采用H₂O₂制备人脐静脉内皮细胞（HUVEC）损伤模型，观察三七粉中主要成分对内皮细胞存活率、LDH、ACP的影响。结果 人参皂苷Rb₂、人参皂苷Rb₃、人参皂苷Rg₁、人参皂苷Rg₃、人参皂苷Re、人参皂苷Rd、槲皮素、人参皂苷F₂、人参皂苷Rk₁、人参皂苷Rh₁、三七素能够显著增加H9C2细胞存活率（P<0.05，P<0.01），多个成分能够减少LDH、MDA，增加SOD；三七皂苷R₁、人参皂苷Rb₂、人参皂苷Rb₃、槲皮素、人参皂苷F₂、人参皂苷Rk₁、人参皂苷Rh₁、三七素可显著提高HUVEC细胞存活率（P<0.05，P<0.01），多个成分能够减少LDH、ACP。结论 三七粉发挥心血管保护作用的药效物质基础包括多种皂苷类成分、三七素，以及黄酮类成分槲皮素。     

三七提取液中皂苷类成分的热稳定性分析

目的：考察三七水煎液中人参皂苷Rg₁,Rb₁,三七皂苷R₁的热稳定性。方法：采用HPLC测定人参皂苷Rg₁,Rb₁,三七皂苷R₁含量,色谱条件为流动相乙腈（A）-水（B）梯度洗脱（0~12 min,19%A;12~60 min,19%~36%A）,检测波长203 nm。通过单因素试验考察温度和加热时间对三七水煎液和混合对照品溶液中人参皂苷Rg₁,Rb₁,三七皂苷R₁含量的影响。结果：三七水煎液中人参皂苷Rg₁,Rb₁和三七皂苷R₁在不同温度下加热12 h均会发生不同程度的转化,随温度的增高转化速率增大,于100℃时分别约降至初始含量的30%,50%,30%;混合对照品溶液中3种皂苷类成分则几乎不发生转化。结论：三七水煎液中3种皂苷类成分含量的变化主要不是温度引起的,而可能是三七内部特殊物质的作用效果。     

三七乳膏中三七皂苷R1、人参皂苷Rg1,Rb1,Rd的裸鼠体外透皮特征研究

目的：采用高效液相色谱法同步考察三七乳膏中三七皂苷R₁、人参皂苷Rg₁,Rb₁,Rd的体外透皮能力。方法：优选梯度洗脱及检测条件,采用Franz透皮扩散仪进行三七乳膏的裸鼠体外透皮实验,测定三七皂苷R₁、人参皂苷Rg₁,Rb₁,Rd的累积透皮量。结果：建立三七皂苷R₁、人参皂苷Rg₁,Rb₁,Rd的高效液相同步检测方法,体外透皮吸收符合零级速率特征。结论：本研究为三七乳膏的质量控制及临床应用提供依据。     

吉林产西洋参的皂苷成分研究

目的 :研究吉林产西洋参根中的皂苷成分。方法 :西洋参根的甲醇提取物用氯仿和正丁醇萃取 ,正丁醇萃取物经硅胶和RP-8反相硅胶反复柱层析分离 ,得到纯化合物。通过谱学分析鉴定其结构。结果 :分离得到 10个单体皂苷 ,分别鉴定为 24(R)-假人参皂苷RT₅ ( 1) ,人参皂苷Rg₁( 2 ) ,20 (R)-人参皂苷Rg₃( 3 ) ,24(R) 假人参皂苷F₁₁( 4 ) ,人参皂苷Re( 5) ,三七皂苷K( 6) ,人参皂苷Rd( 7) ,人参皂苷Rc( 8) ,人参皂苷Rb₁( 9) ,以及人参皂苷Rb₂(10)。结论 :对吉林产西洋参的皂苷成分进行了较系统的化学研究 ,分离鉴定 10个单体皂苷 ,其中 ,化合物 1为首次从西洋参中分离得到。     

三七花中1个新的丙二酸酰化型人参皂苷

目的 研究三七Panax notoginseng花的化学成分。方法 采用70%乙醇水超声提取,醋酸乙酯与正丁醇萃取,利用D101大孔吸附树脂、硅胶、MCI gel CHP20、ODS反相柱色谱和制备液相色谱等方法进行分离和纯化,通过高分辨质谱、以及核磁共振波谱等多种光谱技术进行化合物结构解析和鉴定。结果 从三七花提取物中分离并鉴定出13个化合物,包括1个新丙二酸酰化型人参皂苷:3β,12β,20S-达玛烷型四环三萜-24-烯-3-O-[β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基(1→2)-(6-O-丙二酰基)-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基]-20-O-[β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基(1→6)]-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(1),以及12个已知化合物。其中,中性人参皂苷10个:人参皂苷Rd(2)、人参皂苷F₁(3)、人参皂苷Rb₁(4)、人参皂苷Rb₂(5)、人参皂苷Rb₃(6)、人参皂苷Rc(7)、竹节参皂苷L₅(8)、人参皂苷F₃(9)、三七皂苷FP₂(10)、三七皂苷Fa(11);黄酮类化合物2个:山柰酚-3-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基-(1→2)-β-D-吡喃半乳糖苷(12)和槲皮素-3-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基-(1→2)-β-D-吡喃半乳糖苷(13)。结论 化合物1为新化合物,命名为丙二酰三七花蕾皂苷Rb₁,化合物9为首次从三七植物中分离得到。     

三七普通细粉与超微粉中三七皂苷R1、人参皂苷Rb1及人参皂苷Rg1体外溶出行为的比较研究

目的 研究三七普通细粉与超微粉中三七皂苷R₁、人参皂苷Rb₁及人参皂苷Rg₁的溶出行为,探讨粉体粒径对皂苷类成分溶出的影响。方法 采用桨法和HPLC技术同时分析不同粒径三七粉中三七皂苷R₁、人参皂苷Rb₁、人参皂苷Rg₁的体外溶出情况,比较不同粒径粉末的溶出速率。结果 超微粉碎后3种皂苷类成分的溶出速率均显著提高。结论 超微粉碎有助于三七饮片中皂苷类成分的溶出,粉碎粒度对有效成分的溶出有显著的影响。     

HPLC双波长法同时测定ZJHX橡胶膏中三七皂苷R1,人参皂苷Re,Rg1,Rb1和血竭素的含量

采用HPLC双波长法同时测定ZJHX橡胶膏中三七皂苷R₁,人参皂苷Re,Rg₁,Rb₁和血竭素的含量,选用乙腈-水作为流动相进行梯度洗脱,流速1.0 mL·min^-1,进样量10 μL,柱温35 ℃,检测波长分别为203 nm(皂苷类),440 nm(血竭素)。结果显示,三七皂苷R₁,人参皂苷Re,Rg₁,Rb₁和血竭素均能达到基线分离,线性范围分别为0.251~5.020,0.520~10.400,0.251~5.010,0.505~10.100,0.160~3.270 μg, R²分别为0.999 8,0.999 9,0.999 7,0.999 8,0.999 9,各成分在其线性范围内均呈现良好的线性关系,加样回收率99.39%~100.5%。所建立的HPLC双波长法操作简便、结果准确、重复性好,可用于ZJHX橡胶膏的质量控制。     

转基因西洋参冠瘿组织中人参皂苷类成分的分离鉴定

 目的分离鉴定转基因西洋参冠瘿组织中的化学成分。方法以本研究组转导和培养的西洋参冠瘿组织为实验材料,体积分数为70%乙醇超声提取,硅胶柱色谱分离,用MS,¹H-NMR、¹³C-NMR、HMBC等谱学方法确定结构。结果分离得到5个化合物,分别为20(S)-人参皂苷Rh₁(Ⅰ)、20(S)-人参皂苷Rg₃(Ⅱ)、人参皂苷Re(Ⅲ)、20(S)-达玛烷-3β,6α,12β,20,25-五醇-6-O-α-L-鼠李吡喃糖基-(1→2)-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(Ⅳ)和人参皂苷Rg₁(Ⅴ)。结论上述5个成分均为首次从转基因西洋参冠瘿组织培养物中分离得到,化合物Ⅳ为新天然产物。     

α-Glucosidase inhibitory activity of selected Philippine plants

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Antidesma bunius Spreng. (Phyllantaceae), Averrhoa bilimbi L. (Oxalidaceae), Biophytum sensitivum (L.) DC. (Oxalidaceae), Ceriops tagal (Perr.) C.B. Rob. (Rhizophoraceae), Kyllinga monocephala Rottb. (Cyperaceae), and Rhizophora mucronata Lam. (Rhizophoraceae) are used as remedies to control diabetes. In the present study, these plants were screened for their potential α-glucosidase inhibitory activity.

Materials and methods

The 80% aqueous ethanolic extracts were screened for their α-glucosidase enzyme inhibitory activity using yeast alpha glucosidase enzyme.

Results

Except for A. bilimbi with IC₅₀ at 519.86±3.07, all manifested a significant enzyme inhibitory activity. R. mucronata manifested the highest activity with IC₅₀ at 0.08±1.82 μg mL⁻¹, followed by C. tagal with IC₅₀ at 0.85±1.46 μg mL⁻¹ and B. sensitivum with IC₅₀ at 2.24±1.58 μg mL⁻¹.

Conclusion

This is the first report on the α-glucosidase inhibitory effect of the six Philippine plants; thus, partly defining the mechanism on why these medicinal plants possess antidiabetic properties.     

European medicinal polypores – A modern view on traditional uses

Ethnopharmacological relevance

In particular five polypore species, i.e. Laetiporus sulphureus, Fomes fomentarius, Fomitopsis pinicola, Piptoporus betulinus, and Laricifomes officinalis, have been widely used in central European folk medicines for the treatment of various diseases, e.g. dysmenorrhoea, haemorrhoids, bladder disorders, pyretic diseases, treatment of coughs, cancer, and rheumatism. Prehistoric artefacts going back to over 5000 years underline the long tradition of using polypores for various applications ranging from food or tinder material to medicinal–spiritual uses as witnessed by two polypore species found among items of Ötzi, the Iceman. The present paper reviews the traditional uses, phytochemistry, and biological activity of the five mentioned polypores.

Materials and methods

All available information on the selected polypore taxa used in traditional folk medicine was collected through evaluation of literature in libraries and searches in online databases using SciFinder and Web of Knowledge.

Results

Mycochemical studies report the presence of many primary (e.g. polysaccharides) and secondary metabolites (e.g. triterpenes). Crude extracts and isolated compounds show a wide spectrum of biological properties, such as anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic, and antimicrobial activities.

Conclusions

The investigated polypores possess a longstanding ethnomycological tradition in Europe. Here, we compile biological results which highlight their therapeutic value. Moreover, this work provides a solid base for further investigations on a molecular level, both compound- and target-wise.     

真菌的中药干预研究近5年进展

近年来真菌感染率逐年上升,传统抗真菌药物易产生耐药性,而中药在防治真菌感染方面具有一定的优势。本文就近5年来中药对白念珠菌、皮肤癣菌、曲霉菌、马拉色菌、串珠镰孢菌、申克孢子丝菌、新生隐球菌及真菌生物膜的干预研究进展进行综述。     

Investigation of plant extracts in traditional medicine of the Brazilian Cerrado against protozoans and yeasts

Aim of the study

To investigate the activities of the 217 plant extracts in traditional medicine of the Brazilian Cerrado against protozoans and yeasts.

Materials and methods

Plant extracts were prepared by the method of maceration using solvents of different polarities. The growth inhibition of chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum strain (FcB1) was determined by measuring the radioactivity of the tritiated hypoxanthine incorporated. Activity against Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi and Trypanosoma cruzi was measured by the MTT colorimetric assay. The antifungal tests were carried out by using the CLSI method. The active extracts were tested also by cytotoxicity assay using NIH-3T3 cells of mammalian fibroblasts.

Results

Two hundred and seventeen extracts of plants were tested against Plasmodium falciparum. The eleven active extracts, belonging to eight plant species were evaluated against L. (L.) chagasi, Trypanosoma cruzi, yeasts and in NIH-3T3 cells. The results found in these biological models are consistent with the ethnopharmacological data of these plants. The ethyl acetate extract of Diospyros hispida root showed IC₅₀ values of 1 μg/mL against Plasmodium falciparum. This extract demonstrated no toxicity against mammalian cells, resulting in a significant selectivity index (SI) of 435.8. The dichloromethane extract of Calophyllum brasiliense root wood was active against Cryptococcus gattii LMGO 01 with MIC of 1.95 μg/mL; and Candida albicans ATCC 10231 and Candida krusei LMGO 174, both with MIC of 7.81 μg/mL. The same extract was also active against Plasmodium falciparum and L. (L.) chagasi with IC₅₀ of 6.7 and 27.6 μg/mL respectively. The ethyl acetate extract of Spiranthera odoratissima leaves was active against Cryptococcus gattii LMGO 01 with MIC of 31.25 μg/mL, and against Plasmodium falciparum with IC₅₀ of 9.2 μg/mL and Trypanosoma cruzi with IC₅₀ of 56.3 μg/mL.

Conclusion

The active extracts for protozoans and human pathogenic yeasts are considered promising to continue the search for the identification and development of leading compounds.     

厚朴与凹叶厚朴群体遗传学研究

目的:对厚朴与凹叶厚朴的群体遗传学进行研究,为中药厚朴的质量控制提供分子生药学方面的依据。方法:对厚朴与凹叶厚朴15个居群应用2个叶绿体基因间序列psbA-trnH和trnL-trnF进行PCR扩增并测序,计算厚朴与凹叶厚朴单倍型频率,用程序HaploNst分析遗传多样性和遗传结构,应用TCS version 1.13软件构建单倍型网状进化树。结果:厚朴与凹叶厚朴均无特有单倍型存在,但单倍型频率存在显著差异,已开始出现遗传分化的趋势,NST略大于GST。结论:厚朴与凹叶厚朴在遗传上已出现遗传分化的趋势,但尚未完全分化成彼此独立的单系。     

Effect of feeding Mucuna pruriens on helminth parasite infestation in lambs

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Mucuna pruriens is a tropical legume anecdotally reputed to have anthelmintic properties. This study was conducted to examine the validity of such claims.

Aim of the study

The aim of this study was to determine if ingestion of Mucuna seeds reduces helminth parasite infestation in lambs.

Materials and methods

Thirty-six Dorper × Katahdin ram lambs were assigned to three treatments, a cottonseed meal based control diet, a diet in which Mucuna replaced cottonseed meal and the control diet with levamisole (7.5 mg/kg body weight) administration. All diets were isonitrogenous and isocaloric. The 12 lambs in each treatment were assigned randomly to 4 pens, each containing 3 lambs. Lambs were trickle infected three times per week by gavage with infectious Haemonchus contortus larvae (2000 larvae/lamb) for 3 weeks.

Results

Levamisole treatment decreased fecal egg counts by 87% and abomasal worm counts by 83%. Mucuna intake did not statistically affect fecal egg counts or abomasal worm counts, though numerical (P > 0.10) reductions of 7.4% and 18.1%, respectively were evident. Anemia indicators, feed intake, and lamb growth were unaffected by treatment.

Conclusions

Levamisole reduced the Haemonchus parasite burden in lambs significantly but feeding Mucuna reduced the burden by levels unlikely to eliminate the clinical effects of parasitism.     

牛耳朵和黄花牛耳朵的显微和化学鉴别

目的:为苦苣苔科唇柱苣苔属植物牛耳朵和黄花牛耳朵的鉴定和分类提供解剖学和化学依据。方法:采用石蜡制片法和水合氯醛透化法对2种药用植物的根状茎和叶横切面和粉末特征进行研究,应用光学显微镜观察显微结构。采用HPLC-UV法进行化学鉴别。结果:牛耳朵和黄花牛耳朵显微特征无明显区别,但是化学特征有明显的差异。结论:化学诞生特征鉴别方法可以作为2种药用植物的鉴定方法。     

Antiplasmodial activity of extracts from seven medicinal plants used in malaria treatment in Cameroon

Aim of the study

In a search for new plant-derived biologically active compounds against malaria parasites, we have carried out an ethnopharmacological study to evaluate the susceptibility of cultured Plasmodium falciparum to extracts and fractions from seven Cameroonian medicinal plants used in malaria treatment. We have also explored the inhibition of the Plasmodium falciparum cysteine protease Falcipain-2.

Materials and methods

Plant materials were extracted by maceration in organic solvents, and subsequently partitioned or fractionated to afford test fractions. The susceptibility of erythrocytes and the W2 strain of Plasmodium falciparum to plant extracts was evaluated in culture. In addition, the ability of annonaceous extracts to inhibit recombinant cysteine protease Falcipain-2 was also assessed.

Results and discussion

The extracts showed no toxicity against erythrocytes. The majority of plant extracts were highly active against Plasmodium falciparumin vitro, with IC₅₀ values lower than 5 μg/ml. Annonaceous extracts (acetogenin-rich fractions and interface precipitates) exhibited the highest potency. Some of these extracts exhibited modest inhibition of Falcipain-2.

Conclusion

These results support continued investigation of components of traditional medicines as potential new antimalarial agents.     

金银花类药用植物IspE和IspH基因克隆和生物信息学分析

目的:克隆金银花类药用植物4-二磷酸胞苷-2-C-甲基赤藓糖激酶(4-diphosphocytidyl-2-C-methyl-D-erythritol kinase,IspE)和4-羟基-3-甲基-2-邻苯基二磷酸还原酶(4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl diphosphate reductase,IspH)基因,并对其基因序列、蛋白特性和转录活性进行分析、比较.方法:从忍冬Lonicera japonica转录组测序结果中分析获得了IspE,IspH基因.分别以忍冬、红白忍冬L.japonica var.chinensis、红腺忍冬L.hypoglauca和水忍冬L.dasystyla新鲜花蕾为材料,利用RT-PCR技术克隆获得了4种金银花类药用植物IspE和IspH基因的全长cDNA.运用生物信息学分析软件,预测编码蛋白的结构和功能,并通过RT-PCR检测IspE和IspH在忍冬、红白忍冬、红腺忍冬、水忍冬花蕾中的转录情况.结果:金银花类药用植物IspE基因含有1个完整的开放阅读框,长度为1 221 bp,编码406个氨基酸;IspH含有一个完整的开放阅读框,长度为1 380 bp,编码459个氨基酸.IspE和IspH均为非分泌蛋白,均定位于叶绿体中.RT-PCR分析结果表明在忍冬、红腺忍冬和水忍冬的花蕾中IspE,IspH基因的转录水平没有显著差异,但红白忍冬花蕾中IspE,IspH基因的转录水平均显著高于忍冬.结论:克隆获得忍冬、红白忍冬、红腺忍冬和水忍冬中IspE,IspH基因,并证实了其在不同金银花类药用植物中的表达,为进一步研究IspE,IspH基因对萜类化合物生物合成和花香气以及颜色的影响奠定了基础.     

不同类型的桑螵蛸与其基原昆虫对应关系研究

桑螵蛸为常用中药,因其入药部位为螳螂的卵鞘,无法直接判断其基原昆虫.同时螳亚科动物种类繁多,均产卵鞘,目前关于桑螵蛸对应的基原昆虫尚无一致的结论,而二者准确的对应关系是保证桑螵蛸质量的基础,也是桑螵蛸条形码研究的基础.文章采用人工孵化与捕捉活体螳螂2种方式,分别鉴定了药材及其原动物,系统地研究了桑螵蛸与基原昆虫的对应关系,发现基原昆虫为大刀螳属、斧螳属、污斑螳属的多种昆虫,该研究为桑螵蛸深入开发与利用研究奠定了基础.