The anterior dislocation of the sacroiliac joint: a report of four cases and review of the literature and treatment algorism

Pelvic fractures are an uncommon injury in pediatric trauma patients, but the morbidity and mortality associated with these injuries can be profound. Of the posterior pelvic ring disruptions, the posterior dislocation of sacroiliac joint, which is the traditional dislocation of the sacroiliac joint, occurs in most incidences of pediatric trauma patients. There are few reports, however, on the “anterior” dislocation of sacroiliac joint, in which the ilium dislocates anterior to the sacrum and often combines with symphyseal diastasis and fractures of pubic rami and ilia. The distinct fracture-dislocation of sacroiliac joint is a subtype of completed posterior pelvic fracture. Literature review contains little information about such type of dislocation. We present four cases of pediatric trauma patients with the “anterior” dislocation of sacroiliac joint. After a thorough literature review of existing classification of pelvic fractures, we name it as the anterior dislocation of sacroiliac joint. Q. Zhang and W. Chen contributed equally to this work.     

Anterior approach and stabilization of the disrupted sacroiliac joint

Pelvic fractures with disruption of the important weight-bearing sacroiliac area can lead to impaired gait due to malunion or pelvic obliquity, back or buttock pain arising from the sacroiliac joint, and permanent neurologic damage. In eight patients with sacroiliac joint dislocation, an anterior retrofascial approach and stapling of the sacroiliac joint was performed. Six of these patients maintained an anatomic reduction of the sacroiliac joint and their results were rated as excellent. Two of the eight patients had a slight loss of reduction and because of intermittent mild pain were rated as having fair results. In another eight patients, plate fixation of the anterior sacroiliac joint was done. New stabilization methods utilizing dynamic compression plates, reconstruction plates, and a new four-hole plate have been developed to provide more secure fixation of these unstable injuries.     

前路钢板螺钉内固定治疗髋臼骨折伴骶髂关节脱位的疗效分析

目的探讨前路钢板螺钉内固定治疗髋臼骨折伴骶髂关节脱位的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析自2011-01—2015-12采用髂腹股沟入路切开复位骨盆重建接骨板加骶髂关节星形接骨板内固定治疗的24例髋臼骨折伴骶髂关节脱位。髋臼骨折复位质量按Matta复位评分标准评定。骶髂关节分离复位评定采用PACS系统分别对术前及术后的CT横断面及矢状面骶髂关节间隙最宽处进行测量。髋关节功能采用Majeed评分标准评定。结果术前CT横断面骶髂关节间隙为(11.86±3.43)mm,术后为(4.05±0.76)mm,手术前后差值为(7.58±2.87)mm;术前CT矢状面骶髂关节间隙为(16.29±3.84)mm,术后为(4.27±0.95)mm,手术前后差值为(11.83±3.19)mm;结果显示术后髋臼及骶髂关节脱位复位良好。24例均获得随访7~30个月,平均12.8个月。骨折愈合时间3~9个月,平均4.8个月。髋臼骨折复位质量按Matta标准评定:优13例,良8例,可3例,优良率为87.5%。髋关节功能采用Majeed评分标准评定:优7例,良11例,可5例,差1例,优良率为75.0%。结论前侧髂腹股沟入路骨盆重建接骨板加骶髂关节星形接骨板内固定治疗髋臼骨折伴骶髂关节脱位是一种简单有效的方法,具有操作安全、骨折复位满意、术后疗效肯定的优点。     

Crescent fracture-dislocation of the sacroiliac joint: a functional classification

Crescent fracture dislocations are a well-recognised subset of pelvic ring injuries which result from a lateral compression force. They are characterised by disruption of the sacroiliac joint and extend proximally as a fracture of the posterior iliac wing. We describe a classification with three distinct types. Type I is characterised by a large crescent fragment and the dislocation comprises no more than one-third of the sacroiliac joint, which is typically inferior. Type II fractures are associated with an intermediate-size crescent fragment and the dislocation comprises between one- and two-thirds of the joint. Type III fractures are associated with a small crescent fragment where the dislocation comprises most, but not all of the joint. The principal goals of surgical intervention are the accurate and stable reduction of the sacroiliac joint. This classification proves useful in the selection of both the surgical approach and the reduction technique. A total of 16 patients were managed according to this classification and achieved good functional results approximately two years from the time of the index injury. Confounding factors compromise the summary short-form-36 and musculoskeletal functional assessment instrument scores, which is a well-recognised phenomenon when reporting the outcome of high-energy trauma.     

不同方法治疗不稳定骨盆骨折中前环损伤的有限元分析

目的:比较5种不同固定方法治疗不稳定骨盆骨折中前环损伤的生物力学稳定性,为临床治疗提供参考。方法:使用三维有限元方法,建立一侧骶髂关节脱位合并耻骨支骨折的不稳定骨盆骨折模型(Tile C型),模拟前方采用5种不同的固定方法,后方统一采用骶髂螺钉进行固定,并在模拟站立状态下比较分析不同组合固定方法治疗后的骨盆环的von Mises应力及应变分布情况。结果:竖直方向500 N载荷加载后,前方骨折处最大应力3.56 MPa(前方外固定架组),骶髂关节和骨折处总位移和Y轴上垂直位移在应力下均未超过1.5 mm。其中前方经皮入路组和前方外固定架组在内固定、骨折前方、骶髂关节处的最大应力明显大于改良Stoppa入路组、传统的髂腹股沟入路组、空心螺钉组,且在骶髂关节和骨折处的总位移和Y轴上垂直位移也大于其他3组。结论:不稳定性骨盆骨折中的前环损伤在5种组合方法植入物的固定后均能得到明显的改善,但采用改良Stoppa入路、髂腹股沟入路、前方空心钉固定方法治疗前环损伤在生物力学总体性能要优于前方经皮入路和前方外固定架治疗的方法。     

骶髂关节脱位及周围骨结构骨折的前后入路手术治疗特点

目的：探讨前后入路手术骶髂关节脱位及周围骨结构骨折的治疗特点。方法：自2006年1月至2012年9月,收治39例骶髂关节脱位及周围骨结构骨折患者,均进行手术治疗。其中男28例,女11例;年龄12-64岁,平均41．3岁。前入路手术处理17例,后入路手术治疗13例,前后联合入路9例。前入路取仰卧位,切开复位,用2块4孔重建钢板,横跨骶髂关节做固定。后入路取俯卧位,选择闭合或切开复位,在C形臂X线机透视下攻入1～2枚直径7．3nlFtl的60～75mm空心松质骨拉力螺丝钉。术后观察两组的并发症情况,参照Matta评分系统评价骨折复位情况,Majeed评分系统评价术后功能情况。结果：所有患者获随访,时间6～36个月。术后2~4周患者可在床上坐起,6周后可扶拐下地活动。术后随访期间未发现内固定松动及螺钉钢板断裂。x线片示除陈旧性骶髂骨骨折1例复位欠佳,其余骶髂关节脱位及周围骨折术后对位良好。根据Matta标准评定：优30例,良8例,可1例;根据Majeed功能评分标准,优14例,良20例,中4例,差1例。结论：经前后入路手术治疗骶髂关节脱位及周围骨结构骨折均有良好的治疗疗效,但需要根据脱位骨折的解剖部位及类型、移位的方向程度以及术前的复位程度,对术中复位的难易程度评估、固定强度等因素综合考虑来确定入路方式。     

S1椎弓根螺钉结合髂骨板间螺钉治疗骶髂关节骨折脱位

目的 探索S1椎弓根螺钉结合髂骨板问螺钉治疗骶髂关节骨折脱位的临床疗效，评价两者结合对骶髂关节骨折脱位的治疗价值。方法 对11例骶髂关节骨折脱位患者用脊柱内固定系统(TSRH)之S1椎弓根螺钉结合髂骨板间螺钉进行固定，该组患者涉及骶髂关节的垂直移位及旋转的骨盆环变形，归于Tile分型的B类或C类骨盆损伤。11例患者均伴有前环损伤，其中9例予以加压钢板(smith nephew)内固定，余2例患者单纯采用后路手术内固定。结果 7例患者垂直移位完全复位，9例旋转畸形纠正，未发现感染及神经损伤等并发症。结论 S1椎弓根螺钉结合髂骨板问螺钉固定技术治疗骶髂关节骨折脱位，可获得即刻稳定性并良好地维持了复位的效果．这一混合技术对于涉及垂直及旋转损伤的骨盆环损伤有稳定的作用。     

Ipsilateral sternoclavicular joint anterior dislocation with fracture of the mid shaft of the clavicle

Even though fractures of the clavicle are very common but fracture of the shaft of clavicle associated with sternoclavicular joint dislocation is extremely rare. This is a case report of a 50-year old woman who met with a road accident. Radiographs revealed right mid shaft clavicle fracture with inferior angulation of fracture fragments, anterior dislocation of sternoclavicular joint. The sternoclavicular joint was stabilized with sutures whereas the midshaft fracture was managed non-operatively. In postoperative period the sternoclavicular joint was found stable whereas the shaft clavicle united completely after 6 months.     

A Shearing Osteochondral Fracture of the Humeral Head Following an Anterior Shoulder Dislocation in a Child

A dislocation of the shoulder joint is rare in children with an open physis. The fractures associated with an anterior dislocation generally reported in the literature have been Hill-Sachs lesions, avulsions of the greater tuberosity and glenoid fractures. We present a case of a previously unreported shearing osteochondral fracture, which is distinct from a classic Hill-Sachs lesion of the humeral head, in 12-year-old boy. The patient suffered a traumatic anterior shoulder dislocation with a spontaneous reduction along with this associated fracture. The fracture subsequently healed with no further evidence of persistent instability.     

Bilateral sacroiliac joint dislocation (anterior and posterior) with triradiate cartilage injury: a case report

Pediatric sacroiliac joint injuries are uncommon. Significant pelvis ring disruptions in children are rare, and their management is complicated by patient size, differences in bony architecture, and future growth and remodeling potential. We present a rare case of anterior sacroiliac joint dislocation associated with triradiate cartilage injury with a posterior sacroiliac dislocation on the contralateral side. This appears to be the first such case reported in the literature.     

Bilateral sacroiliac joint dislocation without associated fracture or anterior pelvic ring injuries

SI joint dislocations are serious injuries. They are often associated with posterior fractures or anterior ring disruptions. This case report documents the outcome of a patient with an uncommon injury involving bilateral SI joint dislocation without associated anterior pelvic injuries or posterior pelvic fracture.     

Computed tomography-guided screw fixation of a sacroiliac joint dislocation fracture: a case report

A 19-year-old woman sustained a vertical shear type pelvic fracture. Sacroiliac fixation using computed tomography (CT)-guided cannulated screws was performed for a left sacroiliac dislocation fracture, and a satisfactory result was obtained over time. Patients who have posterior instability of the lateral compression or vertical shear type do not obtain adequate stability by fixation of the anterior part alone; and they often have persistent residual pain, necessitating internal fixation of the posterior part later. Advantages of CT-guided sacroiliac screw fixation include precise evaluation of the degree of reduction and absence of nerve and vascular damage during the time the screw is inserted into the sacral body. This procedure is a useful, safe method owing to its minimal invasiveness in patients with unstable pelvic fractures that are reducible by manual manipulation or traction.     

骨盆骨折合并骶髂关节脱位术中电生理监测技术的应用

目的探讨骨盆骨折合并骶髂关节脱位手术中应用电生理监测技术预防神经损伤的效果。方法对需要手术治疗的骨盆骨折合并骶髂关节脱位患者,术中对术侧采用经颅电刺激运动诱发电位（TES-MEP）和自由肌电图（EMG）进行实时监测,观察其对坐骨神经和腰5神经根医源性损伤的预防效果。结果骶髂关节复位固定时,术侧股二头肌、胫前肌、胫后肌MEP波幅下降,但波形均能引出。耻骨复位时,MEP波形稳定。因手术操作引发趾短伸肌、胫后肌短暂、高幅EMG反应,即刻提醒术者,避免频繁,粗暴骚扰神经组织。术后骶髂关节、耻骨复位良好,且未出现医源性神经损伤。结论联合运用MEP和自由EMG实时监测能及时反映骨盆骨折合并骶髂关节脱位切开复位内固定术中坐骨神经及L5神经根受激惹情况和运动功能状态,提高手术精确性,值得在临床推广应用。     

Anterior Dislocation of the Hip Associated with an Actebular Fracture: Case Report

Abstract Anterior hip joint dislocation is less common than posterior dislocation. Although fractures of the acetabulum can occur in anterior hip dislocations, they are infrequently. In this article, we report an uncommon lesion in a woman who sustained an anterior dislocation of the hip associated with a fracture of the acetabular wall. Close reduction was performed immediately the initial injury. The patient underwent open reduction and internal fixation since the hip joint was result unstable and the CT scan showed the presence of a bone fragment of the anterior acetabular wall. At 2-year follow-up, the clinical and radiological results are excellent.     

术中导航三维影像系统辅助置入骶骨钉微创治疗骶髂关节脱位

目的探讨手术导航一术中三维影像系统监测下置人骶骨钉微创治疗骶髂关节脱位的疗效。方法在手术导航一术中三维影像系统监测下应用骶骨钉内固定技术治疗15例骶髂关节脱位患者。其中骶髂关节半脱位6例，骶髂关节完全脱位9例；伴有骨盆前环损伤7例，伴有骶丛损伤2例。结果15例均获得6-16个月随访，复位均满意，无骶髂部疼痛14例，轻度疼痛1例；2例骶丛损伤者术后恢复良好。结论手术导航一术中三维影像系统监测下骶骨钉治疗骶髂关节脱位，是一种安全、有效的治疗方法，手术创伤小，时间短，康复快。     

骶髂关节前入路钢板治疗骨盆后环损伤17例

目的：评价骶髂关节前入路钢板治疗骨盆后环损伤的临床疗效。方法：回顾性分析骶髂关节前入路钢板治疗骨盆后环损伤17例临床效果。结果：17例中TileB型8例,C型9例,双钢板治疗5例,单钢板12例,手术时间平均3．6h（2．0-4．5h）,平均出血1800ml（800-4200m1）,14例随访平均27．4个月（6-42个月）,后环损伤平均移位16mm（4-28mm）,骨折愈合,轻度跛行3例。无感染发生。结论：骶髂关节前入路钢板治疗骨盆后环损伤能获得良好的复位和稳定的固定。     

Anatomical evidence for the anterior plate fixation of sacroiliac joint

Background

The iatrogenic injuries to the lumbar nerves during the fixation the sacroiliac (SI) joint fractures with anterior plates were often reported. No specific method had been reported to avoid it. This study was done to find a safer way of placing the anterior plates and screws for treating the sacroiliac (SI) joint fracture and/or dislocation.

Die bildwandergestützte, perkutane transiliosakrale Schraubenfixation instabiler Beckenverletzungen

OBJECTIVE: Closed reduction and retention of translatory unstable pelvic injuries (type C injuries), in order to restore the form and function of the posterior pelvis by percutaneous iliosacral screw osteosynthesis, using conventional fluoroscopy. INDICATIONS: Definitive treatment of the posterior pelvis in type C injuries (AO classification) with complete sacral fracture, sacroiliac joint (SI joint) dislocation, transiliac or transsacral dislocation fracture of the SI joint with insignificant small fragment and sacroiliac avulsion injuries which can be reduced almost anatomically in closed technique. CONTRAINDICATIONS: Poor general health, local soft-tissue damage, rotationally unstable type B pelvic injuries as well as type C injuries which cannot be reduced satisfactorily in closed technique. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE: Closed reduction, stab incision and percutaneous stabilization of the posterior pelvis by transiliosacral screw osteosynthesis, guided by fluoroscopy. POSTOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT: Partial loading of the injured side with 15 kg for 8-12 weeks with two underarm crutches. Implant removal 6-12 months after injury. RESULTS: 20 patients with a transforaminal sacral fracture consistent with a type C pelvic injury underwent screw fixation with fluoroscopy with 7.3-mm cannulated screws, placed in a transiliosacral position in the vertebral body of S1. The average preoperative displacement of 3.8 mm was decreased by closed reduction to 1.6 mm postoperatively. The average operating time was 55 min, the average screening time 2.22 min. Incorrect screw position with no consequences was observed in three patients; iatrogenic nerve damage was not found. All fractures healed within 3 months.     

骨盆骨折微创手术治疗的可行性研究

目的：探讨应用微创手术治疗骨盆骨折的可行性。方法：微创手术治疗26例骨盆骨折患者，男15例，女11例；年龄20—62岁，平均40岁。均为闭合性骨折，单侧骨盆环破坏17例，双侧骨盆环破坏9例。骨盆后环损伤类型：骶髂关节脱位8例，骶骨外侧纵形骨折12例；骨盆前环损伤类型：单侧耻骨坐骨支骨折9例，双侧耻骨坐骨支骨折7例，耻骨联合分离6例；合并休克6例。前环应用经皮耻骨上支拉力螺钉固定术，耻骨联合拉力螺钉固定术；后环采用经皮骶髂关节拉力螺钉固定术或骶骨棒固定术。术前摄骨盆CR片，骨盆螺旋CT检查，了解骨折表面及内部的细节，明确骨折情况。采用体表定位结合C形臂引导手术。结果：术中失血10-50ml，平均30ml；手术时间30-50min。CR观察骨折愈合时间8-12周，平均11周。无伤口感染、骨折不愈合、神经损伤等。结论：在掌握好手术适应证的前提下，微创手术具有创伤小、手术时间短、效果好、恢复快、并发症少等优点。     

Fixation of posterior pelvic ring disruptions through a posterior approach

Objective  Stable internal screw fixation of posterior pelvic ring disruptions through a posterior approach. Indications  Complete, unstable sacroiliac dislocations with incompetence of anterior and posterior sacroiliac ligaments. Sacroiliac fracture dislocations. Displaced vertical sacral fractures. Contraindications  Damage to posterior soft tissues. Acceptable closed reduction of sacrum or sacroiliac joint. Ipsilateral acetabular fractures treated through an anterior approach. Inadequate intraoperative fluoroscopic visualization of posterior pelvis. Surgical Technique  Vertical paramedian incision overlying the sacroiliac joint. Release of origin of gluteus maximus. Inspection and reduction of sacroiliac joint. Stabilization with iliosacral screws under image intensification. Secure repair of gluteal fascia. Results  107 patients with unstable pelvic ring fractures were treated with open reduction and internal fixation of which 83 had an open reduction of posterior ring injuries. Accuracy of reduction: more than 95% of patients had residual displacement of less than 10 mm. Two patients had a deep wound infection postoperatively. Two-thirds of the patients were able to resume their previous occupation. Pain was either absent or occurred only with strenuous activities. 63% had a normal gait.