云芝糖肽聚氰基丙烯酸正丁酯纳米囊的制备工艺优选

目的 优选界面聚合法制备云芝糖肽聚氰基丙烯酸正丁酯纳米囊的工艺.方法 以包封率为指标,通过正交试验设计优化处方.结果 制得的纳米囊外观圆整,粒径分布均匀,平均粒径为268.5 nm,包封率达83.7%.结论 云芝糖肽聚氰基丙烯酸正丁酯纳米囊制备工艺简单,优选的处方较好,所制得的微囊粒径小、分布窄,该工艺可行.     

复乳法制备胰岛素PLGA纳米粒影响包封率因素考察

以Poloxamer188为乳化剂，乙酸乙酯为有机溶剂，采用复乳法制备了胰岛素乳酸／羟基乙酸共聚物（PLGA）纳米粒，考察了乳化剂和PLGA的浓度。内水相中胰岛素的浓度为pH，溶剂挥发方法和内水相中加入聚乙烯醇（PVA）等实验各因素对胰岛素PLGA纳米粒包封率的影响。结果表明，乳化剂的浓度较高，PLGA的浓度较小，内水相的pH接近胰岛素的pI(5．3），胰岛素的浓度较低，缩短有机溶剂挥发时间及内水相中加入PVA有利于提高胰岛素的包封率，经实验条件优化后制备的胰岛素PLGA纳米纳平均粒径为149．6nm，多分散性系数小于0．1，包封率提高到42．8％。     

蛇床子素非离子囊泡的制备和质量评价

采用薄膜分散-超声法制备蛇床子素非离子表面活性剂囊泡,以包封率为指标通过正交设计优化处方和工艺.并考察了所得优化囊泡的形态、平均粒径和分布、包封率及体外释药行为.结果表明,制品外观呈球形或椭圆形,平均粒径为(246.1±12.3)nm,多分散系数为0.171,包封率为87.4%,体外释药行为符合Higuchi方程(r=0.998 2).     

含有奥硝唑纳米囊泡的改性明胶膜释药性能的研究

目的:研制含有载药纳米囊泡的明胶缓释膜,对比普通载药膜表征其释药性能。方法:结合超声波法和逆向蒸发法,制备了载药纳米囊泡,并通过共混的方法进一步得到了含有奥硝唑纳米囊泡的改性明胶膜(简称载药纳米囊泡膜)。通过透射电镜观察分析了载药纳米囊泡的形态以及稳定性,通过紫外分光光度法分别测试了载药纳米囊泡的包封率、载药量以及载药纳米囊泡、载药膜和载药纳米囊泡膜的累积释药曲线。结果:载药纳米囊泡粒径在50～150nm之间,能长期稳定地存在于膜材料中,载药量和包封率分别为0．18mg·mg~(-1)和32．15%。普通载药膜在11h左右达到释药平衡,而载药纳米囊泡膜释药平衡时间达到了22h左右。结论:载药纳米囊泡膜同时具有载药膜和载药纳米囊泡的药物释放性能,明显改善了载药膜的药物缓释性和突释现象,扩展了载药膜和载药囊泡的应用范围。     

界面聚合法制备齐墩果酸聚氰基丙烯酸正丁酯纳米囊及其质量考察

目的:研究以界面聚合法制备齐墩果酸聚氰基丙烯酸正丁酯纳米囊(OA-PBCA-NC)的处方工艺条件,并考察其质量。方法:采用单因素法筛选界面聚合法制备OA-PBCA-NC的工艺,并以包封率为指标,用正交设计试验,优选OA-PBCA-NC的处方。另对其进行形态、粒径、包封率考察。结果:本品处方以OA与BCA用量比为60mg∶0.1ml,乙酸乙酯与BCA用量比为2.0ml∶0.1ml,油水两相比为1∶1为最佳;制得纳米囊外观圆整,较均匀,无粘连;粒径分布均匀,平均粒径率为(214±8)nm,平均包封率为(76.8±0.4)%。结论:本研究所确定的OA-PBCA-NC制备工艺条件稳定,可行。     

超临界辅助喷雾法用于固体脂质纳米粒的制备

目的采用超临界辅助喷雾制粒法制备固体脂质纳米粒,并考察工艺与处方因素对纳米粒理化性质的影响。方法采用自制超临界喷雾制粒设备,制备硬脂酸脂质纳米粒,考察硬脂酸浓度、超临界流体CO2与载体溶液流量比、喷嘴孔径等对固体脂质纳米粒粒径的影响,筛选合适的处方工艺参数;以亲水性大分子药物胰岛素为模型药物,制备载药固体脂质纳米粒,评价纳米粒的粒径、电位、包封率、释放度等理化性质。结果制备得到的纳米粒粒径与载体浓度、超临界流体CO2与载体溶液流量比、喷嘴孔径有关,通过处方工艺的调节,可制得平均粒径〈300nm的固体脂质纳米粒;制得的胰岛素固体脂质纳米粒的平均粒径约300nm,包封率72．2％,载药量为3．44％,载药纳米粒在体外可实现12h缓慢释放;处方中加入泊洛沙姆可减小纳米粒粒径和粒度分布,但药物的包封率降低,并且突释现象更明显。结论超临界辅助喷雾制粒法可用于固体脂质纳米粒的制备,并能够对亲水性药物实现有效的包封和释放的调节。     

阿霉素纳米囊的制备工艺及其毒性试验

目的对阿霉素纳米囊(adriamyc in nanocapsu les,ADM-NC)的制备工艺进行研究,优化最佳制备工艺,并对ADM-NC进行了急性毒性试验。方法以可生物降解的聚氰基丙烯酸正丁酯(polybutylcyanoacrylate,PBCA)为囊材,采用乳化聚合法(emu lsion polym erization m ethod)制备ADM-NC;以NC粒度和包封率为评价指标,通过正交试验设计(orthogonal design)优化制备工艺。以小鼠尾静脉注射方式分别测定空白纳米囊及载药纳米囊的半数致死量LD50。结果优化制备工艺后ADM-NC冻干前后的粒径分别为110nm和130nm;Zeta电位为114.6mV;以凝胶色谱法测得ADM-NC中药物的包封率达53.5%;测得空白纳米囊的LD50为(238.1±40.0)mg/kg,载药纳米囊ADM-NC的LD50为(36.6±6.2)mg/kg。结论利用乳化聚合法可制备具有较高包封率的ADM-NC;与ADM普通制剂的LD50(8.7±0.3)mg/kg相比,ADM-NC的毒性明显降低。     

芹菜素囊泡的制备及理化性质考察

目的筛选合适的非离子表面活性剂,制备芹菜素囊泡,并考察其体外理化性质和冻干工艺。方法采用Tween80和Myrij52为成囊材料,建立了乙醇注入法制备芹菜素囊泡的制备工艺;采用微柱离心法测定芹菜素囊泡的包封率,并考察不同处方因素对包封率的影响;经正交设计得到最优处方;对囊泡的粒径、外观、稳定性等理化性质及体外释放行为进行研究,分别以外观、粒径和渗漏率为指标对冻干工艺进行初步考察。结果乙醇注入法获得囊泡包封率为(69.48±2.5)%,平均粒径为(148±5.03)nm,透射电镜下观察显示呈类球形,4℃下密封保存3个月包封率为(54.25±3.7)%、渗漏率为21.9%,在pH值为7.4的磷酸盐缓冲液中体外释药行为符合一级动力学方程。以葡萄糖和甘露醇(质量比1∶1)为冻干保护剂,预冻时间为3 h,干燥时间为30 h。结论该制剂制备方法简单,制备的囊泡包封率较高,粒径较小,体外具有明显的缓释作用,冻干制剂外观饱满,粒径和包封率变化较小,可以明显提高囊泡的体外稳定性。     

阿柔比星A聚乳酸毫微粒主要性质研究

目的：对载药毫微粒主要质量指标载药量、包封率及其关系,粒径及其分布进行研究,方法：以阿柔比星Ａ聚乳酸微粒为研究对象,以分光光度测定载药量与包封率,以激光粒度分析仪测定粒径及其分布。结果：阿柔比星Ａ聚乳酸毫微粒平均载药量为１８．５％。平均包封率为８６．７％,平均数目径为８０ｎｍ,平均体积径为２３０ｎｍ。结论：载药量与包封率之间具有一定关系。体积径分布是载药毫微粒粒径分布评价不可忽视的内容。     

氟尿嘧啶隐形泡囊的制备及其体外性质的研究

目的制备氟尿嘧啶隐形泡囊并考察其理化性质和体外细胞毒性。方法用自制Plu-Chol,以改良注入法制备氟尿嘧啶隐形泡囊,考察泡囊的形态、粒径、电位、包封率和体外释放特性,通过MTT比色法比较泡囊与原药对Hela细胞的作用效应。结果氟尿嘧啶隐形泡囊在电镜下的外观为球形,平均粒径为904.87±0.45 nm,Zeta电位为-66.75 mV,包封率为30.93%±1.71%;体外释放符合Weibull distribution模型,且具有明显的缓释性(氟尿嘧啶隐形泡囊释药t1/2为游离氟尿嘧啶的3.75倍);细胞毒性试验表明泡囊对Hela细胞的杀伤作用明显优于原药(IC50降低了83.95%,P<0.01)。结论所制氟尿嘧啶隐形泡囊的操作简单,对肿瘤细胞的杀伤力显著强于原药。     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

---

Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Lung disease and PKCs

The lung offers a rich opportunity for development of therapeutic strategies focused on isozymes of protein kinase C (PKCs). PKCs are important in many cellular responses in the lung, and existing therapies for pulmonary disorders are inadequate. The lung poses unique challenges as it interfaces with air and blood, contains a pulmonary and systemic circulation, and consists of many cell types. Key structures are bronchial and pulmonary vessels, branching airways, and distal air sacs defined by alveolar walls containing capillaries and interstitial space. The cellular composition of each vessel, airway, and alveolar wall is heterogeneous. Injurious environmental stimuli signal through PKCs and cause a variety of disorders. Edema formation and pulmonary hypertension (PHTN) result from derangements in endothelial, smooth muscle (SM), and/or adventitial fibroblast cell phenotype. Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer are characterized by distinctive pathological changes in airway epithelial, SM, and mucous-generating cells. Acute and chronic pneumonitis and fibrosis occur in the alveolar space and interstitium with type 2 pneumocytes and interstitial fibroblasts/myofibroblasts playing a prominent role. At each site, inflammatory, immune, and vascular progenitor cells contribute to the injury and repair process. Many strategies have been used to investigate PKCs in lung injury. Isolated organ preparations and whole animal studies are powerful approaches especially when genetically engineered mice are used. More analysis of PKC isozymes in normal and diseased human lung tissue and cells is needed to complement this work. Since opposing or counter-regulatory effects of selected PKCs in the same cell or tissue have been found, it may be desirable to target more than one PKC isozyme and potentially in different directions. Because multiple signaling pathways contribute to the key cellular responses important in lung biology, therapeutic strategies targeting PKCs may be more effective if combined with inhibitors of other pathways for additive or synergistic effect. Mechanisms that regulate PKC activity, including phosphorylation and interaction with isozyme-specific binding proteins, are also potential therapeutic targets. Key isotypes of PKC involved in lung pathophysiology are summarized and current and evolving therapeutic approaches to target them are identified.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence among men and women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders

This study explored gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence in a crosssectional study of 150 men and 150 women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders (AUD). Participants were recruited in equal numbers from treatment settings, correctional centres and the general community. Standardized measures were used to determine participants' use of substances, history of psychiatric disorders and psychosocial stress, their sensation seeking and family history of substance use and mental health disorders. Multivariate analyses were used to detect patterns of variables associated with gender and the lifetime severity of AUD. Men had a longer history of severe AUD than women. Women had similar levels of alcohol dependence and medical and psychological sequelae as men, despite 6 fewer years of AUD. More women than men had a history of severe psychosocial stress, severe dependence on other substances and antecedent mental health problems, especially mood and anxiety disorders. There were differences in family history of alcohol-related problems approximating same-gender aggregation. The severity of a lifetime AUD was predicted by its earlier age at onset and the occurrence of other disorders, especially anxiety, among both men and women. The limitations in the generalizability of these findings due to sample idiosyncrasies are discussed.