高频彩超对继发性甲旁亢鉴别诊断价值

目的:探讨继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进的声象图表现及与其他颈部病变的鉴别诊断价值。材料与方法:60例合并有甲旁亢的慢性肾衰患者进行甲状旁腺超声检查,总结继发性甲旁亢时增大的甲状旁腺的声像图表现,并与结节性甲状腺肿、颈部淋巴结的超声声像图相比较鉴别。结果:60例继发性甲旁亢时增大的甲状旁腺超声检出率为86.7%(52/60),有一些特征性的声像图表现,41例有结节性甲状腺肿,39例检出肿大淋巴结。结论:继发性甲旁亢时甲状旁腺的声像图有一些特征性的声像图表现,能与结节性甲状腺肿、颈部淋巴结相鉴别,高频彩超可以作为诊断继发甲状旁腺功能亢进的有效手段,为外科治疗甲状旁腺提供比较准确的影像学依据。     

超声对继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进的诊断价值

目的为探讨高分辨力超声对继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进（ＨＰＴ）的诊断价值。方法本文对３０例尿毒症血透病人进行甲状旁腺的超声检查,并结合ＰＴＨ、血钙、血肌酐等资料进行分析。另外,我们选择５０例无慢性肾病、ＶｉｔＤ缺乏、骨病等原因引起的钙磷失调者作为对照。结果正常人甲状旁腺显示率为２４０％（１２／５０）,尿毒症病人显示率为６０％（１８／３０）,而且,随着尿毒症血透时间的延长,肿大的甲状旁腺数目及大小均增加,增大体积与血清ＰＴＨ的增高呈正相关,但与血钙、血肌酐无明确关系。结论超声对尿毒症引起的继发性甲旁亢病人的甲状旁腺肿大检测有诊断价值,并能初步估计尿毒症血透时间长短及甲旁亢严重程度     

甲状旁腺超声筛查在维持性血液透析患者的诊断价值

目的探讨超声诊断作为维持性血液透析患者甲状旁腺增生筛查的临床价值。方法入选82例患者作为研究对象。同期行近期相关的实验室检查,并实施超声甲状旁腺筛查。了解甲状旁腺增生是否与相关实验室检查一致。结果在82例维持性血液透析患者中,检出75例甲状旁腺(91.46%)。其中59例患者有甲状旁腺增生共检出114个(71.6%)。超声表现主要为甲状腺左右叶背侧1~4个不等椭圆形或类圆形呈低回声、低回声与高回声共存、高回声等结节。增生组的血清PTH、Ca、透析病程及血钙血磷的乘积明显高于未增生组。结论在维持性血液透析患者甲状旁腺功能亢进中,超声甲状旁腺筛查是一种诊断甲状旁腺增生简便、有效的方法,对临床的监测和诊治甲状旁腺增生提供一定的诊断价值。     

PTH检测对长期血透患者继发甲旁亢临床应用价值的研究

目的 探讨甲状旁腺激素检测对长期血透患者继发甲状旁腺功能亢进早期诊断、预防和治疗中的应用价值。方法 选择84例长期血液透析患者,分为服钙剂组与不服钙剂组,另选择30例非肾功能减退的普通患者为正常对照组,分别检测患者血清甲状旁腺激素、钙、磷、尿素氮、肌酐等。结果 服钙剂组患者血清甲状旁腺激素、磷明显低于不服钙剂组,两者之间有显著性差异(P<0.05),而两组患者的血清钙没有明显差异(P>0.05);血透患者的血清甲状旁腺激素明显大于正常对照组,与尿素氮、肌酐和磷呈正相关。结论 甲状旁腺激素检测对长期血透患者继发甲状旁腺功能亢进的早期诊断、预防和治疗有重要的指导意义;服用钙剂能预防和治疗继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进,减少继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进的发生率。     

超声对甲状旁腺疾病的诊断（附35例报告）

为探讨超声对甲状旁腺疾病的诊断价值,本文总结了35例拟诊为甲状旁腺疾病的甲状旁腺声像图及临床特点。超声对3例原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进患者的诊断符合率为100％,对31例疑为继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进患者的诊断符合率为71％,对1例无功能性甲状旁腺囊肿仅作定性诊断。所有病例均经手术病理和/或临床证实。由此可见超声对甲状旁腺疾病有较高的诊断价值。     

维持性血液透析患者甲状旁腺增生术前定位诊断研究进展

维持性血液透析患者继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进(SHPT)发生率较高,目前手术切除是治疗SHPT的主要方式,但手术治疗效果以及患者预后与手术是否完全清除异位甲状旁腺有关。因此,对维持性血液透析患者甲状旁腺增生术前进行SHPT定位诊断具有重要的临床意义。目前有关SHPT的术前定位诊断方面,以CT、超声、核素显像、MRI等影像学手段为主,不同检查方法的诊断效能、临床应用价值不同。本文基于对甲状旁腺增生术前定位诊断以及相关文献的理解,对CT、超声、核素显像、MRI诊断甲状旁腺功能亢进的诊断价值进行综述。     

单光子发射型计算机断层显像/计算机体层摄影对继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进患者再次手术前定位的临床价值

目的探讨锝(~(99)Tcm)甲氧异腈[technetium(~(99)Tcm) sestamibi,~(99)Tcm-MIBI]单光子发射型计算机断层显像/计算机体层摄影(single-photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography,SPECT/CT)双时相断层融合显像在进行再次手术治疗的继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进患者术前定位中的临床价值。方法回顾性分析2016年1月～2019年3月19例进行再次手术治疗的继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进患者的临床资料,所有患者在进行再次甲状旁腺切除术前均行~(99)Tcm-MIBI SPECT/CT双时相断层融合显像,并与颈部超声结果进行对比,以手术病理为"金标准",比较~(99)Tcm-MIBI SPECT/CT双时相断层融合显像及超声对甲状旁腺病灶的诊断效能。结果~(99)Tcm-MIBI SPECT/CT双时相断层融合显像及颈部超声对所有甲状旁腺病灶和异位甲状旁腺病灶检出的灵敏度分别为95.2%、52.3%和90.9%、18.2%,两者的差异有统计学意义(P值分别为0.004、0.008)。~(99)Tcm-MIBI SPECT/CT双时相断层融合显像对所有甲状旁腺病灶和异位甲状旁腺病灶检出的准确性分别为71.4%、83.3%,均高于及颈部超声的准确性34.3%、18.2%。结论~(99)Tcm-MIBI SPECT/CT双时相断层融合显像对再次手术的继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进患者所有甲状旁腺病灶检出的灵敏度和准确性高于超声、尤其对于异位甲状旁腺病灶检出的灵敏度和准确性更高,在再次手术继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症患者的术前定位中发挥着重要的临床价值。     

长期血液透析患者甲状旁腺的超声观察

目的⑶探讨 Ｂ 型超声对继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进的诊断价值⒚方法⑶选择 ５ ２ 例不同时期维持性血液透析患者⒙应用 Ｂ 型超声测算甲状旁腺体积⒙并与正常人对照⒚结果⑶长期血液透析患者甲状旁腺体积明显大于正常人⒉ Ｐ＜ ００ １⒕⒙透析治疗 ５ 年以上与不足 ５ 年的相比也明显增大⒉ Ｐ＜ ００１⒕⒚部分病例出现同组个体间及同一病例各腺体间的不均衡性增大⒚结论⑶慢性肾衰时伴有持续性甲状旁腺增生⒙ Ｂ 型超声能够确切地观察测定甲状旁腺的病变⒙是一种准确简便的诊断及动态观察继发性甲旁亢的新手段⒚     

维持性血液透析患者继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进的围术期护理

目的探讨维持性血液透析患者继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进的围术期护理措施。方法选取32例需实施继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进手术的维持性血液透析患者作为研究对象,在手术前做好心理护理、饮食护理以及一系列准备工作,手术后密切关注患者病情变化,预防并发症的发生。结果本组32例患者均积极配合手术治疗,且术后症状明显改善。结论对维持性血液透析并发继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进患者实施积极的围术期护理,可有效减少手术并发症,提高患者生存质量,减轻患者治疗痛苦。     

甲状旁腺次全切除术治疗维持性血液透析继发甲状旁腺功能亢进的短期疗效

目的 探讨甲状旁腺次全切除术治疗维持性血液透析继发甲状旁腺功能亢进的短期疗效.方法 分析25例因维持性血液透析继发甲状旁腺功能亢进并行甲状旁腺次全切除术患者的相关临床病理资料.观察手术前后患者临床症状改善情况,同时比较术前与术后1 d、1周、1个月、3个月的血清甲状旁腺激素(PTH)、血钙、血磷指标的变化.结果 甲状旁腺次全切除术后血清PTH、血钙、血磷水平均有明显下降,所有患者临床症状均有改善,临床疗效显著有效24％,有效68％,无效8％.结论 甲状旁腺次全切除术是治疗继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进的有效术式,手术的关键是彻底找到所有甲状旁腺腺体,防止遗留腺体过多.     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.