高位腰椎间盘突出症的诊断与治疗(附21例分析)

近十年经手术治疗腰椎盘间突出症521例,有21例为高位腰椎间盘突出症,占4.03％。其中L_(1～2)3例,L_(2～3)4例,L_(3～4)14例。高位腰椎间盘突出症临床诊断符合率低,易漏诊,误诊。膝腱反射改变为重要体征。X线检查及脊髓造影对诊断有较大参考价值。     

腰椎间盘突出症的牵引复位治疗

目的　探讨利用牵引复位法治疗腰椎间盘突出症。方法　 1991年 7月～ 2 0 0 1年 5月对5 6 0例腰椎间盘突出症 (L4,5、L5,S1 )患者中的 35 0例采用牵引复位治疗 ,经 6月～ 3年对其中的315例随访观察疗效。结果　牵引复位法治疗腰椎间盘突出症 ,优良率 90 .6 %。结论　牵引复位法对腰椎间盘突出症的治疗确实有良好的疗效。     

手术治疗合并椎管内突出的极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症

极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症是腰椎间盘突出症的一种特殊类型, 约占腰椎间盘突出症的0.7%～11.7%[1] ,同时发生于椎间孔内及椎管内的病例更少见。我院2004年8月～2011年12月收治腰椎间盘突出症患者1837例,其中极外侧椎间盘突出合并椎管内突出患者29例,21例采用经椎板间途径关节突切除、椎间盘摘除结合椎弓根螺钉内固定、椎间植骨融合术治疗,经3～36个月随访,疗效满意,总结如下。     

老年性腰椎间盘突出症临床分析

腰椎间盘突出症是骨科常见病和多发病，多见于中青年。我们将60岁以上的腰椎间盘突出症称为老年性腰椎间盘突出症，有其独特的临床特征。本院自1988～1994年共手术治疗老年性腰椎间盘突出症26例。现就临床特征及手术治疗等问题探讨如下。1临床资料1．1一般资料本组26例，男11例，女15例。年龄60～69岁，平均64岁。病程1个月～7年，平均45个月。1．2临床表现所有病例均有腰痛伴坐骨神经放射痛及间歇性破行。静止状态下肢麻木21例，下肢肌肉萎缩19例，剧烈疼痛坐卧不安者13例，直腿抬高试验阳性20例，姆趾背伸肌力减弱22例，下肢皮肤感觉减退2…     

双侧穿刺等离子刀治疗腰椎间盘突出症疗效观察

目的 观察双侧穿刺等离子刀治疗腰椎间盘突出症的临床疗效. 方法 2005年3月～2006年8月,选择30例轻中度腰椎间盘突出症,经CT或MRI确诊为包容型突出,纤维环未见明显破裂者,采用双侧穿刺等离子刀汽化髓核成形治疗.结果 30例随访6～24个月,平均13个月,治愈21例,显效8例,好转1例,无效0例.治愈率70%（21/30）,显效率97%（29/30）.未出现血肿、神经损伤、椎间盘炎等并发症. 结论双侧穿刺等离子刀治疗腰椎间盘突出症的近期疗效满意.     

胶原酶盘内注射髓核溶解治疗腰椎间盘突出症

目的 探讨胶原酶盘内注射髓核溶解治疗腰椎间盘突出症的效果。方法 自2001年10月～2004年4月采用胶原酶盘内注射治疗腰椎间盘突出症79例。结果 自行制定疗效评定标准，优：48例，良：21例，可：8例，差：2例。总有效率98％。结论 胶原酶盘内注射髓核溶解治疗腰椎间盘突出症要选择好适应证，胶原酶注射量不宜过多，掌握好穿刺要领，配合综合治疗，防止感染，胶原酶盘内注射是治疗腰椎间盘突出症的一种微创介入方法，并发症少，患者容易接受。     

保留黄韧带髓核摘除术治疗腰椎间盘突出症

2005年1月～2007年6月,笔者采用保留黄韧带髓核摘除术治疗腰椎间盘突出症21例,效果良好.     

游离型腰椎间盘突出症(附23例报告)

目的：探讨游离型腰椎间盘突出症的临床特征、影像学特点、诊断与手术方法。术中应注意的问题及术后早期脱水剂的应用。方法：1988年1月～2001年10月,手术治疗腰椎间盘突出症683例,其中23例证实为游离型腰椎间盘突出症,对其临床表现、影像学检A、诊断与手术方法及术后早期脱水剂的应用进行了回顾性分析。结果：23例术后腰腿痛均立即消失,随访6个月～3年,疗效评定,优21例,良2例。结论：根据临床特征,影像学特点可明确诊断,一旦确诊应及早手术治疗,术后早期使用脱水剂能提高手术疗效。     

老年腰椎间盘突出症（附23例报告）

老年腰椎间盘突出大部分合并不同程度的腰椎管狭窄，往往病程长，反复发作，经过多次保守治疗，再次发病，症状体征都较重。多数合并有心血管、呼吸系统疾病和糖尿病等。术前术后及术中处理与青壮年椎间盘突出有所不同。本文结合23例60岁以上老年腰椎间盘突出症的临床特点、手术前后处理及手术方式的选择等作如下报道及讨论。亚临床资料1．1一般资料1985～1994年共手术治疗腰椎间盘突出症387例，其中60岁以上23例，占5．9％。23例中男19例，女4例。年龄60～78岁。病程3年4个月～34年，平均10．6年。1．2临床表现腰痛21例，占91％；下肢放射…     

臭氧治疗腰椎间盘突出症600例临床疗效分析

目的探讨臭氧椎间盘注射术对腰椎间盘突出症的疗效。方法600例患者经CT或MR检查证实为腰椎间盘突出症，主要表现为腰背痛及下肢麻痛。其中椎间盘膨出234例，突出361例，脱垂5例。在透视监视下采用21G穿刺针经皮穿刺至腰椎间盘，实施盘内及椎旁间隙臭氧注射术。盘内注射3～5ml，椎旁间隙注射10～15ml，O3浓度为30～50μg／ml。结果随访6～54个月．总有效率为80．2％。显效409例（68．2％），有效72例（12％），无效119例（19．8％），无任何严重并发症发生。结论经皮穿刺O2-O3混合气体注射术是治疗腰椎间盘突出症的一种安全、有效的方法。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.