改良原位螺旋构型回肠新膀胱术后并发症及其防治(附32例报告)

目的:探讨改良原位螺旋构型回肠新膀胱术后并发症的发生及防治。方法:我院1998年1月~2008年1月对32例男性膀胱癌患者施行了原位螺旋构型回肠新膀胱术。新建的储尿囊采用40~45cm回肠去管后行无水乙醇反复擦拭以清除、破坏黏液细胞,并螺旋状构型缝合成低压储尿囊。两侧输尿管末端袖口状整形后分别行原位"插入式"置入新膀胱(Split-Cuff术式)。新建储尿囊采用"四针法"低位与尿道缝合。结果:本组早期并发症中,腹泻是最常见的并发症,共7例(21.9%),其次是尿路感染6例(18.8%),夜间尿失禁6例(18.8%),漏尿3例(9.4%),白天尿失禁2例(6.3%);在远期并发症中,尿路感染9例(32.1%),原6例夜间尿失禁患者中2例好转,夜间尿失禁4例。腹泻症状大多好转,轻度腹泻2例(7.1%),肿瘤复发4例(14.2%),贮尿囊结石1例(3.6%),回肠尿道吻合口狭窄1例(3.6%)。结论:我们构建的改良原位螺旋构型回肠新膀胱术后疗效可靠,同时并发症的发生率和其他构型的原位新膀胱术相当。限于随访时间和病例数有限,并发症发生率有待进一步完善。     

原位可控回结肠代膀胱术疗效总结

目的 回顾分析膀胱全切术后原位回结肠代膀胱术的疗效及并发症.方法 对52例膀胱癌患者行膀胱全切,原位回结肠代膀胱术,术后对患者排尿情况、肾功能、术后近期及远期并发症等进行随访.结果 45例患者获随访,随访时间3～146个月,平均42个月.术后6个月白天可控排尿38例,夜间可控排尿35例.3例(6.7%)术后6～15个月死于肿瘤盆腔复发或转移.2例(4.4%)于术后18、22个月尿道肿瘤复发,其中1例半年后死亡.5例(11.1%)术后3年内死于非肿瘤原因.术后近期和远期并发症发生率分别为17.8%(8例)和24.4%(11例).术后12个月2例患者出现肾功能轻度异常,血尿素氮为7.2、11.8 mmol/L,血肌酐为137、168 μmol/L.结论 原位可控回结肠代膀胱术无明显代谢紊乱及肾功能损害,具有良好的排控能力,手术并发症大多可临床治愈,是一种较为理想的尿流改道术式.     

膀胱全切去带乙状结肠原位新膀胱治疗膀胱癌（附14例报告）

目的探讨可控性去带乙状结肠原位新膀胱术的方法和疗效。方珐14例膀胱癌患者采用根治性全膀胱切除及可控性去带乙状结肠原位新膀胱术治疗，对其疗效及技术要点进行分析。结果随访14例患者，新膀胱容量170～350mL，平均250mL，膀胱残余尿0～25mL，平均10mL，最大尿流率14～21mL／s。3月后达到完全自控排尿11例，6月后13例完全自控排尿，1例有不完全性夜间尿失禁。1例膀胱尿道吻合口狭窄伴双侧输尿管轻度返流，出现肾功能轻度不全，其余13例患者无血浆肌酐、尿素氮升高，无酸中毒及电解质紊乱发生。结论该术式并发症少，患者原位可控排尿，显著提高患者的生活质量。     

根治性膀胱切除及尿流改道术后长期肾功能损害影响因素分析

目的:探讨根治性膀胱切除及尿流改道术后患者长期肾功能损害的影响因素。方法:回顾性分析我院泌尿外科2005年1月~2012年5月行根治性膀胱切除术及尿流改道术(UD)患者156例,其中原位新膀胱术组56例,回肠膀胱术组68例,输尿管皮肤造口术组32例,中位随访时间89(60~130)个月。Logistic回归分析影响肾功能损害的危险因素。收集患者的年龄、性别、术前术后肾小球滤过率(eGFR)、术前体重指数、高血压、糖尿病、泌尿系结石、术后肾积水、术后是否发生泌尿系感染等指标。结果:156例患者中,平均eGFR从(90.4±19.4)ml·min~(-1)·1.73m~(-2)下降至(71.2±19.4)ml·min~(-1)·1.73m~(-2),发生肾功能损害比例为41.7%,其中原位新膀胱术组25例,回肠膀胱术组27例,输尿管皮肤造口术组13例。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,高血压、糖尿病是术后肾功能损害的独立预测因素(均P0.05),而年龄、尿流改道术式并非其独立预测因素。结论:根治性膀胱切除及尿流改道术后肾功能损害的发生率较高,合并高血压、糖尿病的患者术后更容易发生肾功能损害。应特别注意对潜在高危患者采取有效干预措施,以保护患者的术后肾功能。     

改良回肠原位膀胱术25例体会

目的探讨改良回肠替代原位膀胱尿路重建术治疗膀胱癌T2a～T3aN0M0期的临床效果. 方法将25例T2a～T3aN0M0期膀胱癌行膀胱全切后,以回肠代膀胱原位尿道吻合. 结果手术时间平均(180±40)min.无严重并发症,无围手术期和术后早期死亡.术后平均随访16(6～48)个月,无复发.术后早期漏尿1例,经引流后治愈;15例发生轻度尿失禁,均恢复尿道排尿.膀胱容量平均(450±100)ml,剩余尿量平均(15±10)ml.2例出现高氯血症. 结论改良回肠原位膀胱术治疗T2a～T3aN0M0期膀胱癌效果好,提高了患者术后的生活质量.     

腹腔镜下全膀胱切除术(4例初步报道)

目的 介绍腹腔镜下全膀胱切除治疗浸润性膀胱癌的经验。方法 对4例浸润性膀胱癌患行腹腔镜下全膀胱切除，开腹行下尿路重建(乙状结肠原位新膀胱3例，直肠膀胱l例)。对术后肿瘤控制和尿液控制情况进行随访。结果 全膀胱切除时间6-8h，术中出血600-l600ml。全部病人自主排尿；完全控尿3例，压力性尿失禁l例。2例T2aNOM0患随访16和20个月无瘤生存，1例T2aNlM0和1例T4aNOM0患已分别随访6和29个月，已出现淋巴结和骨转移，带瘤生存。结论 腹腔镜下全膀胱切除治疗膀胱癌方法可行，但对肿瘤控制的远期效果有待进一步研究。     

腹腔镜膀胱根治性切除原位回肠新膀胱的随访疗效观察

目的随访探讨腹腔镜膀胱根治性切除原位回肠新膀胱术的疗效。方法 61例行腹腔镜膀胱根治性切除原位回肠新膀胱术的膀胱癌患者,随访1~24个月,每月定期门诊复查、电话等方式详细记录术后自主排尿情况等资料。结果所有患者均未见肿瘤复发。42例患者于拔除尿管后28~35d自控通畅排尿,每次尿量约180~410mL,每次间隔60~180min;13例患者出院后仍有不同程度日间尿失禁现象,6例有夜间尿失禁现象;3例术前性功能正常男性患者出现勃起功能障碍;彩超及静脉肾盂造影检查发现4例单侧肾积水,2例双肾积水。结论腹腔镜膀胱根治性切除原位回肠新膀胱术肿瘤控制好,患者术后可具有较好的控尿功能和较低的尿失禁发生率,部分有效保存性功能,能够有效确保患者的生活质量。     

根治性膀胱切除中回肠原位新膀胱术与回肠膀胱术治疗肌层浸润性膀胱癌效果比较

目的比较根治性膀胱切除中回肠原位新膀胱术与回肠膀胱术治疗肌层浸润性膀胱癌的效果。方法选取2015-01—2018-07间在郑州大学第一附属医院接受根治性膀胱切除术的100例肌层浸润性膀胱癌患者。按照不同代膀胱术式分为2组,原位新膀胱术组患者55例,回肠膀胱术组45例。比较2组的治疗效果。结果回肠原位新膀胱术组的术中出血量及术后恢复排便时间、胃管保留时间、并发症总发生率、住院时间均低于回肠膀胱术组,差异有统计学意义(P均0.05)。术前2组患者的最大尿流率、膀胱容积、充盈期膀胱压力、最大尿道压、残余尿量差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。2组术后上述尿流动力学指标均较术前降低,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),但组间差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。回肠原位新膀胱组术后生活质量评分高于回肠膀胱术组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论根治性膀胱切除中回肠原位新膀胱术与回肠膀胱术治疗肌层浸润性膀胱癌,均有良好效果。但前者术后胃肠道功能恢复较快,并发症总发生率较低,生活质量较高。可作为治疗肌层浸润性膀胱癌的首选术式。     

膀胱癌原位新膀胱术后尿瘘影响因素分析

目的观察膀胱癌原位新膀胱术后尿瘘发生的影响因素,为临床工作提供指导。方法收集膀胱癌原位新膀胱术后尿瘘患者22例,术后无尿瘘患者34例作对照。针对年龄、所选用的肠段、术后血浆白蛋白水平、术后新膀胱冲洗方式、发热、伤口局部感染等因素进行相关数据的收集与比较,并得出结论。结果尿瘘组与无尿瘘组在平均年龄、手术方式、术后血浆白蛋白水平等方面的差异无统计学意义(P0.05);而两组间在术后新膀胱冲洗方式、术后发热及手术伤口局部感染等方面则差异明显(P0.01或P0.05)。结论年龄、所选用的肠段及术后血浆白蛋白水平对原位新膀胱术后尿瘘的发生无明显影响;而术后新膀胱冲洗方式、发热、手术伤口局部感染则与尿瘘的发生密切相关。术后持续膀胱冲洗、发热及手术伤口局部感染均可能导致新膀胱术后尿瘘的发生。     

女性腹腔镜膀胱全切术+回肠新膀胱术24例临床分析

目的:探讨女性腹腔镜膀胱全切术+回肠新膀胱术的临床应用并总结临床体会。方法:2011年1月~2015年12月,对24例女性膀胱癌患者行腹腔镜膀胱全切术+回肠新膀胱术。随访10~46个月,平均26.4个月。观察患者围手术期及远期并发症以及患者排尿情况。结果:24例患者均成功完成手术,无严重并发症发生。平均手术时间(287±38)min,平均术中出血量(226±28)ml。术后3例出现轻度尿失禁,2个月后缓解。1例反复出现尿潴留。随访期内无肿瘤复发转移。结论:对于女性膀胱癌患者,腹腔镜膀胱全切术+回肠新膀胱术并发症少,复发率低,有较好的储尿和排尿功能。     

女性保留内生殖器膀胱全切原位回肠新膀胱尿流改道术的临床疗效

目的:探讨女性保留内生殖器膀胱全切患者行原位回肠新膀胱尿流改道术的临床疗效。方法:回顾性分析我院2005年7月~2012年5月48例女性膀胱肿瘤患者的临床资料,均采取保留内生殖器的膀胱全切术并行原位回肠新膀胱尿流改道术。48例患者中移行细胞癌46例,腺癌2例;原发肿瘤32例,复发性肿瘤16例;多发性非肌层侵犯肿瘤17例,肌层浸润性膀胱肿瘤31例。结果:48例患者的平均手术时间260(210~360)min,平均输血量280(0~1200)ml。术后47例患者获得随访,随访6~84个月,平均36个月。术后12个月白天控尿率为97.9%(46/47),夜间控尿率为93.6%(44/47)。新膀胱尿道吻合口漏3例。术后6个月IVU检查输尿管狭窄2例。无子宫、子宫附件及阴道转移复发。结论:对于符合适应证的女性膀胱癌患者,保留内生殖器、阴道前壁、自主神经及完整尿道,行膀胱全切并行原位回肠新膀胱尿流改道术,临床疗效满意,术后患者生活质量高,可作为广泛开展的术式。     

Long term complications after radical cystoprostatectomy with orthotopic diversion in male patients: Preliminary experience

IntroductionRadical cystectomy is the standard treatment for patients with invasive bladder cancer and for those with superficial bladder cancer who did not respond to conservative TUR and intravesical therapy. Many diversions are available after radical cystectomy; the most attractive for the patients is orthotopic diversion due to better quality of life associated with this diversion.ObjectiveTo evaluate the long-term outcomes beyond 1 year, both functional and oncological, in male patients treated with radical cystectomy and orthotopic diversion for invasive bladder cancer.Patients and methodsThis is a retrospective study done at Cairo university hospitals. A total of 44 male patients underwent radical cystectomy and orthotopic diversion (W-pouch) for invasive bladder cancer with minimum follow up 1 year. Assessment included; neobladder function, renal pattern and function, ureteroenteric anastomotic stricture or reflux, survival, recurrence, erectile function, urolithiasis, and urinary tract infection.The tools used to assess the complications during each visit included; history including voiding diary and IIEF questionnaire, examination including PR, laboratory investigations including urine analysis and kidney function tests, pH (acidosis) and bicarbonates and radiological investigation including ultrasound, chest X-ray, CT abdomen and pelvis.ResultsThe mean follow up was 88 months (range 12–138). Stones developed post-operatively in four patients (two of them were pouch stones and the other two were renal stones), incision hernia developed in two patients (4.5%), uretero enteric anastomotic stricture in two patients (4.5%), recurrent UTI was recorded in 10 cases (23%), uremia and dialysis in 9.2% of cases, metastasis was recorded as follows: local 2%, distant 11.5% and both 4.5% and the mortality rate was 19% (over all survival was 81%).Nocturnal incontinence 29.5% (13 patients), stress incontinence 9.5% (4 patients), urge incontinence 9.5% (4 patients), total incontinence 4.5% (23 patients); while the remaining 21 patients (47.5%) were continent day and night.Erectile dysfunction developed post-operatively in 35 cases (80.5%).ConclusionLong term follow-up for patients with radical cystectomy and orthotopic diversion is associated with high complication rate. Long term follow up for those patients is needed to verify the causes of complications and how to prevent them.     

膀胱全切原位尿流改道术治疗膀胱非尿路上皮癌的疗效评价

目的：评价膀胱全切原位尿流改道术治疗膀胱非尿路上皮癌的疗效.方法：对17例膀胱非尿路上皮癌患者行根治性膀胱全切,盆腔淋巴结清扫;然后取一段肠管缝制成新膀胱,分别与输尿管和尿道残端吻合,实现原位尿流改道.结果：手术均获成功,手术时间172～380 min,平均310 min.16例获得随访,平均随访67个月（1～16年）.6例因肿瘤复发或转移于5年内死亡,2例死于非肿瘤因素,1例仍在随访,7例存活已达5年.结论：根治性膀胱全切原位尿流改道术治疗膀胱非尿路上皮癌,具有较好的治疗效果,能明显改善患者生活质量.     

Sigmoid orthotopic neobladder after radical cystectomy for bladder tumour: an Indian experience

OBJECTIVE: To determine the long-term results of constructing a sigmoid neobladder after radical cystectomy for transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the urinary bladder. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study included 170 patients with TCC of the bladder and a normal sigmoid colon. After radical cystectomy the neobladder was formed by completely detubularizing an isolated sigmoid colon segment. Subsequently patients were followed by clinical, biochemical, radiological and urodynamic assessments. RESULTS: Four patients died soon after surgery; the neobladder-related delayed complications were death in three patients, loss of five renal units, and electrolyte imbalance in five patients. Uretero-intestinal anastomotic narrowing was another frequent delayed complication. Most (97%) patients had nocturnal incontinence, and most voided with a good stream with a minimal postvoid residual urine volume. CONCLUSION: The sigmoid neobladder, despite some limitations, is the best option for diverting urine after radical cystectomy.     

改良膀胱全切新回肠膀胱术治疗男性浸润性膀胱癌

目的 探讨根治性全膀胱切除术中保留远端的前列腺包膜及精囊对原位新膀胱功能及勃起功能的影响。方法 对24例男性浸润性膀胱癌患者施行改良根治性全膀胱切除及原位回肠膀胱术：保留远端的前列腺外科包膜及精囊，新回肠膀胱与残留前列腺包膜连续缝合；对术后新膀胱的储尿、排尿、控尿功能及患者的勃起功能进行随访和比较。结果 术后病理分期：T2aN0M0 5例，T2bN0M0 9例，T3aN0M0 7例，T3bN1M0 3例。术后随访3—24个月，平均12．7月。无瘤生存22例；带瘤生存2例。新膀胱容量（385±68）mL，最大充盈压（24±16）cmH2O。排尿良好，最大尿流率（18±5）mL／s，剩余尿（35±16）mL；完全控尿22例，夜间尿失禁2例；21例术前勃起功能正常者术后2例发生勃起功能障碍。结论 在改良根治性膀胱全切术中保留远端的前列腺外科包膜及精囊，可明显改善患者术后的储尿、排尿、控尿功能和勃起功能，同时可有效防止新膀胱一尿道吻合口狭窄的发生。     

原位新膀胱术与回肠膀胱术临床效果比较

目的：比较膀胱肿瘤患者膀胱全切术后行原位新膀胱术与回肠膀胱术的临床治疗效果及术后早期并发症。方法：选择我院2000-2009年行根治性膀胱切除术治疗膀胱尿路上皮细胞癌65例患者的临床资料,其中行原位新膀胱术31例,回肠膀胱术34例。比较两组一般情况、围手术期情况（术中失血量、手术时间、肠功能恢复时间、住院天数）以及术后早期并发症等指标。结果：两种术式在术中失血量（1140．32±492．82ml vs 920．91±410．48ml）、手术时间（464．81±79．37min vs 413．32±99．54min）、住院天数（47．68±7．53天vs41．09±8．12天）等方面差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论：原位新膀胱术较回肠膀胱术虽手术步骤复杂,术中出血较多,但因手术安全,可自主性控制排尿,明显提高患者的生活质量而易于接受,是值得推荐的膀胱替代手术方式,在根治性膀胱切除术中值得优先采用。     

腹腔镜根治性全膀胱切除回肠新膀胱术治疗浸润性膀胱癌（附30例报告）

目的 探讨腹腔镜下根治性全膀胱切除原位回肠新膀胱术的手术方法及临床疗效.方法 收集2007年5月至2011年10月应用腹腔镜下根治性全膀胱切除原位回肠新膀胱术的浸润性膀胱癌患者30例.对其临床资料进行回顾性分析和总结.结果 所有手术均获得成功,无中转开放,手术时间180～360 min（平均240 min）,术中出血量150～450mL（平均220 mL）.术后4～8d恢复肠道正常蠕动功能,随访时间6～60个月,中位随访时间26个月.30例术后均能恢复较满意的控尿功能,平均膀胱容量约398mL,平均夜尿1～3次;1例出现夜间遗尿;2例出现尿漏;膀胱镜检查无尿道肿瘤复发;2例死于原发病转移.其余患者术后随访6个月血生化指标均正常,B超检查未见上尿路扩张积水.结论 腹腔镜下根治性全膀胱切除原位回肠新膀胱术具有创伤小、出血少、盆腔淋巴结清扫彻底、术后恢复快、术后控尿满意等优点,是治疗浸润性膀胱癌的一种理想手术方式.     

腹腔镜根治性膀胱切除术治疗肌层浸润性膀胱癌(附21例报告)

目的:探讨腹腔镜根治性膀胱切除术治疗肌层浸润性膀胱癌的初步经验,评价此术式的可行性及临床疗效。方法:回顾分析21例肌层浸润性膀胱癌患者行腹腔镜根治性膀胱切除术的临床资料,患者均行腹腔镜下标准盆腔淋巴结清扫、根治性膀胱切除术及尿流改道术,包括11例Bricker回肠膀胱术,4例输尿管皮肤造口术,6例Studer原位新膀胱术。观察手术时间、术中出血量、术后肠道功能恢复时间、术后并发症及手术疗效。结果:21例手术均获成功。手术时间平均(390±46.2)min,术中出血量平均(270±101.1)ml,1例输浓缩红细胞2个单位。术后3~5 d恢复肠蠕动。术后并发症发生率19.0%(4/21)。平均随访(12±5.5)个月,总生存率85.7%(18/21),1例死于肿瘤远处转移,2例死于心脑血管疾病。结论:腹腔镜根治性膀胱切除术具有患者创伤小、出血少、术后康复快等优点,是治疗肌层浸润性膀胱癌安全、有效、可行的方法。具备开放根治性切除术的手术经验及腹腔镜技术熟练的医院可尝试开展。初期开展,Bricker回肠膀胱术可作为首选的尿流改道术式。     

腹腔镜下根治性膀胱切除回肠新膀胱术（附15例报告）

目的介绍腹腔镜下根治性膀胱切除回肠新膀胱术的方法及经验。方法本组15例，均为男性，年龄45～62岁，平均54岁。术前均明确诊断为浸润性膀胱癌。采用腹腔镜下行膀胱癌根治性切除，然后取长约40cm回肠于体外缝制贮尿囊及输尿管贮尿囊吻合，体内行贮尿囊尿道吻合术。结果手术时间5．5～8h，平均6．5h；出血量200～1100ml，平均550ml。术后8周静脉尿路造影以及代膀胱造影检查显示：双肾显影良好，无输尿管返流及梗阻，代膀胱充盈良好，容量约300ml。术后3个月全部患者日间控尿良好，7例患者夜间控尿良好，夜间排尿2～3次。结论腹腔镜下膀胱全切除、体外建成贮尿囊及输尿管再植、体内贮尿囊尿道吻合术创伤小、出血少、术后尿控率高、恢复快。     

Ileal orthotopic neobladder in women: The first experiences from Turkey and our modifications

The lower urinary tract reconstruction with an ileal neobladder in woman is not very often but has been recently introduced centers. We report 8 female patients with ileal orthotopic neobladders after cystectomy. Patients and methods: Between 1995 to 1999, 7 female patients with organ confined invasive bladder cancer and 1 female patient with severely contracted bladder secondary to tuberculosis were operated. While standard radical cystectomy was done in 7 patients with bladder cancer, only simple cystectomy was performed in patient with contracted bladder. Detubularized ileal W-neobladder with antirefluxive ureteroileal reimplantation were used as a procedure and reservoirs are connected to the proximal urethra in all patients. Cystoscopy and biopsy was done routinly in the bladder neck and there were no tumour and CIS in any patient. Results: The mean age was 65.4 years (53–70) and the mean postoperative follow-up time was 31.8 months (6–48). There was no perioperative or early postoperative (first one month) mortality. Early postoperative complications included acute renal failure in 1 patient (12.5%), deep vein thrombosis in 1 patient (12.5%) and leakage from the pouch in 2 patients (25%). In one patient (12.5%), ileo-pouchal fistula was seen in sixth month and reoperated. Although there was not hypercontinence, one patient (12.5%) had totally incontinence. All other patients had normal micturition and no residual urine. Urethral recurrence was not seen in this postoperative follow-up period but pelvic recurrence and then distant metastases were found in one case (12.5%). Conclusions: The results of ileal orthtopic neobladder after radical or simple cystectomy in appropriate female patients are satisfactory. But certainly, we need the more experiences and studies about this subject. This revised version was published online in September 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.